메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 126, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 3-25

The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; EGO DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; INFANT; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REPRODUCIBILITY; TEMPERAMENT; TIME;

EID: 0033631946     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (2337)

References (250)
  • 1
    • 0019574081 scopus 로고
    • Ego stage and identity status development: A cross-lag analysis
    • *Adams, G. R., & Fitch, S. A. (1981). Ego stage and identity status development: A cross-lag analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 4, 163-171.
    • (1981) Journal of Adolescence , vol.4 , pp. 163-171
    • Adams, G.R.1    Fitch, S.A.2
  • 2
    • 0028543735 scopus 로고
    • Role of hostility in women's health during midlife: A longitudinal study
    • *Adams, S. H. (1994). Role of hostility in women's health during midlife: A longitudinal study. Health Psychology, 13, 488-495.
    • (1994) Health Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 488-495
    • Adams, S.H.1
  • 3
    • 0002435566 scopus 로고
    • Temperament, development, and the big five
    • C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Ahadi, S. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (1994). Temperament, development, and the Big Five. In C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 189-207). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood , pp. 189-207
    • Ahadi, S.A.1    Rothbart, M.K.2
  • 4
    • 0012117826 scopus 로고
    • Using growth curve analyses to assess personality change and stability in adulthood
    • T. F. Heatherton & J. L. Weinberger (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Alder, A. G., & Scher, S. J. (1994). Using growth curve analyses to assess personality change and stability in adulthood. In T. F. Heatherton & J. L. Weinberger (Eds.), Can personality change? (pp. 149-174). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (1994) Can Personality Change? , pp. 149-174
    • Alder, A.G.1    Scher, S.J.2
  • 6
    • 58149205351 scopus 로고
    • Development of inhibition during childhood: Evidence for situational specificity and a two-factor model
    • *Asendorpf, J. B. (1990). Development of inhibition during childhood: Evidence for situational specificity and a two-factor model. Developmental Psychology, 26, 721-730.
    • (1990) Developmental Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 721-730
    • Asendorpf, J.B.1
  • 7
    • 84985287302 scopus 로고
    • Correlates of the temporal consistency of personality patterns in childhood
    • *Asendorpf, J. B., & van Aken, M. A. G. (1991). Correlates of the temporal consistency of personality patterns in childhood. Journal of Personality, 59, 689-703.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality , vol.59 , pp. 689-703
    • Asendorpf, J.B.1    Van Aken, M.A.G.2
  • 8
    • 84985204840 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of personality characteristics
    • *Backteman, G., & Magnusson, D. (1981). Longitudinal stability of personality characteristics. Journal of Personality, 49, 148-160.
    • (1981) Journal of Personality , vol.49 , pp. 148-160
    • Backteman, G.1    Magnusson, D.2
  • 9
    • 0015478111 scopus 로고
    • Cultural change and adolescent personality development: An application of longitudinal sequences. De
    • *Baltes, P. B., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1972). Cultural change and adolescent personality development: An application of longitudinal sequences. Developmental Psychology, 7, 244-256.
    • (1972) Velopmental Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 244-256
    • Baltes, P.B.1    Nesselroade, J.R.2
  • 10
    • 0040217596 scopus 로고
    • Consistency of helping-behavior measures
    • *Bar-Tal, D., & Raviv, A. (1979). Consistency of helping-behavior measures. Child Development, 50, 1235-1238.
    • (1979) Child Development , vol.50 , pp. 1235-1238
    • Bar-Tal, D.1    Raviv, A.2
  • 11
    • 38249024254 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in the stability of personality needs: Relations to stress and substance use during adolescence
    • *Bates, M. E., & Pandina, R. J. (1989). Individual differences in the stability of personality needs: Relations to stress and substance use during adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1151-1157.
    • (1989) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.10 , pp. 1151-1157
    • Bates, M.E.1    Pandina, R.J.2
  • 12
    • 0001077196 scopus 로고
    • Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization
    • Bell, R. Q., & Chapman, M. (1986). Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Developmental Psychology, 22, 595-603.
    • (1986) Developmental Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 595-603
    • Bell, R.Q.1    Chapman, M.2
  • 14
    • 0002210990 scopus 로고
    • Research on the psychology of aging: Principles, concepts and theory
    • J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
    • Birren, J. E., & Cunningham, W. R. (1985). Research on the psychology of aging: Principles, concepts and theory. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 3-34). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
    • (1985) Handbook of the Psychology of Aging 2nd Ed. , pp. 3-34
    • Birren, J.E.1    Cunningham, W.R.2
  • 15
    • 0004267128 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books
    • *Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books.
    • (1971) Lives Through Time
    • Block, J.1
  • 16
    • 0002077066 scopus 로고
    • Studying personality the long way
    • D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • *Block, J. (1993). Studying personality the long way. In D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time (pp. 9-41). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (1993) Studying Lives Through Time , pp. 9-41
    • Block, J.1
  • 17
    • 0000935845 scopus 로고
    • Some misgivings about the matching familiar figures test as a measure of reflection-impulsivity
    • *Block, J., Block, J. H., & Harrington, D. M. (1974). Some misgivings about the Matching Familiar Figures Test as a measure of reflection-impulsivity. Developmental Psychology, 10, 611-632.
    • (1974) Developmental Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 611-632
    • Block, J.1    Block, J.H.2    Harrington, D.M.3
  • 18
    • 0030076540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IQ and ego-resiliency: Clarifying their conceptual and empirical linkage and separateness
    • Block, J., & Kremen, A. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Clarifying their conceptual and empirical linkage and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 349-361
    • Block, J.1    Kremen, A.2
  • 19
    • 0027621264 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood
    • Block, J., & Robins, R. W. (1993). A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Development, 64, 909-923.
    • (1993) Child Development , vol.64 , pp. 909-923
    • Block, J.1    Robins, R.W.2
  • 21
    • 0040227585 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of the primary and secondary dimensions of the 16PF-E
    • *Bolton, B. (1979). Longitudinal stability of the primary and secondary dimensions of the 16PF-E. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 4, 67-71.
    • (1979) Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research , vol.4 , pp. 67-71
    • Bolton, B.1
  • 22
    • 0025471941 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition: Its stability and correlates in sixteen- to forty-month-old children
    • *Broberg, A., Lamb, M. E., & Hwang, P. (1990). Inhibition: Its stability and correlates in sixteen- to forty-month-old children. Child Development, 61, 1153-1163.
