Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 49, Issue , 1998, Pages 377-412

  Mineka, Susan ^a   Watson, David ^b   Clark, Lee Anna ^b  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Comorbidity; Depression

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; CLASSIFICATION; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; HUMAN; NOMENCLATURE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REVIEW; TIME;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TERMINOLOGY; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0031608323     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. Abramson LY, Metalsky GL, Alloy LB. 1989. Hopelessness depression: a theory based subtype of depression. Psychol. Rev. 96: 358-72
2. Abramson LY, Seligman MEP, Teasdale JD. 1978. Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 87:49-74
3. Akiskal HS. 1985. Anxiety: definition, relationship to depression, and proposal for an integrative model. See Tuma & Maser 1985, pp. 787-97
4. Allen JL, Iacono WG, Depue RA, Arbisi P. 1993. Regional EEG asymmetries in bipolar seasonal affective disorder before and after phototherapy. Biol. Psychiatry 33: 642-46
5. Alloy L, Kelly K, Mineka S, Clements C. 1990 Comorbidity in anxiety and depressive disorders: a helplessness/hopelessness perspective. See Maser &. Cloninger 1990, pp. 499-543
6. American Psychiatric Association. 1980. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 3rd ed.
7. American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 3rd ed. Rev
8. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc. 4th ed.
9. Angola A, Costello EJ. 1993. Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents: empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. Am. J. Psychiatry 150:1779-91
10. Angst J. 1993. Comorbidity of anxiety, phobia, compulsion and depression. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 8(Suppl.):21-25
11. Barlow DH. 1988. Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. New York Guilford
12. Barlow DH. 1991. The nature of anxiety: anxiety, depression, and emotional disorders. In Chronic Anxiety: Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-Depression, ed, RM Rapee, DH Barlow, pp. 128. New York: Guilford
13. Barlow DH, Chorpita BF, Turovsky J. 1996. Fear, panic, anxiety and disorders of emotion. Nebr. Symp. Motiv. 43:251-328
14. Beck AT. 1967. Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects. New York Harper & Row
15. Beck AT. 1976. Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: Int. Univ. Press
16. Beck AT, Brown G, Steer RA, Eidelson JI, Riskind JH. 1987. Differentiating anxiety and depression: a test of the cognitive content-specificitv hypothesis. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 96:179-83
17. Beck AT, Emery G. 1985. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias A Cognitive Perspective New York: Basic Books
18. Bowlby J. 1973. Attachment and Loss, Vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books
19. Bowlby J. 1980. Attachment and Loss, Vol. 3: Loss. New York: Basic Books
20. Bradley BP, Mogg K, Millar N. 1996. Implicit memory bias in clinical and nonclinical depression. Behav Res. Ther. 34:865-79
21. Bradley BP, Mogg K, Williams R. 1995. Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther 33: 755-70
22. Brady EU, Kendall PC 1992. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. J Consult. Clin Psychol. 111:244-55
23. Braun DL, Sunday SR, Halmi KA. 1994. Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders. Psychol. Med. 24:859-67
24. Brittlebank AD, Scott J, Williams JM, Perrier IN. 1993. Autobiographical memory in depression: State or trait marker? Br. J. Psychiatry 162:118-21
25. Bronisch T, Wittchen HU. 1994. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: comorbidity with depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorder. Eur. Arch Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 244:93-98
26. Brown C, Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ, Shear MK. 1996. Treatment outcomes for primary care patients with major depression and lifetime anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 153:1293-300
27. Brown GW, Harris TO. 1978. Social Origins of Depression. New York: Free
28. Brown GW, Harris TO, Eales MJ. 1993. Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population. 2. Comorbidity and adversity. Psychol. Med. 23: 155-65
