The origin of extracellular fields and currents-EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes

Nature Reviews Neuroscience

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 407-420

  Buzsáki, György ^a,b,c   Anastassiou, Costas A ^d   Koch, Christof ^d,e  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e ALLEN INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; LIGAND; SODIUM;

AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CELL INTERACTION; CHANNEL GATING; COMPUTER MODEL; DATA PROCESSING; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; GAP JUNCTION; GLIA; HUMAN; ION TRANSPORT; LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NERVE CELL; NERVE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY STIMULATION; SPIKE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VOLTAGE SENSITIVE DYE IMAGING;

ANIMALS; CALCIUM SIGNALING; ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; HUMANS; LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; NEURAL CONDUCTION; NEUROGLIA; NEURONS; SYNAPSES; VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE DYE IMAGING;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84862101988     PISSN: 1471003X     EISSN: 14710048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrn3241     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Petsche, H., Pockberger, H. & Rappelsberger, P. On the search for the sources of the electroencephalogram. Neuroscience 11, 1-27 (1984). (Pubitemid 14185520)
2. Hämäläinen, M., Hari, R., Ilmoniemi, R. J., Knuutila, J. & Lounasmaa, O. V. Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain. Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 413-497 (1993).
3. Bokil, H., Andrews, P., Kulkarni, J. E., Mehta, S. & Mitra, P. P. Chronux: a platform for analyzing neural signals. J. Neurosci. Methods 192, 146-151 (2010).
4. Crone, N. E., Korzeniewska, A. & Franaszczuk, P. J. Cortical gamma responses: searching high and low. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 79, 9-15 (2011).
5. Buzsáki, G. & Draguhn, A. Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304, 1926-1929 (2004).
6. Uhhaas, P. J. & Singer, W. Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron 52, 155-168 (2006). (Pubitemid 44466360)
7. Elul, R. The genesis of the EEG. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 15, 227-272 (1971).
8. Pfurtscheller, G. & Lopes da Silva, F. H. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110, 1842-1857 (1999). (Pubitemid 29454610)
9. Creutzfeldt, O. D., Watanabe, S. & Lux, H. D. Relations between EEG phenomena and potentials of single cortical cells. I. Evoked responses after thalamic and epicortical stimulation. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 20, 1-18 (1966).
10. Niedermayer, E. & Lopes da Silva, F. H. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, And Related Fields 5th edn (Wolters Kluwer, 2005).
11. Freeman, W. J. Origin, structure, and role of background EEG activity. Part 1. Analytic amplitude. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 2077-2088 (2004). (Pubitemid 39037296)
12. Freeman, W. J. Origin, structure, and role of background EEG activity. Part 2. Analytic phase. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 2089-2107 (2004). (Pubitemid 39037297)
13. Buzsáki, G. Rhythms Of The Brain (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).
14. Olejniczak, P. Neurophysiologic basis of EEG. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 23, 186-189 (2006). (Pubitemid 44305222)
15. Destexhe, A. & Sejnowski, T. J. Interactions between membrane conductances underlying thalamocortical slow-wave oscillations. Physiol. Rev. 83, 1401-1453 (2003). (Pubitemid 37222276)
16. Nunez, P. & Srinivasan, R. Electric Fields Of The Brain (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).
17. Okada, Y. C., Wu, J. & Kyuhou, S. Genesis of MEG signals in a mammalian CNS structure. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103, 474-485 (1997). (Pubitemid 27459819)
18. Nadasdy, Z., Csicsvari, J., Penttonen, M. & Buzsáki, G. in Neuronal Ensembles: Strategies For Recording And Decoding (eds Eichenbaum, H. & Davis, J. L.) 17-55 (Wiley-Liss, 1998).
19. Steriade, M. Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation. Neuroscience 101, 243-276, (2000).
20. He, B. J., Snyder, A. Z., Zempel, J. M., Smyth, M. D. & Raichle, M. E. Electrophysiological correlates of the brain's intrinsic large-scale functional architecture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16039-16044 (2008).