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , pp. 1153-1163
    • Broberg, A.1    Lamb, M.E.2    Hwang, P.3
  • 23
    • 0030303935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A "feminine" model of vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal investigation of middle-aged women
    • *Bromberger, J. T., & Matthews, K. A. (1996). A "feminine" model of vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal investigation of middle-aged women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 591-598.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 591-598
    • Bromberger, J.T.1    Matthews, K.A.2
  • 24
    • 0000174124 scopus 로고
    • Central orientations: A study of behavior organization from childhood to adolescence
    • *Bronson, W. C. (1966). Central orientations: A study of behavior organization from childhood to adolescence. Child Development, 37, 125-155.
    • (1966) Child Development , vol.37 , pp. 125-155
    • Bronson, W.C.1
  • 25
    • 0019059176 scopus 로고
    • The impact of personal preference on consistency through time: The case of childhood aggression
    • *Bullock, D., & Merrill, L. (1980). The impact of personal preference on consistency through time: The case of childhood aggression. Child Development, 51, 808-814.
    • (1980) Child Development , vol.51 , pp. 808-814
    • Bullock, D.1    Merrill, L.2
  • 28
    • 0010769087 scopus 로고
    • Preschool activity level: Personality correlates and developmental implications
    • *Buss, D. M., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). Preschool activity level: Personality correlates and developmental implications. Child Development, 51, 401-408.
    • (1980) Child Development , vol.51 , pp. 401-408
    • Buss, D.M.1    Block, J.H.2    Block, J.3
  • 29
    • 34247559456 scopus 로고
    • The stability of self-concept in late adolescence: Gender and situational effects
    • *Cairns, E., McWhirter, L., Duffy, U., & Barry, R. (1990). The stability of self-concept in late adolescence: Gender and situational effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 937-944.
    • (1990) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.11 , pp. 937-944
    • Cairns, E.1    McWhirter, L.2    Duffy, U.3    Barry, R.4
  • 30
    • 0000312843 scopus 로고
    • Continuity in social development: A comparative perspective on individual difference prediction
    • P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.). New York: Academic Press
    • Cairns, R. B., & Hood, K. E. (1983). Continuity in social development: A comparative perspective on individual difference prediction. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp. 301-358). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1983) Life-span Development and Behavior , pp. 301-358
    • Cairns, R.B.1    Hood, K.E.2
  • 31
    • 84976926793 scopus 로고
    • A study in emotional adjustment: The correlation of student and adult forms of the Bell adjustment inventory over a period of thirteen years
    • *Cantoni, L. J. (1955). A study in emotional adjustment: The correlation of student and adult forms of the Bell Adjustment Inventory over a period of thirteen years. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15, 137-143.
    • (1955) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.15 , pp. 137-143
    • Cantoni, L.J.1
  • 33
    • 0023575612 scopus 로고
    • Stability of the type A structured interview and related questionnaires in a 10-year follow-up of an adult cohort of twins
    • *Carmelli, D., Rosenman, R. H., & Chesney, M. A. (1987). Stability of the Type A Structured Interview and related questionnaires in a 10-year follow-up of an adult cohort of twins. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 10, 513-525.
    • (1987) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.10 , pp. 513-525
    • Carmelli, D.1    Rosenman, R.H.2    Chesney, M.A.3
  • 34
    • 0028395859 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of personality change and stability
    • *Carmichael, C. M., & McGue, M. (1994). A longitudinal study of personality change and stability. Journal of Personality, 62, 1-20.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality , vol.62 , pp. 1-20
    • Carmichael, C.M.1    McGue, M.2
  • 35
    • 38249032845 scopus 로고
    • Toward a neo-piagetian theory of cognitive and emotional development
    • Case, R., Hayward, S., Lewis, M., & Hurst, P. (1988). Toward a neo-Piagetian theory of cognitive and emotional development. Developmental Review, 8, 1-51.
    • (1988) Developmental Review , vol.8 , pp. 1-51
    • Case, R.1    Hayward, S.2    Lewis, M.3    Hurst, P.4
  • 37
    • 0000999494 scopus 로고
    • Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children
    • Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., Jr., & Bem, D. J. (1988). Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 824-831.
    • (1988) Developmental Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 824-831
    • Caspi, A.1    Elder G.H., Jr.2    Bem, D.J.3
  • 38
    • 0025381119 scopus 로고
    • Continuity and change: Assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood
    • Caspi, A., & Herbener, E. S. (1990). Continuity and change: Assortative marriage and the consistency of personality in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 250-258.
    • (1990) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 250-258
    • Caspi, A.1    Herbener, E.S.2
  • 39
    • 0002159485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality continuity and change across the life course
    • L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.). New York: Guilford Press
    • Caspi, A., & Roberts, B. W. (1999). Personality continuity and change across the life course. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 300-326). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1999) Handbook of Personality Psychology: Theory and Research 2nd Ed. , pp. 300-326
    • Caspi, A.1    Roberts, B.W.2
  • 40
    • 0029284940 scopus 로고
    • Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort
    • Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 66, 486-498.
    • (1995) Child Development , vol.66 , pp. 486-498
    • Caspi, A.1    Silva, P.A.2
  • 44
    • 0002641783 scopus 로고
    • The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality, and self-opinion
    • Conley, J. J. (1984a). The hierarchy of consistency: A review and model of longitudinal findings on adult individual differences in intelligence, personality, and self-opinion. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 11 -26.
    • (1984) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.5 , pp. 11-26
    • Conley, J.J.1
  • 45
    • 0021699552 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal consistency of adult personality: Self-reported psychological characteristics across 45 years
    • *Conley, J. J. (1984b). Longitudinal consistency of adult personality: Self-reported psychological characteristics across 45 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1325-1333.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.47 , pp. 1325-1333
    • Conley, J.J.1
  • 46
    • 0022160306 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of personality traits: A multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion analysis
    • *Conley, J. J. (1985). Longitudinal stability of personality traits: A multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1266-1282.
    • (1985) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 1266-1282
    • Conley, J.J.1
  • 47
    • 0018090954 scopus 로고
    • Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change
    • *Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1977-1978). Age differences in personality structure revisited: Studies in validity, stability, and change. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 8, 261-275.
    • (1977) International Journal of Aging and Human Development , vol.8 , pp. 261-275
    • Costa P.T., Jr.1    McCrae, R.R.2
  • 48
    • 0024005110 scopus 로고
    • Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO personality inventory
    • *Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1988). Personality in adulthood: A six-year longitudinal study of self-reports and spouse ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 853-863.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.54 , pp. 853-863
    • Costa P.T., Jr.1    McCrae, R.R.2
  • 50
    • 0001541668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of adult personality
    • R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Longitudinal stability of adult personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 269-292). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1997) Handbook of Personality Psychology , pp. 269-292
    • Costa P.T., Jr.1    McCrae, R.R.2
  • 52
    • 0542426444 scopus 로고
    • A review and reformation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment
    • Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.115 , pp. 74-101
    • Crick, N.R.1    Dodge, K.A.2
  • 53
    • 84903416565 scopus 로고
    • Retest correlations in neuroticism
    • *Crook, M. N. (1941). Retest correlations in neuroticism. Journal of General Psychology, 24, 173-182.