29. Brown TA, Antony MM, Barlow DH. 1995. Diagnostic comorbidity in panic disorder: effect on treatment outcome and course of comorbid diagnoses following treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 63:408-18
30. Brown TA, Barlow DH. 1992. Comorbidity among anxiety disorders: implications for treatment and DSM-IV. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60:835-44
31. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Barlow DH. 1997. Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. J. Abnorm. Psychol. In press
32. Bruder GE, Forig R, Tenke CE, Leite P, Towey JP. et al. 1997. Regional brain asymmetries in major depression with or without an anxiety disorder: a quantitative EEG study. Biol Psychiatry. In press
33. Burke M, Mathews A. 1992. Autobiographical memory and clinical anxiety. Cogn. Emot. 6:23-35
34. Butler G, Mathews A. 1983. Cognitive processes in anxiety. Adv. Behav. Res. Ther. 5:51-62
35. Carey G, DiLalla DL, 1994. Personality and psychopathology: genetic perspectives. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:32-43
36. Caron C, Rutter M. 1991. Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiaty 32:1063-80
37. Castonguay LG, Eldredge KL, Agras WS. 1995. Binge eating disorder: current state and future directions. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 15:865-90
38. Chorpita BF, Albano AM, Barlow DH. 1997. The structure of negative emotions in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. J. Abnorm. Psychol. In press
39. Clark DA, Beck AT, Stewart B. 1990. Cognitive specificity and positive-negative affectivity: complementary or contradictory views on anxiety and depression? J. Abnorm. Psychol. 99:148-55
40. Clark DA, Steer RA, Beck AT. 1994. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. J. Abnorm Psychol. 103:645-54
41. Clark DB, Smith MG, Neighbors BD, Skerlec LM. 1994. Anxiety disorders in adolescence: characteristics, prevalence, and comorbidities. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 14: 113-37
42. Clark LA. 1989. The anxiety and depressive disorders: descriptive psychopathology and differential diagnosis. In Anxiety and Depression: Distinctive and Overlapping Features, ed. PC Kendall, D Watson, pp. 83-129. San Diego: Academic
43. Clark LA, Watson D 1991a. Theoretical and empirical issues in differentiating depression from anxiety. In Psychosocial Aspects of Depression, ed. J Becker, A Kleinman, pp. 39-65. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
44. Clark LA, Watson D. 1991b. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: evidence and taxonomic implications. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 100:316-36
45. Clark LA, Watson D, Mineka S. 1994. Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:103-56
46. Clark LA, Watson D, Reynolds S. 1995. Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: challenges to the current system and future directions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 46: 121-53
47. Cole DA, Truglio R, Peeke L. 1997. Relation between symptoms of anxiety and depression in children: a multitrait-multimethod-multigroup assessment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 65:110-19
48. Conwell Y. 1996. Relationship of age and Axis I diagnoses in victims of completed suicide: a psychological autopsy study. Am. J. Psychiatry 153:1001-8
49. Cook EW III, Hawk LW Jr, Davis TL, Stevenson VE. 1991. Affective individual differences and startle reflex modulation. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 100:5-13
50. Cox BJ, Swinson PP, Kuch K, Reichman JT. 1993. Self-report differentiation of anxiety and depression in an anxiety disorders sample. Psychol. Assess. 5:484-86
51. Cuthbert BN, Melamed BG. 1993. Anxiety and clinical psychophysiology: three decades of research on three response systems in three anxiety disorders. In The Structure of Emotion, ed. N Birbaumer, A Öhman, pp. 93-109. Seattle: Hofgrebe & Huber
52. Cuthbert BN, Bradley MM, Lang PJ. 1996. Fear and anxiety: theoretical distinction and clinical test. Psychophysiology 33 (Suppl. I):S15
53. Davis M, Walker DL, Yee Y. 1997. Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. In Biological and Psychological Perspectives on Memory and Memory Disorders, ed. L Squire, D Schacter. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr.