21. Srinivasan, R., Winter, W. R. & Nunez, P. L. Source analysis of EEG oscillations using high-resolution EEG and MEG. Prog. Brain Res. 159, 29-42 (2006). (Pubitemid 44634635)
22. Buzsáki, G., Traub, R. D. & Pedley, T. A. in Current Practice of Clinical Encephalography (eds Ebersole, J. S. & Pedley, T. A.) 1-11 (Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins, 2003).
23. Logothetis, N. K. & Wandell, B. A. Interpreting the BOLD signal. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66, 735-769 (2004). (Pubitemid 40614461)
24. Logothetis, N. K., Kayser, C. & Oeltermann, A. In vivo measurement of cortical impedance spectrum in monkeys: implications for signal propagation. Neuron 55, 809-823 (2007). (Pubitemid 47321080)
25. Riedner, B. A., Hulse, B. K., Murphy, M. J., Ferrarelli, F. & Tononi, G. Temporal dynamics of cortical sources underlying spontaneous and peripherally evoked slow waves. Prog. Brain Res. 193, 201-218 (2011).
26. Bartos, M., Vida, I. & Jonas, P. Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 8, 45-56 (2007). (Pubitemid 46011998)
27. Koch, C. Biophysics Of Computation (Oxford Univ. Press, 1999).
28. Trevelyan, A. J. The direct relationship between inhibitory currents and local field potentials. J. Neurosci. 29, 15299-15307 (2009).
29. Glickfeld, L. L., Roberts, J. D., Somogyi, P. & Scanziani, M. Interneurons hyperpolarize pyramidal cells along their entire somatodendritic axis. Nature Neurosci. 12, 21-23 (2009).
30. Bazelot, M., Dinocourt, C., Cohen, I. & Miles, R. Unitary inhibitory field potentials in the CA3 region of rat hippocampus. J. Physiol. 588, 2077-2090 (2010).
31. Andersen, P., Bliss, T. V. & Skrede, K. K. Unit analysis of hippocampal polulation spikes. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 208-221 (1971).
32. Wong, R. K., Prince, D. A. & Basbaum, A. I. Intradendritic recordings from hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 986-990 (1979). (Pubitemid 9154211)
33. Hirsch, J. A., Alonso, J.-M. & Reid, R. C. Visually evoked calcium action potentials in cat striate cortex. Nature 378, 612-616 (1995). (Pubitemid 3005778)
34. Schiller, J., Major, G., Koester, H. J. & Schiller, Y. NMDA spikes in basal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. Nature 404, 285-289 (2000). (Pubitemid 30163545)
35. Polsky, A., Mel, B. W. & Schiller, J. Computational subunits in thin dendrites of pyramidal cells. Nature Neurosci. 7, 621-627 (2004). (Pubitemid 38691901)
36. Larkum, M. E., Nevian, T., Sandler, M., Polsky, A. & Schiller, J. Synaptic integration in tuft dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons: a new unifying principle. Science 325, 756-760 (2009).
37. Stuart, G., Spruston, N. & Hausser, M. Dendrites (Oxford Univ. Press, 2008).
38. Schiller, J., Schiller, Y., Stuart, G. & Sakmann, B. Calcium action potentials restricted to distal apical dendrites of rat neocortical pyramidal neurons. J. Physiol. 505, 605-616 (1997). (Pubitemid 28022362)
39. Llinas, R. R. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242, 1654-1664 (1988). (Pubitemid 19022170)
40. Kamondi, A., Acsady, L. & Buzsáki, G. Dendritic spikes are enhanced by cooperative network activity in the intact hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 18, 3919-3928 (1998). (Pubitemid 28225696)
41. Storm, J. F. Temporal integration by a slowly inactivating K+ current in hippocampal neurons. Nature 336, 379-381 (1988).
42. Silva, L. R., Amitai, Y. & Connors, B. W. Intrinsic oscillations of neocortex generated by layer five pyramidal neurons. Science 251, 432-435 (1991). (Pubitemid 21916906)
43. Leung, L. S. & Yim, C. Y. Intrinsic membrane potential oscillations in hippocampal neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 553, 261-274 (1991).