    • (1941) Journal of General Psychology , vol.24 , pp. 173-182
    • Crook, M.N.1
  • 54
    • 0039635680 scopus 로고
    • A retest with the Thurstone personality schedule after six and one-half years
    • *Crook, M. N. (1943). A retest with the Thurstone Personality Schedule after six and one-half years. Journal of General Psychology, 28, 111-120.
    • (1943) Journal of General Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 111-120
    • Crook, M.N.1
  • 55
    • 0026080982 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy
    • *Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70-87.
    • (1991) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.25 , pp. 70-87
    • Davis, M.H.1    Franzoi, S.L.2
  • 57
    • 0002429380 scopus 로고
    • Continuity and change in emotional components of infant temperament
    • *Denham, S. A., Lehman, E. B., Moser, M. H., & Reeves, S. L. (1995). Continuity and change in emotional components of infant temperament. Child Study Journal, 25, 289-308.
    • (1995) Child Study Journal , vol.25 , pp. 289-308
    • Denham, S.A.1    Lehman, E.B.2    Moser, M.H.3    Reeves, S.L.4
  • 58
    • 0024674895 scopus 로고
    • Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility
    • *Digman, J. M. (1989). Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility. Journal of Personality, 57, 195-214.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality , vol.57 , pp. 195-214
    • Digman, J.M.1
  • 59
  • 61
    • 84963254725 scopus 로고
    • Personality consistency: Eminent architects 25 years later
    • *Dudek, S. Z., & Hall, W. B. (1991). Personality consistency: Eminent architects 25 years later. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 213-231.
    • (1991) Creativity Research Journal , vol.4 , pp. 213-231
    • Dudek, S.Z.1    Hall, W.B.2
  • 63
    • 0002922416 scopus 로고
    • Temperament, development, and the five-factor model: Lessons from activity level
    • C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Eaton, W. O. (1994). Temperament, development, and the five-factor model: Lessons from activity level. In C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 173-188). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood , pp. 173-188
    • Eaton, W.O.1
  • 64
    • 0000585235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emotional basis of early personality development: Implications for the emergent self-concept
    • R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Eder, R. A., & Mangelsdorf, S. C. (1997). The emotional basis of early personality development: Implications for the emergent self-concept. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 209-240). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1997) Handbook of Personality Psychology , pp. 209-240
    • Eder, R.A.1    Mangelsdorf, S.C.2
  • 66
    • 0001674342 scopus 로고
    • Historical change in life patterns and personality
    • P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.). New York: Academic Press
    • Elder, G. H., Jr. (1979). Historical change in life patterns and personality. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 117-159). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1979) Life-span Development and Behavior , vol.2 , pp. 117-159
    • Elder G.H., Jr.1
  • 67
    • 85037511791 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in adolescence and adulthood: Analyses of data from the genetic studies of genius
    • Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Riverside, 1993
    • *Englert, A. M. (1993). Stability and change in adolescence and adulthood: Analyses of data from the Genetic Studies of Genius (Doctoral dissertation. University of California, Riverside, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (07), 3888B.
    • (1993) Dissertation Abstracts International , vol.54 , Issue.7
    • Englert, A.M.1
  • 71
    • 0040822278 scopus 로고
    • A genetic study of the Bernreuter personality inventory
    • *Farnsworth, P. R. (1938). A genetic study of the Bernreuter Personality Inventory. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 52, 3-13.
    • (1938) Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 3-13
    • Farnsworth, P.R.1
  • 72
    • 0017795996 scopus 로고
    • The family backgrounds of aggressive youths
    • L. A. Hersov, M. Berger, & D. Shaffer (Eds.). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press
    • *Farrington, D. P. (1978). The family backgrounds of aggressive youths. In L. A. Hersov, M. Berger, & D. Shaffer (Eds.), Aggression and antisocial behaviour in childhood and adolescence (pp. 73-94). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
    • (1978) Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence , pp. 73-94
    • Farrington, D.P.1
  • 75
    • 0022704670 scopus 로고
    • Stability of personality self-ratings over 30 years: Evidence for an age/cohort interaction
    • *Finn, S. E. (1986). Stability of personality self-ratings over 30 years: Evidence for an age/cohort interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 813-818.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 813-818
    • Finn, S.E.1
  • 76
    • 0011457099 scopus 로고
    • Stages and individual differences in cognitive development
    • Fischer, K. W., & Silvern, L. (1985). Stages and individual differences in cognitive development. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 613-648.
    • (1985) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 613-648
    • Fischer, K.W.1    Silvern, L.2
  • 78
    • 21344478555 scopus 로고
    • Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence
    • *Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., Jr., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 467-483.
    • (1994) Developmental Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 467-483
    • Ge, X.1    Lorenz, F.O.2    Conger, R.D.3    Elder G.H., Jr.4    Simons, R.L.5
  • 79
    • 0031067884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral inhibition: Stability and associations with adaption from childhood to early adulthood
    • *Gest, S. D. (1997). Behavioral inhibition: Stability and associations with adaption from childhood to early adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 467-475.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 467-475
    • Gest, S.D.1
  • 80
    • 0040227569 scopus 로고
    • Stability of individual differences in personality characteristics from 3 to 15 years
    • *Giuganino, B. M., & Hindley, C. B. (1982). Stability of individual differences in personality characteristics from 3 to 15 years. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 287-301.
    • (1982) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.3 , pp. 287-301
    • Giuganino, B.M.1    Hindley, C.B.2
  • 81
    • 0001947648 scopus 로고
    • Values, attitudes, and beliefs
    • O. G. Brim, Jr., & J. Kagan (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Glenn, N. D. (1980). Values, attitudes, and beliefs. In O. G. Brim, Jr., & J. Kagan (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development (pp. 596-640). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1980) Constancy and Change in Human Development , pp. 596-640
    • Glenn, N.D.1
  • 82
    • 0025492762 scopus 로고
    • Daydreaming and curiosity: Stability and change in gifted children and adolescents
    • *Gold, S. R., & Henderson, B. B. (1990). Daydreaming and curiosity: Stability and change in gifted children and adolescents. Adolescence, 25, 701-708.