54. Dent J, Teasdale J. 1988. Negative cognition and the persistence of depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 97:29-34
55. Depue R, Luciana M, Arbisi P, Collins P, Leon A. 1994. Dopamine and the structure of personality: relation of agonist-induced dopamine activity to positive emotionality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67:485-98
56. DiNardo PA, Barlow DH. 1990. Symptom and syndrome co-occurrence in the anxiety disorders. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 205-30
57. Dyck MJ, Jolly JB, Kramer T. 1994. An evaluation of positive affectivity, negative affectivity, and hyperarousal as markers for assessing between syndrome relationships. Pers. Individ. Differ. 17:637-46
58. Eysenck M, Mogg K, May J, Richards A, Mathews A. 1991. Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 100:144-50
59. Farmer R, Nelson-Gray RO. 1990. Personality disorders and depression: hypothetical relations, empirical findings, and methodological considerations. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 10:453-76
60. Fawcett J, Clark DC, Busch KA. 1993. Assessing and treating the panent at risk for suicide. Psychiatr. Ann 23:244-55
61. Feinstem AR. 1970. The pretherapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis. 23:455-68
62. Feldman LA. 1993. Distinguishing depression and anxiety in self-report: evidence from confirmatory factor analysis on nonclinical and clinical samples. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61:631-38
63. First MB, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. 1990. Exclusionary principles and the comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses: a historical review and implications for the future. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 83-109
64. Flick SN, Roy-Byrne PP, Cowley DS, Shores MM, Dunner DL. 1993. DSM-III-R personality disorders in a mood and anxiety disorders clinic: prevalence, comorbidity, and clinical correlates. J. Affect. Disord. 27:71-79
65. Frances A, Widiger TA, Fyer MR. 1990. The influence of classification methods on comorbidity. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 41-59
66. Garber J, Miller SM, Abramson LY. 1980. On the distinction between anxiety states and depression: perceived control, certainty, and probability of goal attainment. In Human Helplessness: Theory and Applications, ed. J Garber, MEP Seligman. New York: Academic
67. Gotlib IH, Cane DB. 1987. Construct accessibility and clinical depression: a longitudinal approach. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 96: 199-204
68. Gotlib IH, MacLachlan A, Katz A. 1988. Biases in visual attention in depressed and nondepressed individuals. Cogn. Emot. 2: 185-200
69. Heimberg RG, Klosko JC, Dodge CS, Becker RE, Barlow DH. 1989. Anxiety disorders, depression, and attributional style: a further test of the specificity of depressive attributions. Cogn. Ther. Res. 13:21-36
70. Heller W. 1993. Neuropsychological mechanisms of individual differences in emotion, personality, and arousal. Neuropsychol. 7: 476-89
71. Heller W, Ettenne MA, Miller GA. 1995. Patterns of perceptual asymmetry in depression and anxiety: implications for neuropsychological models of emotion and psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104: 327-33
72. Henriques JB, Davidson RJ 1990. Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed subjects and healthy controls. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 99: 22-31
73. Henriques JB, Davidson RJ. 1991. Left frontal hypoactivation in depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol 100:535-45
74. Herpertz-Dahlmann BM, Wewetzer C, Schulz E, Remschmidt H. 1996. Course and outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int. J. Eating Disord. 19:335-45
75. Hinden BR, Compas BE, Howell DC, Achenbach TM 1997. Covariation of the anxious-depressed syndrome during adolescence: separating fact from artifact. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 65:6-14
76. Hodges K. 1990. Depression and anxiety in children: a comparison of self-report questionnaires to clinical interview. Psychol. Assess. 2:376-81
77. Hoffart A, Martinsen EW. 1993. The effect of personality disorders and anxious-depressive comorbidity on outcome in patients with unipolar depression and with panic disorder and agoraphobia. J. Pers. Disord. 7:304-11
78. Holt CS, Heimberg RG, Hope DA. 1992. Avoidant personality disorder and the generalized subtype of social phobia J Abnorm Psychol. 101 318-25
79. Jardine R, Martin NG, Henderson AS. 1984. Genetic covariation between neuroticism and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Genet Epidemiol. 1:89-107