44. Freund, T. F. & Buzsáki, G. Interneurons of the hippocampus. Hippocampus 6, 347-470 (1996). (Pubitemid 126682925)
45. Cardin, J. A. et al. Targeted optogenetic stimulation and recording of neurons in vivo using cell-type-specific expression of Channelrhodopsin-2. Nature Protoc. 5, 247-254 (2010).
46. Pike, F. G. et al. Distinct frequency preferences of different types of rat hippocampal neurones in response to oscillatory input currents. J. Physiol. 529, 205-213 (2000).
47. Hotson, J. R. & Prince, D. A. A calcium-activated hyperpolarization follows repetitive firing in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 43, 409-419 (1980). (Pubitemid 10098370)
48. Buzsáki, G. et al. Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. J. Neurosci. 8, 4007-4026 (1988). (Pubitemid 19017388)
49. Ylinen, A. et al. Sharp wave-associated high-frequency oscillation (200 Hz) in the intact hippocampus: network and intracellular mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 15, 30-46 (1995).
50. Kornhuber, H. H., Becker, W., Taumer, R., Hoehne, O. & Iwase, K. Cerebral potentials accompanying voluntary movements in man: readiness potential and reafferent potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 26, 439 (1969).
51. Walter, W. G., Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C. & Winter, A. L. Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 203, 380-384 (1964).
52. Steriade, M., Nunez, A. & Amzica, F. A novel slow (Pubitemid 23241166)
53. Sanchez-Vives, M. V. & McCormick, D. A. Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex. Nature Neurosci. 3, 1027-1034 (2000).
54. Jasper, H. & Stefanis, C. Intracellular oscillatory rhythms in pyramidal tract neurones in the cat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 18, 541-553 (1965).
55. Rappelsberger, P., Pockberger, H. & Petsche, H. The contribution of the cortical layers to the generation of the EEG: field potential and current source density analyses in the rabbit's visual cortex. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 53, 254-269 (1982). (Pubitemid 12185124)
56. Sirota, A. & Buzsáki, G. Interaction between neocortical and hippocampal networks via slow oscillations. Thalamus Relat. Syst. 3, 245-259 (2005).
57. Luthi, A. & McCormick, D. A. H-current: properties of a neuronal and network pacemaker. Neuron 21, 9-12 (1998). (Pubitemid 28355687)
58. Steriade, M. & Buzsáki, G. in Brain Cholinergic System (eds Steriade, M. & Biesold, D.) 3-64 (Oxford Univ. Press, 1989).
59. Bennett, M. V. & Zukin, R. S. Electrical coupling and neuronal synchronization in the mammalian brain. Neuron 41, 495-511 (2004). (Pubitemid 38253063)
60. Cruikshank, S. J., Landisman, C. E., Mancilla, J. G. & Connors, B. W. Connexon connexions in the thalamocortical system. Prog. Brain Res. 149, 41-57 (2005). (Pubitemid 41450694)
61. Katsumaru, H., Kosaka, T., Heizmann, C. W. & Hama, K. Gap-junctions on GABAergic neurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the rat hippocampus (Ca1 region). Exp. Brain Res. 72, 363-370 (1988).
62. Barth, D. S. Submillisecond synchronization of fast electrical oscillations in neocortex. J. Neurosci. 23, 2502-2510 (2003). (Pubitemid 36368940)
63. Traub, R. D., Bibbig, A., LeBeau, F. E., Buhl, E. H. & Whittington, M. A. Cellular mechanisms of neuronal population oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 247-278 (2004). (Pubitemid 39050404)
64. He, B. J., Snyder, A. Z., Zempel, J. M., Smyth, M. D. & Raichle, M. E. Electrophysiological correlates of the brain's intrinsic large-scale functional architecture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16039-16044 (2008).
65. Kang, J., Jiang, L., Goldman, S. A. & Nedergaard, M. Astrocyte-mediated potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission. Nature Neurosci. 1, 683-692 (1998). (Pubitemid 128406379)
66. Vanhatalo, S. et al. Infraslow oscillations modulate excitability and interictal epileptic activity in the human cortex during sleep. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5053-5057 (2004). (Pubitemid 38469201)
67. Hughes, S. W., Lorincz, M. L., Parri, H. R. & Crunelli, V. Infraslow
68. Poskanzer, K. E. & Yuste, R. Astrocytic regulation of cortical UP states. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 18453-18458 (2011).