    • (1990) Adolescence , vol.25 , pp. 701-708
    • Gold, S.R.1    Henderson, B.B.2
  • 83
    • 0027348286 scopus 로고
    • The structure of phenotypic personality traits
    • Goldberg, L. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
    • (1993) American Psychologist , vol.48 , pp. 26-34
    • Goldberg, L.1
  • 84
    • 0030077421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler behavior assessment questionnaire
    • *Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67, 218-235.
    • (1996) Child Development , vol.67 , pp. 218-235
    • Goldsmith, H.H.1
  • 88
    • 38249012458 scopus 로고
    • Person reliability on the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
    • *Grigoriadis, S., & Fekken, G. C. (1992). Person reliability on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 491-500.
    • (1992) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.13 , pp. 491-500
    • Grigoriadis, S.1    Fekken, G.C.2
  • 89
    • 0023513987 scopus 로고
    • Minnesota child development inventories: Predictors of intelligence, achievement, and adaptability
    • *Guerin, D., &,Gottfried, A. W. (1987). Minnesota Child Development Inventories: Predictors of intelligence, achievement, and adaptability. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 12, 595-609.
    • (1987) Journal of Pediatric Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 595-609
    • Guerin, D.1    Gottfried, A.W.2
  • 90
    • 21344482594 scopus 로고
    • Developmental stability and change in parent reports of temperament: A ten-year longitudinal investigation from infancy through preadolescence
    • *Guerin, D., & Gottfried, A. W. (1994). Developmental stability and change in parent reports of temperament: A ten-year longitudinal investigation from infancy through preadolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 334-355.
    • (1994) Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , vol.40 , pp. 334-355
    • Guerin, D.1    Gottfried, A.W.2
  • 92
    • 0022770065 scopus 로고
    • As time goes by: Change and stability in personality over fifty years
    • *Haan, N., Millsap, R., & Hartka, E. (1986). As time goes by: Change and stability in personality over fifty years. Psychology and Aging, 1, 220-232.
    • (1986) Psychology and Aging , vol.1 , pp. 220-232
    • Haan, N.1    Millsap, R.2    Hartka, E.3
  • 93
    • 0025876120 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change of personality in old age and its relation to survival
    • *Hagberg, B., Samuelsson, G., Lindberg, B., & Dehlin, O. (1991). Stability and change of personality in old age and its relation to survival. Journal of Gerontology, 46, 285-291.
    • (1991) Journal of Gerontology , vol.46 , pp. 285-291
    • Hagberg, B.1    Samuelsson, G.2    Lindberg, B.3    Dehlin, O.4
  • 94
    • 0039635641 scopus 로고
    • Adolescent personality, intervening life circumstances, and adult functioning
    • Doctoral dissertation. Cleveland State University, 1991
    • *Hamlin, A. M. (1991). Adolescent personality, intervening life circumstances, and adult functioning (Doctoral dissertation. Cleveland State University, 1991). Dissertation Abstracts International, 52 (07), 3939.
    • (1991) Dissertation Abstracts International , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 3939
    • Hamlin, A.M.1
  • 95
    • 0039043644 scopus 로고
    • The theory and measurement of traits: Two views
    • J. N. Butcher (Ed.). New York: Oxford University Press
    • Harkness, A. R., & Hogan, R. (1995). The theory and measurement of traits: Two views. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.). Clinical personality assessment: Practical approaches (pp. 28-41). New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1995) Clinical Personality Assessment: Practical Approaches , pp. 28-41
    • Harkness, A.R.1    Hogan, R.2
  • 97
    • 0039635668 scopus 로고
    • The psychological functioning of elders entering old-old age: A longitudinal study
    • Doctoral dissertation. Concordia University. 1993
    • *Harsany, M. (1993). The psychological functioning of elders entering old-old age: A longitudinal study (Doctoral dissertation. Concordia University. 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56 (07), 4033.
    • (1993) Dissertation Abstracts International , vol.56 , Issue.7 , pp. 4033
    • Harsany, M.1
  • 101
    • 0040300478 scopus 로고
    • Pre- and postbirth antecedents of 2-year-old attention, capacity for relationships, and verbal expressiveness
    • *Heinicke, C. M., Diskin, S. D., Ramsey-Klee, D. M., & Oates, D. S. (1986). Pre- and postbirth antecedents of 2-year-old attention, capacity for relationships, and verbal expressiveness. Developmental Psychology, 22, 777-787.
    • (1986) Developmental Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 777-787
    • Heinicke, C.M.1    Diskin, S.D.2    Ramsey-Klee, D.M.3    Oates, D.S.4
  • 102
    • 84932725769 scopus 로고
    • Separating reliability and stability in test-retest correlation
    • Heise, D. R. (1969). Separating reliability and stability in test-retest correlation. American Sociological Review, 34, 93-101.
    • (1969) American Sociological Review , vol.34 , pp. 93-101
    • Heise, D.R.1
  • 103
    • 0011675948 scopus 로고
    • Behavior change: Models, methods, and a review of evidence
    • M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black
    • Hellervik, L. W., Hazucha, J. F., & Schneider, R. J. (1992). Behavior change: Models, methods, and a review of evidence. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial/organiztitional psychology (Vol. 3. pp. 823-895). Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black.
    • (1992) Handbook of Industrial/Organiztitional Psychology , vol.3 , pp. 823-895
    • Hellervik, L.W.1    Hazucha, J.F.2    Schneider, R.J.3
  • 105
    • 0029437044 scopus 로고
    • Enduringness and change in creative personality and the prediction of occupational creativity
    • *Helson, R., Roberts, B., & Agronick, G. (1995). Enduringness and change in creative personality and the prediction of occupational creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1173-1183.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 1173-1183
    • Helson, R.1    Roberts, B.2    Agronick, G.3
  • 106
    • 0000171704 scopus 로고
    • Personality change in adulthood
    • T. F. Heatherton &,J. L. Weinberger. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Helson, R., & Stewart, A. J. (1994). Personality change in adulthood. In T. F. Heatherton &,J. L. Weinberger. Can personality change? (pp. 201-226). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (1994) Can Personality Change? , pp. 201-226
    • Helson, R.1    Stewart, A.J.2
  • 108
    • 0026832564 scopus 로고
    • Personality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s
    • *Helson, R., &,Wink, P. (1992). Personality change in women from the early 40s to the early 50s. Psychology and Aging, 7, 46-55.