80. Jensen PS, Shervette RE, Xenakis SN, Richters J. 1993. Anxiety and depressive disorders in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: new findings. Am. J. Psychiatry 150:1203-9
81. Joiner TE Jr. 1996. A confirmatory factor-analytic investigation of the tripartite model of depression and anxiety in college students. Cogn Ther. Res. 20:521-39
82. Joiner TE Jr, Catanzaro SJ, Laurent J. 1996. Tripartite structure of positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105:401-9
83. Jolly JB, Dyck MJ, Kramer TA, Wherry JN. 1994. Integration of positive and negative affectivity and cognitive-content specificity: improved discriminations of anxious and depressive symptoms. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103.544-52
84. Jolly JB, Dykman RA. 1994. Using self-report data to differentiate anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents: cognitive content specificity and global distress? Cogn. Ther Res 18:25-37
85. Jolly JB, Kramer TA. 1994. The hierarchical arrangement of internalizing cognitions. Cogn Ther. Res. 18:1-14
86. Kaplan MH, Feinstein AR. 1974. The importance of classifying initial comorbidity in evaluating the outcome of diabetes mellitus. J. Chronic Dis. 27:387-404
87. Keller MB, Lavon PW, Mueller TI, Endicott J, Coryell W, et al. 1992. Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: a 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49:809-16
88. Kendall PC, Clarkin JF. 1992. Introduction to special section: comorbidity and treatment implications. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60: 833-34
89. Kendall PC, Konlander E, Chansky TE, Brady EU. 1992. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: treatment implications. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60:869-80
90. Kendler KS. 1996. Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments - revisited. Br. J. Psychiatry 168(Suppl. 30):68-75
91. Kendler KS, Heath AC, Martin NG, Eaves LJ. 1987. Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: same genes, different environments? Arch Gen. Psychiatry 44: 451-57
92. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1992. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: same genes, (partly) different environments? Arch. Gen Psychiatry 49:16-22
93. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1993a. A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50: 853-62
94. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1993b. Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity. Psychol. Med 23:361-71
95. Kendler KS, Walters EE, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. 1995. The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52:374-83
96. Kessler RC. 1997. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. In Treatment Strategies for Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity, ed. S Wetzler, WC Sanderson, pp. 23-48. New York: Wiley
97. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, et al. 1994. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51:8-19
98. Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McGonagle KA, Liu J, Swartz M, Blazer DG. 1996. Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. Br. J. Psychiatry 168(Suppl. 30):17-30
99. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Blazer DG, Swartz MD. 1997 Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. J. Affect Disord. In press
100. King NJ. 1990. Childhood anxiety disorders and depression: phenomenology, comorbidity, and intervention issues. Scand. J. Behav. Ther. 19:59-70
101. King NJ, Ollendick TH, Gullone E. 1991. Negative affectivity in children and adolescents: relations between anxiety and depression. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 11:441-59
102. Klerman GL. 1990. Approaches to the phenomena of comorbidity. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 13-37
103. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulaskas SL, Richards C. 1989. Depressive disorders in childhood. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46: 776-82
104. Krantz S, Hammen C. 1977. Assessment of cognitive bias in depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 88:611-19
105. Krueger RF, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R. 1996. Personality traits are differentially linked to mental disorders: a multitrait-multidiagnosis study of an adolescent birth cohort. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105:299-312
106. Kunik ME. 1993. Personality disorders in elderly inpatients with major depression. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1:38-45
107. Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN, Patrick CJ. 1993. Emotion and psychopathology: a startle probe analysis. In Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research, ed. LJ Chapman, JP Chapman, DC Fowles, 16:163-99. New York: Springer
108. Larsen CL, Davidson RJ, Abercrombie HC. 1995. Prefrontal brain function and depression seventy: EEG differences in melancholic and nonmelancholic depressives. Psychophysiology 32:S49
109. Lepine JP, Wittchen H-U, Essau CA. 1993. Lifetime and current comorbidity of anxiety and affective disorders: results from the International WHO/ADAMHA CIDI field trials. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 3:67-77
110. Levy E, Mineka S 1997 Anxiety and mood -congruent autobiographical memory. Presented at Midwest. Psychol. Assoc , May
111. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. 1995. Adolescent psychopathology. III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 34: 510-19
112. Lewinsohn PM, Zinbarg R, Seeley JR, Lewinsohn M, Sack WH. 1997. Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. J. Anxiety Disord. In press
113. Lilienfeld SO, Waldman ID, Israel AC. 1994. Critical examination of the use of the term and concept of comorbidity in psychopathology research. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 1:71-83
114. Loeber R, Keenan K. 1994. Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: effects of age and gender. Clin Psychol. Rev. 14.497-523
115. Lonigan CJ, Carey MP, Finch AJ Jr. 1994. Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 62:1000-8
116. MacLeod AK, Byrne A. 1996. Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105:286-89
117. MacLeod C, Cohen I. 1993. Anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguity: a text comprehension study. J Abnorm. Psychol. 102: 238-47
118. MacLeod C, Hagan R. 1992. Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event. Behav. Res. Ther. 30:151-61
119. MacLeod C, Mathews AM. 1991. Cognitive-experimental approaches to the emotional disorders. In Handbook of Behavior Therapy and Psychological Science, ed. P Martin, pp. 116-50. New York: Pergamon
120. MacLeod C, McLaughlin K. 1995. Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety; a conceptual replication. Behav. Res. Ther. 33: 1-14
121. Mandler G. 1972. Helplessness: theory and research in anxiety. In Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research, Vol. 3, ed. CD Spielberger. New York: Academic
122. Martin NG, Jardine R, Andrews G, Heath AC. 1988. Anxiety disorders and neuroticism: Are there genetic factors specific to panic? Acta Psychiatr. Scand 77:698-706
123. Maser JD, Cloninger CR. 1990. Comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders: introduction and overview. In Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, ed. JD Maser, CR Cloninger, pp. 3-12. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
124. Mathews A. 1993. Anxiety and the processing of emotional information. In Models and Methods of Psychopathology: Progress in Experimental Personality and Psychopathology Research, ed. L Chapman, J Chapman, D Fowles, pp. 254-80. New York: Springer
125. Mathews A, MacLeod C. 1994. Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 45:25-50
126. Mathews A, Mogg K, Kentish J, Eysenck M. 1995. Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 33:293-303
127. Mathews A, Mogg K, May J, Eysenck M. 1989a. Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 98:236-40
128. Mathews A, Richards A, Eysenck M. 1989b. Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 98:31-34
129. Mathews A, Ridgeway V, Williamson D. 1996. Evidence for attention to threatening stimuli in depression. Behav. Res. Ther. 34:695-705
130. Matt G, Vazquez C, Campbell WK. 1992. Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: a meta-analytical review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 12:227-55
131. McNeil DW, Vrana SR, Melamed BG, Cuthbert BN, Lang PJ. 1993. Emotional imagery in simple and social phobia: fear versus anxiety. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102: 212-25
132. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Murphy J, Tsuang MT. 1995. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid disorder: issues of overlapping symptoms. Am. J. Psychiatry 152:1793-99
133. Mineka S. 1985. Animal models of anxiety-based disorders: their usefulness and limitations. See Tuma & Maser 1985, pp. 199-244
134. Mineka S. 1992. Evolutionary memories, emotional processing and the emotional disorders. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed. D Medin, 28:161-206. New York: Academic
135. Mineka S, Kelly K. 1989. The relationship between anxiety, lack of control, and loss of control. In Stress, Personal Control and Health, ed. A Steptoe, A Appels, pp. 163-91. New York: Wiley