69. Chan, C. Y. & Nicholson, C. Modulation by applied electric fields of Purkinje and stellate cell activity in the isolated turtle cerebellum. J. Physiol. 371, 89-114 (1986). (Pubitemid 16139407)
70. Anastassiou, C. A., Montgomery, S. M., Barahona, M., Buzsáki, G. & Koch, C. The effect of spatially inhomogeneous extracellular electric fields on neurons. J. Neurosci. 30, 1925-1936 (2010).
71. Faber, D. S. & Korn, H. Electrical field effects: their relevance in central neural networks. Physiol. Rev. 69, 821-863 (1989). (Pubitemid 19184851)
72. Ozen, S. et al. Transcranial electric stimulation entrains cortical neuronal populations in rats. J. Neurosci. 30, 11476-11485 (2010).
73. Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M. & Born, J. Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature 444, 610-613 (2006). (Pubitemid 44864437)
74. Bikson, M. et al. Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. J. Physiol. 557, 175-190 (2004). (Pubitemid 38771645)
75. Radman, T., Su, Y., An, J. H., Parra, L. C. & Bikson, M. Spike timing amplifies the effect of electric fields on neurons: implications for endogenous field effects. J. Neurosci. 27, 3030-3036 (2007). (Pubitemid 46438988)
76. Anastassiou, C. A., Perin, R., Markram, H. & Koch, C. Ephaptic coupling in cortical neurons. Nature Neurosci. 14, 217-223 (2011).
77. Jefferys, J. G. Nonsynaptic modulation of neuronal activity in the brain: electric currents and extracellular ions. Physiol. Rev. 75, 689-723 (1995).
78. McCormick, D. A. & Contreras, D. On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63, 815-846 (2001). (Pubitemid 32304338)
79. Yim, C. C., Krnjevic, K. & Dalkara, T. Ephaptically generated potentials in CA1 neurons of rat's hippocampus in situ. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 99-122 (1986). (Pubitemid 16013060)
80. Frohlich, F. & McCormick, D. A. Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity. Neuron 67, 129-143 (2010).
81. Deans, J. K., Powell, A. D. & Jefferys, J. G. Sensitivity of coherent oscillations in rat hippocampus to AC electric fields. J. Physiol. 583, 555-565 (2007). (Pubitemid 47343490)
82. Lorente de Nó, R. A study of nerve physiology. Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Part I, Vol. 131 (The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1947).
83. Linden, H., Pettersen, K. H. & Einevoll, G. T. Intrinsic dendritic filtering gives low-pass power spectra of local field potentials. J. Comput. Neurosci. 29, 423-444 (2010).
84. Linden, H. et al. Modeling the spatial reach of the LFP. Neuron 72, 859-872 (2011).
85. Amaral, D. & Lavenex, P. in The Hippocampus Book (eds Andersen, P. et al.) 37-114 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).
86. Buzsáki, G. Theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Neuron 33, 325-340 (2002). (Pubitemid 34158839)
87. Kahana, M. J., Seelig, D. & Madsen, J. R. Theta returns. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 739-744 (2001). (Pubitemid 34014925)
88. Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P. & Kaas, J. H. Cellular scaling rules for primate brains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3562-3567 (2007). (Pubitemid 46364198)
89. Buzsáki, G. et al. Hippocampal network patterns of activity in the mouse. Neuroscience 116, 201-211 (2003). (Pubitemid 36110446)
90. Buzsáki, G. in Electrical Activity of the Archicortex (eds Buzsáki, G. & Vanderwolf, C. H.) 143-167 (1985).
91. Graybiel, A. M. Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 359-387 (2008).
92. Niedermeyer, E. The electrocerebellogram. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 35, 112-115 (2004). (Pubitemid 38623646)
93. Kandel, A. & Buzsáki, G. Cerebellar neuronal activity correlates with spike and wave EEG patterns in the rat. Epilepsy Res. 16, 1-9 (1993). (Pubitemid 23299389)
94. Milstein, J., Mormann, F., Fried, I. & Koch, C. Neuronal shot noise and Brownian 1/f2 behavior in the local field potential. PLoS ONE 4, e4338 (2009).