    • (1992) Psychology and Aging , vol.7 , pp. 46-55
    • Helson, R.1    Wink, P.2
  • 109
    • 0003095743 scopus 로고
    • Social cognition and the social life of the child: Stages as subcultures
    • E. T. Higgins, D. N. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Higgins, E. T., & Eccles-Parsons, J. (1983). Social cognition and the social life of the child: Stages as subcultures. In E. T. Higgins, D. N. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 15-62). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1983) Social Cognition and Social Development: A Sociocultural Perspective , pp. 15-62
    • Higgins, E.T.1    Eccles-Parsons, J.2
  • 110
    • 0006736955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A socioanalytic perspective on person/environment interaction
    • (in press). W. B. Walsh, K. H. Craik, & R. H. Price (Eds.). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Hogan, R. T., & Roberts, B. W. (in press). A socioanalytic perspective on person/environment interaction. In W. B. Walsh, K. H. Craik, & R. H. Price (Eds.), New directions in person-environment psychology. Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • New Directions in Person-environment Psychology
    • Hogan, R.T.1    Roberts, B.W.2
  • 111
    • 0040227536 scopus 로고
    • Change and stability of needs from middle adolescence to young adulthood in Swedish females
    • *Holmlund, U. (1991). Change and stability of needs from middle adolescence to young adulthood in Swedish females. European Journal of Personality, 5, 379-385.
    • (1991) European Journal of Personality , vol.5 , pp. 379-385
    • Holmlund, U.1
  • 112
    • 0039043614 scopus 로고
    • Change and stability of masculinity-femininity from adolescence to adulthood in a sample of Swedish women
    • *Holmlund, U. (1992). Change and stability of masculinity-femininity from adolescence to adulthood in a sample of Swedish women. European Journal of Personality 6, 237-244.
    • (1992) European Journal of Personality , vol.6 , pp. 237-244
    • Holmlund, U.1
  • 113
    • 0003050549 scopus 로고
    • The "big five" personality variables - Construct confusion: Description versus prediction
    • Hough, L. M. (1992). The "Big Five" personality variables - Construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance, 5, 139-155.
    • (1992) Human Performance , vol.5 , pp. 139-155
    • Hough, L.M.1
  • 117
    • 0002505693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality influences on the choice of situations
    • R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Ickes, W., Snyder, M., & Garcia, S. (1997). Personality influences on the choice of situations. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 166-198). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1997) Handbook of Personality Psychology , pp. 166-198
    • Ickes, W.1    Snyder, M.2    Garcia, S.3
  • 118
    • 0003891643 scopus 로고
    • New York: Dover. Original work published
    • James, W. ( 1950). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published in 1890)
    • (1890) The Principles of Psychology
    • James, W.1
  • 119
    • 0040522799 scopus 로고
    • The stability of change: Psychosocial development from adolescence to young adulthood
    • D. Magnusson &V. L. Allen (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • *Jessor, R. (1983). The stability of change: Psychosocial development from adolescence to young adulthood. In D. Magnusson &V. L. Allen (Eds.). Human development: An interactional approach (pp. 321-341). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1983) Human Development: An Interactional Approach , pp. 321-341
    • Jessor, R.1
  • 121
    • 0029897926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of personality change across the life span
    • Jones, C. J., & Meredith, W. (1996). Patterns of personality change across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11, 57-65.
    • (1996) Psychology and Aging , vol.11 , pp. 57-65
    • Jones, C.J.1    Meredith, W.2
  • 122
    • 0039635635 scopus 로고
    • The long term stability of selected Rorschach responses
    • *Kagan, J. (1960). The long term stability of selected Rorschach responses. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1, 67-73.
    • (1960) Journal of Consulting Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 67-73
    • Kagan, J.1
  • 124
    • 85048902185 scopus 로고
    • Consistency of adult personality
    • *Kelly, E. L. (1955). Consistency of adult personality. American Psychologist, 10, 659-681.
    • (1955) American Psychologist , vol.10 , pp. 659-681
    • Kelly, E.L.1
  • 125
    • 0024830746 scopus 로고
    • Stability of type A behavior during adolescence, young adulthood, and adulthood
    • *Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (1989). Stability of Type A behavior during adolescence, young adulthood, and adulthood. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 387-396.
    • (1989) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.12 , pp. 387-396
    • Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L.1
  • 126
    • 0030136792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency
    • Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067-1079.
    • (1996) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Klohnen, E.C.1
  • 127
    • 0031114451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age
    • *Kochanska, G., Murray, K., & Coy, K. (1997). Inhibitory control as a contributor to conscience in childhood: From toddler to early school age. Child Development, 68, 263-277.
    • (1997) Child Development , vol.68 , pp. 263-277
    • Kochanska, G.1    Murray, K.2    Coy, K.3
  • 128
    • 0030115650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization
    • *Kochanska, G., Murray, K., Jacques, T. Y., Koenig, A. L., & V andergeest, K. A. (1996). Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization. Child Development, 67, 490-507.
    • (1996) Child Development , vol.67 , pp. 490-507
    • Kochanska, G.1    Murray, K.2    Jacques, T.Y.3    Koenig, A.L.4    Vergeest, K.A.5
  • 129
    • 0001920359 scopus 로고
    • Personality and aging
    • J. E. Birren & S. W. Schaie (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Kogan, N. (1990). Personality and aging. In J. E. Birren & S. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 330-346). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1990) Handbook of the Psychology of Aging , pp. 330-346
    • Kogan, N.1
  • 130
    • 0001669007 scopus 로고
    • A social competence scale and symptom checklist for the preschool child: Factor dimensions, their cross-instrument generality, and longitudinal persistence
    • *Kohn, M., & Rosman, B. L. (1972). A social competence scale and symptom checklist for the preschool child: Factor dimensions, their cross-instrument generality, and longitudinal persistence. Developmental Psychology, 6, 430-444.
    • (1972) Developmental Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 430-444
    • Kohn, M.1    Rosman, B.L.2
  • 131
    • 0015905913 scopus 로고
    • Cross-situational and longitudinal stability of social-emotional functioning in young children
    • *Kohn, M., & Rosman, B. L. (1973). Cross-situational and longitudinal stability of social-emotional functioning in young children. Child Development, 44, 721-727.
    • (1973) Child Development , vol.44 , pp. 721-727
    • Kohn, M.1    Rosman, B.L.2
  • 132
    • 0002341958 scopus 로고
    • Job complexity and adult personality
    • N. J. Smelser & E. H. Erikson (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Kohn, M. L. (1980). Job complexity and adult personality. In N. J. Smelser & E. H. Erikson (Eds.), Themes of work and love in adulthood (pp. 193-212). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1980) Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood , pp. 193-212
    • Kohn, M.L.1
  • 133
    • 84925911049 scopus 로고
    • The reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellectual flexibility: A longitudinal assessment
    • Kohn, M. L., & Schooler, C. (1978). The reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellectual flexibility: A longitudinal assessment. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 24-52.