136. Mineka S, Nugent K. 1995. Mood-congruent memory biases in anxiety and depression. In Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past, ed. D Schacter, pp. 173-93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
137. Mineka S, Pury C, Luten A. 1995. Explanatory style in anxiety versus depression. In Explanatory Style, ed. G Buchanan, MEP Seligman, pp. 135-58. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
138. Mineka S, Suomi SJ. 1978. Social separation in monkeys. Psychol. Bull. 85:1376-400
139. Mineka S, Sutton S. 1992. Cognitive biases and the emotional disorders. Psychol. Sci. 3:65-69
140. Mineka S, Tomarken A. 1989. The role of cognitive biases in the origins and maintenance of fear and anxiety disorders. In Aversion, Avoidance, and Anxiety: Perspectives on Aversively Motivated Behavior, ed. T Archer, L Nilsson, pp. 195-221. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
141. Mineka S, Zinbarg R. 1996. Conditioning and ethological models of anxiety disorders: Stress-in-dynamic-context anxiety models. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear Nebr. Symp Motiv. 43:135-211
142. Mogg K, Bradley BP, Williams R. 1995. Attentional bias in anxiety and depression: the role of awareness. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 43:17-36
143. Mogg K, Bradley BP, Williams R, Mathews AM. 1993. Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102:304-11
144. Mogg K, Mathews AM, May J, Grove M, Eysenck M, Weinman J. 1991. Assessment of cognitive bias in anxiety and depression using a colour perception task. Cogn. Emot. 5:221-38
145. Monroe SM. 1990, Psychosocial factors in anxiety and depression. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 463-98
146. Moras K, Clark LA, Katon W, Roy-Byrne R, Watson D, Barlow D. 1996. Mixed anxiety-depression. In DSM-IV Source-book, ed. TA Widiger, AJ Frances, HA Pincus, R Ross, MB First, WW Davis, pp. 623-43. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr.
147. Mulder RT. 1991. The comorbidity of anxiety disorders with personality, depressive, alcohol and drug disorders. Int. Rev. Psychiatr. 3:253-63
148. Neale MC, Kendler KS. 1995. Models of comorbidity for multifactorial disorders. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:935-53
149. Nugent K, Mineka S. 1994. The effects of high and low trait anxiety on implicit and explicit memory tasks. Cogn. Emot 8:147-63
150. Oatley K, Johnson-Laird P. 1987. Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cogn. Emot. 1:29-50
151. Pauls DL. 1992. The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 15:759-66
152. Pauls DL, Alsobrook JP II, Goodman W, Rasmussen S, Leckman JF. 1995. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 152:76-84
153. Pauls DL, Leckman JP, Cohen DJ. 1994. Evidence against a genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and anxiety, depression, panic and phobic disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 164:215-21
154. Regier DA, Burke JD, Burke KC. 1990. Comorbidity of affective and anxiety disorders in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. See Maser & Cloninger 1990, pp. 113-22
155. Reich J, Warshaw M, Peterson LG, White K. 1993. Comorbidity of panic and major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 21 (Suppl.):23-33
156. Richards A, Whitaker TM. 1990. Effects of anxiety and mood manipulation in autobiographical memory. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 29:145-53
157. Rief W, Hiller W, Geissner E, Fichter MM. 1995. A two-year follow-up study of patients with somatoform disorders. Psychosomatics 36:376-86
158. Robins LN. 1994. How recognizing "comorbidities" in psychopathology may lead to an improved research nosology. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 1:93-95
159. Roy M-A, Neale MC, Pedersen NL, Mathé AA, Kendler KS. 1995. A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. Psychol. Med 25:1037-49
160. Sartorius N, Usrun TB, Lecrubier Y. 1996. Depression comorbid with anxiety: Results from the WHO study on "Psychological disorders in primary health care." Br. J. Psychiatry 168(Suppl. 30):38-43
161. Schneier FR, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Liebowitz MR. 1992. Social phobia: Comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Arch Gen. Psychiatry 49:282-88
162. Seligman MEP. 1974. Depression and learned helplessness. In The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research, ed. RJ Friedman, MM Katz, pp. 83-113. New York: Winston-Wiley
163. Shafii M, Steltz-Lenarsky J, Derrick AM, Beckner C. 1988. Comorbidity of mental disorders in the post-mortem diagnosis of completed suicide in children and adolescents. J. Affect. Disord. 15:227-33