95. Miller, K. J., Sorensen, L. B., Ojemann, J. G. & den Nijs, M. Power-law scaling in the brain surface electric potential. PLoS Comput. Biol. 5, e1000609 (2009).
96. Pritchard, W. S. The brain in fractal time: 1/f-like power spectrum scaling of the human electroencephalogram. Int. J. Neurosci. 66, 119-129 (1992).
97. Bedard, C. & Destexhe, A. Macroscopic models of local field potentials and the apparent 1/f noise in brain activity. Biophys. J. 96, 2589-2603 (2009).
98. Manning, J. R., Jacobs, J., Fried, I. & Kahana, M. J. Broadband shifts in local field potential power spectra are correlated with single-neuron spiking in humans. J. Neurosci. 29, 13613-13620 (2009).
99. Gold, C., Henze, D. A., Koch, C. & Buzsáki, G. On the origin of the extracellular action potential waveform: A modeling study. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 3113-3128 (2006).
100. Pettersen, K. H., Hagen, E. & Einevoll, G. T. Estimation of population firing rates and current source densities from laminar electrode recordings. J. Comput. Neurosci. 24, 291-313 (2008). (Pubitemid 351596003)
101. Bernander, O., Douglas, R. J., Martin, K. A. C. & Koch, C. Synaptic background activity influences spatiotemporal integration in single pyramidal cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11569-11573 (1991). (Pubitemid 21916083)
102. Bazhenov, M., Lonjers, P., Skorheim, S., Bedard, C. & Dstexhe, A. Non-homogeneous extracellular resistivity affects the current-source density profiles of up-down state oscillations. Philos. Transact. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369, 3802-3819 (2011).
103. Goto, T. et al. An evaluation of the conductivity profile in the somatosensory barrel cortex of Wistar rats. J. Neurophysiol. 104, 3388-3412 (2010).
104. Lakatos, P. et al. An oscillatory hierarchy controlling neuronal excitability and stimulus processing in the auditory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 1904-1911 (2005). (Pubitemid 41192862)
105. Roopun, A. K. et al. Temporal interactions between cortical rhythms. Front. Neurosci. 2, 145-154 (2008).
106. Bragin, A. et al. Gamma (40-100 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus of the behaving rat. J. Neurosci. 15, 47-60 (1995).
107. Chrobak, J. J. & Buzsáki, G. Gamma oscillations in the entorhinal cortex of the freely behaving rat. J. Neurosci. 18, 388-398 (1998). (Pubitemid 28046796)
108. Canolty, R. T. & Knight, R. T. The functional role of cross-frequency coupling. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 506-515 (2010).
109. Fell, J. & Axmacher, N. The role of phase synchronization in memory processes. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 12, 105-118 (2011).
110. Schroeder, C. E. & Lakatos, P. Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection. Trends Neurosci. 32, 9-18 (2009).
111. Belluscio, M. A., Mizuseki, K., Schmidt, R., Kempter, R. & Buzsáki, G. Cross-frequency phase-phase coupling between theta and gamma oscillations in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 32, 423-435 (2012).
112. Kajikawa, Y. & Schroeder, C. E. How local is the local field potential? Neuron 72, 847-858 (2011).
113. Nicholson, C. & Freeman, J. A. Theory of current source-density analysis and determination of conductivity tensor for anuran cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 356-368 (1975).
114. Hoeltzell, P. B. & Dykes, R. W. Conductivity in the somatosensory cortex of the cat-evidence for cortical anisotropy. Brain Res. 177, 61-82 (1979). (Pubitemid 10249882)
115. Cobb, W. & Sears, T. A. A study of the transmission of potentials after hemispherectomy. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12, 371-383 (1960).
116. Jewett, D. L. & Williston, J. S. Auditory-evoked far fields averaged from the scalp of humans. Brain 94, 681-696 (1971).