    • (1978) American Journal of Sociology , vol.84 , pp. 24-52
    • Kohn, M.L.1    Schooler, C.2
  • 134
    • 0000055866 scopus 로고
    • Continuities and discontinuities in difficult/easy temperament: Infancy to young adulthood
    • *Korn, S. J. (1984). Continuities and discontinuities in difficult/easy temperament: Infancy to young adulthood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 189-199.
    • (1984) Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , vol.30 , pp. 189-199
    • Korn, S.J.1
  • 137
    • 0023988196 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of negative emotional states and adjustment from early childhood through adolescence
    • *Lerner, J. V., Hertzog, C., Hooker, K. A., Hassibi, M., & Thomas, A. (1988). A longitudinal study of negative emotional states and adjustment from early childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 59, 356-366.
    • (1988) Child Development , vol.59 , pp. 356-366
    • Lerner, J.V.1    Hertzog, C.2    Hooker, K.A.3    Hassibi, M.4    Thomas, A.5
  • 141
    • 0025395985 scopus 로고
    • Heredity, environment, and personality change: Evidence from the Texas adoption project
    • *Loehlin, J. C., Horn, J. M., & Willerman, L. (1990). Heredity, environment, and personality change: Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project. Journal of Personality, 58, 221-243.
    • (1990) Journal of Personality , vol.58 , pp. 221-243
    • Loehlin, J.C.1    Horn, J.M.2    Willerman, L.3
  • 142
    • 0001052453 scopus 로고
    • The meaning and measurement of ego development
    • Loevinger, J. (1966). The meaning and measurement of ego development. American Psychologist, 21, 195-206.
    • (1966) American Psychologist , vol.21 , pp. 195-206
    • Loevinger, J.1
  • 144
    • 0031854358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes
    • * Lovibond, P. F. (1998). Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 520-526.
    • (1998) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.107 , pp. 520-526
    • Lovibond, P.F.1
  • 145
    • 84970091499 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal stability of person characteristics: Intelligence and creativity
    • *Magnusson, D., &,Backteman, G. (1978). Longitudinal stability of person characteristics: Intelligence and creativity. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2, 481-490.
    • (1978) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.2 , pp. 481-490
    • Magnusson, D.1    Backteman, G.2
  • 146
    • 0039043610 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of ego development
    • *Martin, J., & Redmore, C. (1978). A longitudinal study of ego development. Developmental Psychology, 14, 189-190.
    • (1978) Developmental Psychology , vol.14 , pp. 189-190
    • Martin, J.1    Redmore, C.2
  • 147
    • 0003252142 scopus 로고
    • Review of factor analytic studies of temperament measures based on the Thomas-Chess structural model: Implications for the big five
    • C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Martin, R. P., Wisenbaker, J., & Huttunen, M. (1994). Review of factor analytic studies of temperament measures based on the Thomas-Chess structural model: Implications for the Big Five. In C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 157-172). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood , pp. 157-172
    • Martin, R.P.1    Wisenbaker, J.2    Huttunen, M.3
  • 149
    • 0020743692 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal twin study of stability of components from Bayley's infant behavior record
    • *Matheny, A. P., Jr. (1983). A longitudinal twin study of stability of components from Bayley's Infant Behavior Record. Child Development, 54, 356-360.
    • (1983) Child Development , vol.54 , pp. 356-360
    • Matheny A.P., Jr.1
  • 150
    • 0024677730 scopus 로고
    • Children's behavioral inhibition over age and across situations: Genetic similarity for a trait during change
    • *Matheny, A. P., Jr. (1989). Children's behavioral inhibition over age and across situations: Genetic similarity for a trait during change. Journal of Personality, 57, 215-235.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality , vol.57 , pp. 215-235
    • Matheny A.P., Jr.1
  • 153
    • 0003112993 scopus 로고
    • Continuity and discontinuity of temperament in infancy and early childhood: A psychometric perspective
    • R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • McDevitt, S. C. (1986). Continuity and discontinuity of temperament in infancy and early childhood: A psychometric perspective. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities and challenges (pp. 27-38). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1986) The Study of Temperament: Changes, Continuities and Challenges , pp. 27-38
    • McDevitt, S.C.1
  • 154
    • 0019420217 scopus 로고
    • Stability of ratings vs. Perceptions of temperament from early infancy to 1-3 years
    • *McDevitt, S. C., & Carey, W. B. (1981). Stability of ratings vs. perceptions of temperament from early infancy to 1-3 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 342-345.
    • (1981) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 342-345
    • McDevitt, S.C.1    Carey, W.B.2
  • 155
    • 21144478044 scopus 로고
    • Personality stability and change in early adulthood: A behavioral genetic analysis
    • *McGue, M., Bacon, S., & Lykken, D. T. (1993). Personality stability and change in early adulthood: A behavioral genetic analysis. Developmental Psychology, 29, 96-109.
    • (1993) Developmental Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 96-109
    • McGue, M.1    Bacon, S.2    Lykken, D.T.3
  • 156
    • 0026110818 scopus 로고
    • Consistency and change in maternal child-rearing practices and values: A longitudinal study
    • McNally, S., Eisenberg, S., & Harris, J. (1991). Consistency and change in maternal child-rearing practices and values: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 62, 190-198.
    • (1991) Child Development , vol.62 , pp. 190-198
    • McNally, S.1    Eisenberg, S.2    Harris, J.3
  • 158
    • 84925888138 scopus 로고
    • Three-year follow-up of women religious on the 16 personality factor questionnaire
    • *Melamed, A. R., Silverman, M. S., & Lewis, G. J. (1974). Three-year follow-up of women religious on the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. Review of Religious Research, 15, 64-70.
    • (1974) Review of Religious Research , vol.15 , pp. 64-70
    • Melamed, A.R.1    Silverman, M.S.2    Lewis, G.J.3
  • 161
    • 0000294628 scopus 로고
    • Personality dispositions revisited and revised: A view after three decades
    • L. Pervin (Ed.). New York: Guilford Press
    • Mischel, W. (1992). Personality dispositions revisited and revised: A view after three decades. In L. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 111-134). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1992) Handbook of Personality Theory and Research , pp. 111-134
    • Mischel, W.1
  • 163
    • 0001462227 scopus 로고
    • Persistence and change in development: The multidimensional self-concept
    • P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.). New York: Academic Press
    • *Mortimer, J. T., Finch, M. D., & Kumka, D. (1982). Persistence and change in development: The multidimensional self-concept. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.). Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 263-313). New York: Academic Press.