164. Shea MT, Widiger TA, Klein MH. 1992. Comorbidity of personality disorders and depression: implications for treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 60:857-68
165. Spence SH. 1997. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm. Psychol. 106:280-97
166. Spitzer RL. 1994. Psychiatric "co-occurrence"? I'll stick with "comorbidity." Clin. Psychol Sci Pract. 1:88-92
167. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. 1978. Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35: 773-82
168. Steer RA, Clark DA, Beck AT, Ranieri WF. 1995. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: a replication. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104: 542-45
169. Steer RA, Clark DA, Ranien WF. 1994. Symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-R: a test of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. J. Pers. Assess. 62:525-36
170. Teasdale JD. 1988. Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression. Cogn. Emot. 2: 247-74
171. Tellegen A. 1985. Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report. See Tuma & Maser 1985, pp. 681-706
172. Tomarken AJ, Davidson RJ, Wheeler RE, Doss RC. 1992. Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 62:676-87
173. Tomarken AJ, Keener AD. 1997. Frontal brain asymmetry and depression: a self-regulatory perspective. Cogn. Emot. In press
174. Trull TJ, Sher KJ. 1994 Relationship between the five-factor model of personality and Axis I disorders in a nonclinical sample. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:350-60
175. Tuma AH, Maser J. eds. 1985. Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
176. Turner SM, Beidel DC, Townsley RM. 1992. Social phobia: a comparison of specific and generalized subtypes and avoidant personality disorder. J Abnorm. Psychol. 101:326-32
177. Watkins PC, Vache K, Verney SP, Muller S, Mathews A. 1996. Unconscious mood-congruent memory bias in depression. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105:34-41
178. Watson D, Clark LA. 1991. The mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire. Univ. Iowa, Dep. Psychol. Unpubl. manuscr.
179. Watson D, Clark LA. 1994. Introduction to the special issue on personality and psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:3-5
180. Watson D, Clark LA. 1995. Depression and the melancholic temperament Eur. J Pers 9:351-66
181. Watson D, Clark LA. 1997. Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: recurrent and emergent issues. J Pers. Assess. 68: 267-96
182. Watson D, Clark LA, Carey G. 1988. Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 97:346-53
183. Watson D, Clark LA, Harkness AR. 1994. Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:18-31
184. Watson D, Clark LA, Weber K, Assenheimer JS, Strauss ME, McCormick RA. 1995a. Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult, and patient samples. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 104:15-25
185. Watson D, Tellegen A. 1985. Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychol. Bull. 98:219-35
186. Watson D, Weber K, Assenheimer JS, Clark LA, Strauss ME, McCormick RA. 1995b. Testing a tripartite model. I. Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. J. Abnorm. Psychol 104:3-14
187. Westermeyer J, Tucker P, Nugent S. 1995. Comorbid anxiety disorder among patients with substance abuse disorders. Am. J Addict. 4:97-106
188. Widiger TA, Costa PT Jr. 1994. Personality and the personality disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 103:78-91
189. Williams JMG, Nulty DD. 1986. Construct accessibility, depression and the emotional Stroop task: transient mood or stable structure? Pers. Individ. Differ. 7:485-91
190. Williams JMG, Watts FN, MacLeod C, Mathews AM. 1988. Cognitive Psychology and the Emotional Disorders, pp. 1-226. Chichester, NY: Wiley
191. Wilson GT, Nathan PE, O'Leary KD, Clark LA. 1996. Abnormal Psychology: Integrating Perspectives, pp. 1-778. Boston: Allyn & Bacon
192. Winchen H-U, Zhao S, Kessler RC, Eaton WW. 1994. DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51:355-64
193. Woodman CL. 1993. The genetics of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Ann. Clin Psychiatry 5:231-40
194. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH. 1996. Structure of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: a hierarchical model. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 105: 181-93
195. Zisook S, Goff A, Sledge P, Shuchter SR. 1994. Reported suicidal behavior and current suicidal ideation in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Ann. Clin Psychiatry 6: 27-31