117. Sirota, A. et al. Entrainment of neocortical neurons and gamma oscillations by the hippocampal theta rhythm. Neuron 60, 683-697 (2008).
118. Alifanov, O. M. Solution of the inverse heat conduction problems by iterative methods. J. Eng. Physics (Russia) 26, 682-689 (1974).
119. Einevoll, G. T. et al. Laminar population analysis: estimating firing rates and evoked synaptic activity from multielectrode recordings in rat barrel cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 2174-2190 (2007). (Pubitemid 46411152)
120. Li, X. & Ascoli, G. A. Effects of synaptic synchrony on the neuronal input-output relationship. Neural Comput. 20, 1717-1731 (2008).
121. Mitzdorf, U. Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena. Physiol. Rev. 65, 37-100 (1985). (Pubitemid 15165385)
122. Buzsáki, G., Czopf, J., Kondakor, I. & Kellenyi, L. Laminar distribution of hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) in the behaving rat: current-source density analysis, effects of urethane and atropine. Brain Res. 365, 125-137 (1986). (Pubitemid 16087203)
123. Klausberger, T. & Somogyi, P. Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics: the unity of hippocampal circuit operations. Science 321, 53-57 (2008). (Pubitemid 351956237)
124. Rasch, M. J., Gretton, A., Murayama, Y., Maass, W. & Logothetis, N. K. Inferring spike trains from local field potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 1461-1476 (2008). (Pubitemid 351413722)
125. Pettersen, K. H., Devor, A., Ulbert, I., Dale, A. M. & Einevoll, G. T. Current-source density estimation based on inversion of electrostatic forward solution: effects of finite extent of neuronal activity and conductivity discontinuities. J. Neurosci. Methods 154, 116-133 (2006). (Pubitemid 43816718)
126. Steriade, M. Neuronal Substrates Of Sleep And Epilepsy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003).
127. Steriade, M., McCormick, D. A. & Sejnowski, T. J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262, 679-685 (1993). (Pubitemid 23350685)
128. Castro-Alamancos, M. A. & Connors, B. W. Short-term plasticity of a thalamocortical pathway dynamically modulated by behavioral state. Science 272, 274-277 (1996). (Pubitemid 26119141)
129. Kandel, A. & Buzsáki, G. Cellular-synaptic generation of sleep spindles, spike-and-wave discharges, and evoked thalamocortical responses in the neocortex of the rat. J. Neurosci. 17, 6783-6797 (1997). (Pubitemid 27366629)
130. Buzsáki, G. Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles. Nature Neurosci. 7, 446-451 (2004). (Pubitemid 38544574)
131. Fenno, L., Yizhar, O. & Deisseroth, K. The development and application of optogenetics. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34, 389-412 (2011).
132. McCormick, D. A. Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity. Prog. Neurobiol. 39, 337-388 (1992).
133. Montgomery, S. M., Sirota, A. & Buzsáki, G. Theta and gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep. J. Neurosci. 28, 6731-6741 (2008).
134. Gaona, C. M. et al. Nonuniform high-gamma (60-500 Hz) power changes dissociate cognitive task and anatomy in human cortex. J. Neurosci. 31, 2091-2100 (2011).
135. Zanos, T. P., Mineault, P. J. & Pack, C. C. Removal of spurious correlations between spikes and local field potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 105, 474-486 (2011).
136. Ray, S. & Maunsell, J. H. Differences in gamma frequencies across visual cortex restrict their possible use in computation. Neuron 67, 885-896 (2010).
137. Quilichini, P., Sirota, A. & Buzsáki, G. Intrinsic circuit organization and theta-gamma oscillation dynamics in the entorhinal cortex of the rat. J. Neurosci. 30, 11128-11142 (2010).
138. Miller, K. J. et al. Spectral changes in cortical surface potentials during motor movement. J. Neurosci. 27, 2424-2432 (2007). (Pubitemid 46340971)
139. Buzsáki, G. Neural syntax: cell assemblies, synapsembles, and readers. Neuron 68, 362-385 (2010).
140. Csicsvari, J., Hirase, H., Mamiya, A. & Buzsáki, G. Ensemble patterns of hippocampal CA3-CA1 neurons during sharp wave-associated population events. Neuron 28, 585-594 (2000).