    • (1982) Life-span Development and Behavior , vol.4 , pp. 263-313
    • Mortimer, J.T.1    Finch, M.D.2    Kumka, D.3
  • 164
    • 0002834236 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal study of personality development
    • O. G. Brim, Jr., &J. Kagan (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Moss, H. A., & Susman, E. J. (1980). Longitudinal study of personality development. In O. G. Brim, Jr., &J. Kagan (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development (pp. 530-595). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1980) Constancy and Change in Human Development , pp. 530-595
    • Moss, H.A.1    Susman, E.J.2
  • 168
    • 0039043597 scopus 로고
    • The reliability of questions in the Thurstone per-sonality schedule
    • Neprash, J. A. (1936). The reliability of questions in the Thurstone Per-sonality Schedule. Journal of Social Psychology. 7, 239-244.
    • (1936) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 239-244
    • Neprash, J.A.1
  • 169
    • 0002026388 scopus 로고
    • Interindividual differences in intraindividual change
    • L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Nesselroade, J. R. (1991). Interindividual differences in intraindividual change. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.). Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 92-105). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (1991) Best Methods for the Analysis of Change , pp. 92-105
    • Nesselroade, J.R.1
  • 170
    • 0001778247 scopus 로고
    • The awareness of middle age
    • B. L. Neugarten (Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Neugarten, B. L. (1968). The awareness of middle age. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging (pp. 93-98). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1968) Middle Age and Aging , pp. 93-98
    • Neugarten, B.L.1
  • 171
    • 0007019084 scopus 로고
    • Personality change and the college
    • *Nichols, R. C. (1967). Personality change and the college. American Education Research, 4, 173-190.
    • (1967) American Education Research , vol.4 , pp. 173-190
    • Nichols, R.C.1
  • 172
    • 0022764261 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness in children: A longitudinal study of depression, achievement, and explanatory style
    • *Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. (1986). Learned helplessness in children: A longitudinal study of depression, achievement, and explanatory style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51, 435-442.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 435-442
    • Nolen-Hoeksema, S.1    Girgus, J.S.2    Seligman, M.E.3
  • 174
    • 0031218180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample
    • *Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855-879.
    • (1997) Development and Psychopathology , vol.9 , pp. 855-879
    • Ogawa, J.R.1    Sroufe, L.A.2    Weinfield, N.S.3    Carlson, E.A.4    Egeland, B.5
  • 175
    • 0001631503 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of impulsivity in preschoolers: Cross-measure convergences, longitudinal stability, and relevance to social competence
    • *Olson, S. L. (1989). Assessment of impulsivity in preschoolers: Cross-measure convergences, longitudinal stability, and relevance to social competence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 2, 176-183.
    • (1989) Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 176-183
    • Olson, S.L.1
  • 176
    • 0017694517 scopus 로고
    • Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: Two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings
    • *Olweus, D. (1977). Aggression and peer acceptance in adolescent boys: Two short-term longitudinal studies of ratings. Child Development, 48, 1301-1313.
    • (1977) Child Development , vol.48 , pp. 1301-1313
    • Olweus, D.1
  • 177
    • 0018499254 scopus 로고
    • Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review
    • Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852-875.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , pp. 852-875
    • Olweus, D.1
  • 178
    • 0026114375 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in psychological distress and their relationship with self-esteem and locus of control: A dynamic equilibrium model
    • *Ormel, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1991). Stability and change in psychological distress and their relationship with self-esteem and locus of control: A dynamic equilibrium model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 288-299.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 288-299
    • Ormel, J.1    Schaufeli, W.B.2
  • 180
    • 0033110260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity consolidation in early adulthood: Relations with ego-resiliency, the context of marriage, and personality change
    • Pals, J. L. (1999). Identity consolidation in early adulthood: Relations with ego-resiliency, the context of marriage, and personality change. Journal of Personality, 67, 295-329.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality , vol.67 , pp. 295-329
    • Pals, J.L.1
  • 181
    • 0026031013 scopus 로고
    • Mental health, sensation seeking and drug use patterns: A longitudinal study
    • *Pederson, W. (1991). Mental health, sensation seeking and drug use patterns: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 195-204.
    • (1991) British Journal of Addiction , vol.86 , pp. 195-204
    • Pederson, W.1
  • 182
    • 21344497220 scopus 로고
    • Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years
    • *Pedlow, R., Sanson, A., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Stability of maternally reported temperament from infancy to 8 years. Developmental Psychology, 29, 998-1007.
    • (1993) Developmental Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 998-1007
    • Pedlow, R.1    Sanson, A.2    Prior, M.3    Oberklaid, F.4
  • 183
    • 12044255812 scopus 로고
    • A critical analysis of current trait theory
    • Pervin, L. A. (1994). A critical analysis of current trait theory. Psychological Inquiry, 5, 103-113.
    • (1994) Psychological Inquiry , vol.5 , pp. 103-113
    • Pervin, L.A.1
  • 185
    • 0013819032 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal changes in intolerance and authoritarianism for subjects differing in amount of college education over four years
    • *Plant, W. T. (1965a). Longitudinal changes in intolerance and authoritarianism for subjects differing in amount of college education over four years. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 72, 247-287.
    • (1965) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.72 , pp. 247-287
    • Plant, W.T.1
  • 186
    • 0039043591 scopus 로고
    • Personality changes associated with college attendance
    • * Plant, W. T. (1965b). Personality changes associated with college attendance. Human Development, 8, 142-151.
    • (1965) Human Development , vol.8 , pp. 142-151
    • Plant, W.T.1
  • 187
    • 0013937042 scopus 로고
    • Changes in personality for groups completing different amounts of college over two years
    • * Plant, W. T., & Telford, C. W. (1966). Changes in personality for groups completing different amounts of college over two years. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 74, 3-36.
    • (1966) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.74 , pp. 3-36
    • Plant, W.T.1    Telford, C.W.2
  • 189
    • 0001438964 scopus 로고
    • Ego development in the college years: Two longitudinal studies
    • *Redmore, C. D. (1983). Ego development in the college years: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 301-306.
    • (1983) Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol.12 , pp. 301-306
    • Redmore, C.D.1
  • 191
    • 0039767464 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral inhibition in a normative sample
    • J. S. Reznick (Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • * Reznick, J. S., Gibbons, J. L., Johnson, M. O., & McDonough, P. M. (1989). Behavioral inhibition in a normative sample. In J. S. Reznick (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral inhibition (pp. 25-49). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1989) Perspectives on Behavioral Inhibition , pp. 25-49
    • Reznick, J.S.1    Gibbons, J.L.2    Johnson, M.O.3    McDonough, P.M.4
  • 192
    • 0031154182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plaster or plasticity: Are work experiences associated with personality change in women?
