Personality and psychopathology: A stagnant field in need of development

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 362-386

  Durbin, C Emily ^a   Hicks, Brian M ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Development; Personality; Psychopathology; Substance abuse

Indexed keywords

EID: 84905816199     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.1962     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Alpert, J. E., Fava, M., Uebelacker, L. A., Nierenberg, A. A., Pava, J. A., Worthington, J. R., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (1999). Patterns of axis I comorbidity in early-onset versus late-onset major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 202-211.
2. Anderson, J. C., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P. (1987). DSM-III-R disorders in preadolescent children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69-76.
3. Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28, 51-61.
4. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
5. th century to the present. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20, 6-14.
6. Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L., & Merline, A. C. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: Changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Bachman, J. G., Wadsoworth, K., O'Malley, P., Johnston, L., & Schulenberg, J. (1997). Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: The impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Baldwin, S. A., & Hoffman, J. P. (2002). The dynamics of self-esteem: A growth-curve analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(2), 101-113.
9. Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 611-626.
10. Birkeland, M. S., Melkevik, O., Holson, I., & Wold, B. (2012). Trajectories of self-esteem development during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 43-54.
11. Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. W., ... Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 2427- 2539.
12. Blonigen, D. M., Carlson, M. D., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Stability and change in personality traits from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Journal of Personality, 76, 229-266.
13. Bolger, N., & Schilling, E. A. (1991). Personality and the problems of everyday life: The role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Journal of Personality, 59(3), 355-386.
14. Buka, S., Gortmaker, S., Lehrer, J. A., & Shrier, L. A. (2006). Depressive symptoms as longitudinal predictors of sexual risk behaviors among US middle and high school students. Pediatrics, 118(1), 189-200.
15. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
16. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. (1993). When do individual differences matter? A paradoxical theory of personality coherence. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 247-271.
17. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., & Silva, P. A. (1996). Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033-1039.
18. Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453-484.
19. Chassin, L., Flora, D. B., & King, K. M. (2004). Trajectories of alcohol and drug use and dependence from adolescence to adulthood: The effects of familial alcoholism and personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 483-498.
20. Chen, K., & Kandel, D. B. (1995). The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. American Journal of Public Health, 85, 41-47.
21. Church, A. T. (1994). Relating the Tellegen and five-factor models of personality structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 898-909.
22. Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 12, 471-502.
23. Clark, L. A. (2005). Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 505-521.
24. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336.
25. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1999). Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp.399-423). New York: Guilford Press.
26. Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.
27. Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1263-1271.
28. Cramer, A. O. J., van der Sluis, S., Noordhof, A., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Aggen, S. H., ... Borsboom, D. (2012). Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can't like parties if you don't like people. European Journal of Personality, 26, 414-431.
29. Cukrowicz, K. C., Taylor, J., Schatschneider, C., & Iacono, W. G. (2006). Personality differences in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 151-159.
30. De Bolle, M., Beyers, W., De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F. (2012). General personality and psychopathology in referred and nonreferred children and adolescents: An investigation of continuity, pathoplasty, and complication models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 958-970.
31. Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G., Penke, L., & Wood, D. (2013). Self-regulation underlies temperament and personality: An integrative developmental framework. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 255-260.
32. Denissen, J. A., van Aken, M. A., & Roberts, B. W. (2011). Personality development across the lifespan. In The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp.75-100). NY: Wiley & Sons.
33. Donnellan, M. B., Conger, R. D., & Burzette, R. G. (2007). Personality development from late adolescence to young adulthood: Differential stability, normative maturity, and evidence for the maturity-stability hypothesis. Journal of Personality, 75, 237-263.
34. Duggan, C. F., Sham, P., Lee, A. S., & Murray, R. M. (1991). Does recurrent depression lead to a change in neuroticism? Psychological Medicine, 21, 985-990.
35. Durbin, C. E., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., Johnson, W., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (under review). Personality trait change across late childhood to young adulthood: Evidence for nonlinearity and sex differences in change.
36. Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Keyes, K. M., Skodol, A. E., Wall, M., ... Grant, B. F. (2013). The structure and predictive validity of internalizing disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 86-92.
37. Eaton, W. W., Shao, H., Nestadt, G., Lee, B.H., Bienvenu, J., & Zani, P. (2008). Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 513-520.
38. Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313-337.
39. Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 33.
40. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. E. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.
41. Fanous, A. H., Neale, M. C., Aggen, S. H., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1163-1172.
42. Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 429-435.
43. Foster, K. T., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (in press). Adolescent risk factors and adult outcomes associated with an adolescent onset and persistent course of alcohol dependence in women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.
44. Freund, A. M., & Riediger, M. (2006). Goals as building blocks of personality and development in adulthood. In D. K. Mrozek, & T. D. Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp.353-372). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
45. Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 404-417.
46. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
47. Graber, J. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1997). Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1768-1776.
48. Graber, J. A., Seeley, J. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2004). Is pubertal timing associated with psychopathology in young adulthood? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(6), 718-726.
49. Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 103-110.
50. Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748-769.
51. Hammen, C., & Brennan, P. (2001). Depressed adolescents of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Tests of an interpersonal impairment hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 284-292.
52. Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 27, 773-796.
53. Harkness, K. L., Bagby, R. M., Joffe, R. T., & Levitt, A. (2002). Major depression, chronic minor depression, and the five-factor model of personality. European Journal of Personality, 16, 271-281.
54. Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States-Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 830-842.
55. Hicks, B. M., & Zucker, R. A. (2014). Alcoholism: A lifespan perspective on etiology and course. In M. Lewis, & K. Rudolph (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: Springer.
56. Hicks, B. M., Durbin, C. E., Blonigen, D. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2012). Relationship between personality change and the onset and course of alcohol dependence in young adulthood. Addiction, 107, 540-548.
57. Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2010). Consequences of an adolescent onset and persistent course of alcohol dependence in men: Adolescent risk factors and adult outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 34, 819-833.
58. Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2014a). Identifying childhood characteristics that underlie pre-morbid risk for substance use disorders: Socialization and boldness. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 141-157.
59. Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2014b). Childhood personality traits predict substance use disorders in adolescence and young adulthood: Comparing Big Three traits, socialization, and boldness. Submitted for publication.
60. Hicks, B. M., Johnson, W., Durbin, C. E., Blonigen, D. M., Iacono, W.G. & McGue, M. (2013). Gene-environment correlation in the development of adolescent substance abuse: Selection effects of child personality and mediation of contextual risk factors. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 119-132.
61. Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 922-928.
62. Hill, J., Pickles, A., Rollinson, L., Davies, R., & Byatt, M. (2004). Juvenile- versus adult-onset depression: Multiple differences imply different pathways. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1483-1493.
63. Hofmann, W., Baumeister, R. F., Förster, G., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Everyday temptations: An experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1318-1335.
64. Huang, C. (2010). Mean-level change in self-esteem from childhood through adulthood: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Review of General Psychology, 14(3), 251-260.
65. Iacono, W. G., Carlson, S. R., Taylor, J., Elkins, I. J., & McGue, M. (1999). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of substance use disorders: Findings from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 869-900.
66. Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002). Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 215-222.
67. Jahng, S., Solhan, M. B., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., Piasecki, T. M., & Trull, T. J. (2011). Affect and alcohol use: An ecological momentary assessment study of outpatients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 572-584.
68. Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1990). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin, & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp.102-138). New York: Guilford Press.
70. Johnson, W., Hicks, B. M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2007). Most of the girls are alright, but some aren't: Personality trajectory groups from ages 14 to 24 and some associations with outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 266-284.
71. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1998). The development of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems from ages 18 to 37 in the a U. S. national sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 290-300.
72. Johnstone, B. M., Leino, E. V., Ager, C. R., Ferrer, H., & Fillmore, K. M. (1996). Determinants of life-course variation in the frequency of alcohol consumption: meta-analysis of studies from the Collaborative Alcohol-Related Longitudinal Project. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 494-506.
73. Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science, 17(2), 120-128.
74. Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2010). Dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes in the prediction of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(11), 1120-1127.
75. Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O., & Pedersen, N. L. (2006). Personality and major depression: A Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1113-1120.
76. Kendler, K. S., Kuhn, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2004). The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 631-636.
77. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1993). A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 853-862.
78. Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 929-937.
79. Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2009). Epidemiology of depression. In I. H. Gotlib, & C. L. Hammens (Eds.), Handbook of depression (2nd ed.). NY: Guilford. pp. 5-22.
80. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602.
81. Keyes, K. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2008). Evidence for a closing gender gap in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in the United States population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 21-29.
82. Klein, D. N. (2008). Classification of depressive disorders in DSM-V: Proposal for a two-dimensional system. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 552-560.
83. Klein, D. N., Kotov, R., Bufferd, S. J., et al. (2011). Personality and depression: Explanatory models and review of the evidence. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 269-295.
84. Klein, D. N., Schatzberg, A. F., McCullough, J. P., Dowling, F., Goodman, D., Howland, R. H., et al. (1999). Age of onset in chronic major depression: Relation to demographic and clinical variables, family history, and treatment response. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55, 149-157.
85. Klein, M. H., Wonderlich, S., & Shea, M. T. (1993). Models of relationships between personality and depression: Toward framework for theory and research. In M. H. Klein, S. Wonderlich, & M. T. Shea (Eds.), Personality and depression: A current view (pp.1-54). NY: Guilford.
86. Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking "Big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 768-821.
87. Krueger, R. F. (1999). The structure of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 921-926.
88. Krueger, R. F., & Tackett, J. L. (2003). Personality and psychopathology: Working toward the bigger picture. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 109-128.
89. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., & McGee, R. (1996). Personality traits are differentially linked to mental disorders: A multitrait-multidiagnosis study of an adolescent birth cohort. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 299-312.
90. Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2002). Etiological relationships among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411-424.
91. Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. D. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 645-666.
92. Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2001). The higher-order structure of common DSM mental disorders: Internalization, externalization, and their connections to personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 1244-1259.
93. Leggio, L., Kenna, G. A., Fenton, M., Bonefant, E., & Swift, R. M. (2009). Typologies of alcohol dependence: From Jellinek to genetics and beyond. Neuropsychological Review, 19, 115-129.
94. Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long-term effects of social investment: The case of partnering in young adulthood. Journal of Personality, 78(2), 639-669.
95. Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P. (1994). Major depression in community adolescents: Age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 809-818.
96. Lewinsohn, P. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P., Gotlib, I. H., & Hops, H. (1994). Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 302-315.
97. Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Steinley, D. (2010). Developmental trajectories of impulsivity and their association with alcohol use and related outcomes during emerging and young adulthood I. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 1409-1416.
98. Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2009). Is "maturing out" of problematic alcohol involvement related to personality change? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 360-374.
99. Littlefield, A. K., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2010). Do changes in drinking motives mediate the relation between personality change and the "maturing out" of alcohol problems? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 93-105.
100. Littlefield, A. K., Verges, A., Wood, P. K., & Sher, K. J. (2012). Transactional models between personality and alcohol involvement: A further examination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 778-783.
101. Lynn, R, & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 369-373.
102. Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradovic, J., Long, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 1071-1094.
103. Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., Neemann, J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., & Garmezy, N. (1995). The structure and coherence of competence from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 66, 1635-1659.
104. McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. NY: Guilford.
105. McAdams, D. P., & Olson, B. D. (2010). Personality development: Continuity and change over the life course. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 517-542.
106. McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of psychology. American Psychologist, 61(3), 204-217.
107. McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., Legrand, L. N., Malone, S., & Elkins, I. (2001). Origins and consequences of age at first drink. 1. Associations with substance-use disorders, disinhibitory behavior and psychopathology, and P3 amplitude. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1156-1165.
108. Mervielde, I., De Clerq, B., De Fruyt, F., & Van Leeuwen, K. V. (2005). Temperament, personality, and developmental psychopathology as childhood antecedents of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2), 171-205.
109. Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48.
110. Mineka, S., Watson, D. W., & Clark, L. A. (1998). Psychopathology: Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 377-412.
111. Molenaar, P. C. M., & Campbell, C. G. (2009). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 18(2), 112-117.
112. Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001). Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1190-1204.
113. Olino, T. M., Durbin, C. E., Klein, D. N., Hayden, E. P., & Dyson, M. W. (2013). Gender differences in young children's temperament traits: Comparisons across observational and parent-report methods. Journal of Personality, 81(2), 119-129.
114. Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Brilman, E. I. (2001). The interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism, difficulties, and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal, first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(6), 885-891.
115. Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., ... Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 686-697.