141. Canolty, R. T. et al. Oscillatory phase coupling coordinates anatomically dispersed functional cell assemblies. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 17356-17361 (2010).
142. Denker, M. et al. The local field potential reflects surplus spike synchrony. Cereb. Cortex 21, 2681-2695 (2011).
143. Canolty, R. T. et al. High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex. Science 313, 1626-1628 (2006). (Pubitemid 44414034)
144. Manning, J. R., Polyn, S. M., Baltuch, G. H., Litt, B. & Kahana, M. J. Oscillatory patterns in temporal lobe reveal context reinstatement during memory search. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 12893-12897 (2011).
145. Chang, E. F. et al. Cortical spatio-temporal dynamics underlying phonological target detection in humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 1437-1446 (2011).
146. Tucker, D. M. Spatial sampling of head electrical fields: the geodesic sensor net. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87, 154-163 (1993). (Pubitemid 23272870)
147. Ebersole, J. S. & Ebersole, S. M. Combining MEG and EEG source modeling in epilepsy evaluations. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 360-371 (2010).
148. Dehghani, N., Bédard, C., Cash, S. S., Halgren, E. & Destexhe, A. Comparative power spectral analysis of simultaneous electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic recordings in humans suggests non-resistive extracellular media: EEG and MEG power spectra. J. Comput. Neurosci. 29, 405-421 (2010).
149. Engel, A. K., Moll, C. K., Fried, I. & Ojemann, G. A. Invasive recordings from the human brain: clinical insights and beyond. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 6, 35-47 (2005). (Pubitemid 40052137)
150. Henze, D. A. et al. Intracellular features predicted by extracellular recordings in the hippocampus in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 390-400 (2000). (Pubitemid 30490059)
151. Du, J., Blanche, T. J., Harrison, R. R., Lester, H. A. & Masmanidis, S. C. Multiplexed, high density electrophysiology with nanofabricated neural probes. PLoS ONE 6, e26204 (2011).
152. Kipke, D. R. et al. Advanced neurotechnologies for chronic neural interfaces: new horizons and clinical opportunities. J. Neurosci. 28, 11830-11838 (2008).
153. Siegel, M. S. & Isacoff, E. Y. A genetically encoded optical probe of membrane voltage. Neuron 19, 735-741 (1997). (Pubitemid 27471378)
154. Grinvald, A. & Hildesheim, R. VSDI: a new era in functional imaging of cortical dynamics. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 874-885 (2004). (Pubitemid 39482156)
155. Akemann, W., Mutoh, H., Perron, A., Rossier, J. & Knopfel, T. Imaging brain electric signals with genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins. Nature Methods 7, 643-649 (2010).
156. Denk, W. et al. Anatomical and functional imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser-scanning microscopy. J. Neurosci. Methods 54, 151-162 (1994). (Pubitemid 24333798)
157. Nir, Y. et al. Regional slow waves and spindles in human sleep. Neuron 70, 153-169 (2011).
158. Contreras D. & Steriade M. Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships. J. Neurosci. 51, 604-622 (1995).
159. Kamondi, A., Acsády, L., Wang, X. J. & Buzsáki, G. Theta oscillations in somata and dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo: activity-dependent phase-precession of action potentials. Hippocampus 8, 244-261 (1998). (Pubitemid 28288857)
160. Buzsáki, G., Penttonen, M., Nádasdy, Z. & Bragin, A. Pattern and inhibition-dependent invasion of pyramidal cell dendrites by fast spikes in the hippocampus in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9921-9925 (1996). (Pubitemid 26296710)
161. Helmchen, F., Svoboda, K., Denk, W. & Tank, D. W. In vivo dendritic calcium dynamics in deep-layer cortical pyramidal neurons. Nature Neurosci. 2, 989-996 (1999). (Pubitemid 30599562)
162. Ray, S. & Maunsell, J. H. R. Different origins of gamma rhythm and high-gamma activity in macaque visual cortex. PLoS Biol. 9, e1000610 (2011).