116. Quilty, L. C., De Fruyt, F., Rolland, J.-P., Kennedy, S. H., Rouillon, P. F., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). Dimensional personality traits and treatment outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 241-250.
117. Roberts, B. W., & Caspi, A. (2003). The cumulative continuity principle of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the lifecourse. In R. M. Staudinger, & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Lifespan psychology in exchange with other disciplines (pp.183-214). Dordrecht, NL: Kluweer Academic Publishers.
118. Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25.
119. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K., Bogg, T., & Caspi, A. (2006). De-investment in work and non-normative personality trait change in young adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 20, 461-474.
120. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1-25.
121. Roberts, B. W., & Wood, D. (2006). Personality development in the context of the neo-socioanalytic model of personality. In D. K. Mroczek, & T. D Little (Eds.), Handbook of personality development (pp.11-39). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
122. Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. (2001). The kids are alright: Growth and stability in personality development from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 670-683.
123. Roberts, R. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2005). Evaluating Five-Factor theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development. Journal of Research in Personality, 39, 166-184.
124. Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R., & Gau, J. M. (2013). Key characteristics of major depressive disorder occurring in childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 41-53.
125. Roisman, G. I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123-133.
126. Schulenberg, J., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 289-304.
127. Sher, K. J., Jackson, K. M., & Steinley, D. (2011). Alcohol use trajectories and the ubiquitous cat's cradle: Cause for concern? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 322-335.
128. Simons, R. G., Burgeson, R., & Carlton-Ford, S. (1987). The impact of cumulative change in early adolescence. Child Development, 58, 1220-1234.
129. Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002). Personality and the genetic risk for alcohol dependence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 124-133.
130. Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2011). Age differences in personality trait from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 330-348.
131. Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change in personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 862-882.
132. Steinberg, L. (2008). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review, 28(1), 78-106.
133. Stroud, C. B., Davila, J., Hammen, C., & Vrshek-Schallhorn, S. (2010). Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress generation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 142-154.
134. Tackett, J. L., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2008). Personality in middle childhood: A hierarchical structure and longitudinal connections with personality in late adolescence. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1456-1462.
135. Tang, T. Z., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., Amsterdam, J., Shelton, R., & Schalet, B. (2009). Personality change during depression treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 1322-1330.
136. Tellegen, A. (1985). Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. In A. H. Tuma, & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders (pp.681-706). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
137. Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. G. (2008). Exploring personality through test construction: Development of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), The Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment: Vol. II. Personality measurement and testing (pp.261-292). London: Sage.
138. Uliaszek, A. A., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., et al. (2012). A longitudinal examination of stress generation in depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 4-15.
139. Van Os, J., & Jones, P. B. (1999). Early risk factors and adult person-environment relationships in affective disorder. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1055-1067.
140. Verges, A., Jackson, K. M., Bucholz, K. K., Grant, J. D., Trull, T. J., Wood, P. K., & Sher, K. J. (2012). Deconstructing the age-prevalence curve of alcohol dependence: Why "maturing out" is only a small piece of the puzzle. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 511-523.
141. Vollebergh, W. A. M., Iedema, J., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Smit, F., & Ormel, J. (2001). The structure and stability of common mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 597-603.
142. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1995). Depression and the melancholic temperament. European Journal of Personality, 9, 351-366.
143. Wichers, M. C., Myin-Germeys, I., Jacobs, N., Peeters, F., Kenis, G., Derom, C., ... van Os, J. (2007). Evidence that moment-to-moment variation in positive emotions buffer genetic risk for depression: A momentary assessment twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 451-457.
144. Wilson, S., Hicks, B. M., Foster, K. T., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (in press). Age of onset and recurrence of major depressive disorder: Associations with psychosocial functioning in adolescence and adulthood. Psychological Medicine, Under review.
145. Winick, C. (1962). Maturing out of narcotic addiction. Bulletin on Narcotics, 14, 1-7.
146. Yamaguchi, K., & Kandel, D. (1985). On the resolution of role incompatibility: Life event history analysis of family roles and marijuana use. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 1284-1325.
147. Zeiss, A. M., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1988). Enduring deficits after remissions of depression: A test of the scar hypothesis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 151-158.
148. Zisook, S., Lesser, I., Stewart, J. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., Fava, M., et al. (2007). Effect of age at onset on the course of major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1539-1546.