    • Roberts, B. W. (1997). Plaster or plasticity: Are work experiences associated with personality change in women? Journal of Personality, 65, 205-232.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality , vol.65 , pp. 205-232
    • Roberts, B.W.1
  • 193
    • 85037501909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change in dispositional well-being and its relation to role quality: A 30-year longitudinal study
    • in press
    • *Roberts, B. W., & Chapman, C. (in press). Change in dispositional well-being and its relation to role quality: A 30-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality.
    • Journal of Research in Personality
    • Roberts, B.W.1    Chapman, C.2
  • 194
    • 0028456697 scopus 로고
    • One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles
    • Roberts, B. W., & Donahue, E. M. (1994). One personality, multiple selves: Integrating personality and social roles. Journal of Personality, 62, 201-218.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality , vol.62 , pp. 201-218
    • Roberts, B.W.1    Donahue, E.M.2
  • 195
    • 0031093801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in culture, changes in personality: The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women
    • Roberts, B. W., & Helson, R. (1997). Changes in culture, changes in personality: The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 641-651.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 641-651
    • Roberts, B.W.1    Helson, R.2
  • 196
    • 0000530903 scopus 로고
    • Continuity and change in parents' child rearing practices
    • Roberts, G. C., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1984). Continuity and change in parents' child rearing practices. Child Development, 55, 586-597.
    • (1984) Child Development , vol.55 , pp. 586-597
    • Roberts, G.C.1    Block, J.H.2    Block, J.3
  • 200
    • 0024675770 scopus 로고
    • Sociability and social withdrawal in childhood: Stability and outcomes
    • *Rubin, K. H., Hymel, S., & Mills, R. S. L. (1989). Sociability and social withdrawal in childhood: Stability and outcomes. Journal of Personality, 57, 237-255.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality , vol.57 , pp. 237-255
    • Rubin, K.H.1    Hymel, S.2    Mills, R.S.L.3
  • 201
    • 0025380855 scopus 로고
    • Long-term stability of individual differences in sustained attention in the early years
    • *Ruff, H. A., Lawson, K. R., Parrinello, R., & Weissberg, R. (1990). Long-term stability of individual differences in sustained attention in the early years. Child Development, 61, 60-75.
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , pp. 60-75
    • Ruff, H.A.1    Lawson, K.R.2    Parrinello, R.3    Weissberg, R.4
  • 202
    • 0000830330 scopus 로고
    • General systems theories and developmental psychopathology
    • D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.). New York: Wiley
    • Sameroff, A. J. (1995). General systems theories and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (pp. 659-695). New York: Wiley.
    • (1995) Developmental Psychopathology , pp. 659-695
    • Sameroff, A.J.1
  • 205
    • 21844496873 scopus 로고
    • Continuity and change in objectively assessed temperament: A longitudinal twin study of activity level
    • *Saudino, K. J., & Eaton, W. O. (1995). Continuity and change in objectively assessed temperament: A longitudinal twin study of activity level. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 81-95.
    • (1995) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 81-95
    • Saudino, K.J.1    Eaton, W.O.2
  • 206
    • 0040822227 scopus 로고
    • A study of medical students with the MMPI: II. Group and individual changes after two years
    • *Schofield, W. (1953). A study of medical students with the MMPI: II. Group and individual changes after two years. Journal of Psychology, 36, 137-141.
    • (1953) Journal of Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 137-141
    • Schofield, W.1
  • 209
    • 0032214244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How shall we speak of children's personality in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy
    • Shiner. R. L. (1998). How shall we speak of children's personality in middle childhood? A preliminary taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 308-332.
    • (1998) Psychological Bulletin , vol.124 , pp. 308-332
    • Shiner, R.L.1
  • 210
    • 85047683347 scopus 로고
    • Eminence, creativity, and geographical marginality: A recursive structural equation mode
    • Simonton, D. K. (1977). Eminence, creativity, and geographical marginality: A recursive structural equation mode). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 805-816.
    • (1977) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.35 , pp. 805-816
    • Simonton, D.K.1
  • 211
    • 0013920711 scopus 로고
    • Stability and interrelations of thematic test imagery over 20 years
    • *Skolnick, A. (1966). Stability and interrelations of thematic test imagery over 20 years. Child Development, 37, 389-396.
    • (1966) Child Development , vol.37 , pp. 389-396
    • Skolnick, A.1
  • 212
    • 0001404882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The big five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study
    • *Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 208-232.
    • (1999) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.33 , pp. 208-232
    • Soldz, S.1    Vaillant, G.E.2
  • 213
    • 0002895046 scopus 로고
    • Socioemotional development
    • J. Osofsky (Ed.). New York: Wiley
    • Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Socioemotional development. In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (pp. 462-516). New York: Wiley.
    • (1979) Handbook of Infant Development , pp. 462-516
    • Sroufe, L.A.1
  • 214
    • 0000122508 scopus 로고
    • Social psychological influences on sensation seeking from adolescence to adulthood
    • *Stacy, A. W., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1991). Social psychological influences on sensation seeking from adolescence to adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 701-708.
    • (1991) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 701-708
    • Stacy, A.W.1    Newcomb, M.D.2    Bentler, P.M.3
  • 215
    • 0022534964 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in personality: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood
    • *Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Stability and change in personality: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 276-291.
    • (1986) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.20 , pp. 276-291
    • Stein, J.A.1    Newcomb, M.D.2    Bentler, P.M.3
  • 216
    • 0040822226 scopus 로고
    • Stability (and instability) of type A behavior from childhood to young adulthood
    • *Steinberg, L. (1986). Stability (and instability) of Type A behavior from childhood to young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 22, 393-402.
    • (1986) Developmental Psychology , vol.22 , pp. 393-402
    • Steinberg, L.1
  • 217
    • 0002067233 scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in adult personality over 12 and 20 years
    • *Stevens, D. P., & Truss, C. V. (1985). Stability and change in adult personality over 12 and 20 years. Developmental Psychology, 21, 568-584.
    • (1985) Developmental Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 568-584
    • Stevens, D.P.1    Truss, C.V.2
  • 218
    • 0032214665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's personality in middle age: Gender, history, and midcourse corrections
    • Stewart, A. J., & Ostrove, J. M. (1998). Women's personality in middle age: Gender, history, and midcourse corrections. American Psychologist, 53, 1185-1194.
    • (1998) American Psychologist , vol.53 , pp. 1185-1194
    • Stewart, A.J.1    Ostrove, J.M.2
  • 219
    • 0039635618 scopus 로고
    • Change in personality test scores during college
    • *Stewart, L. H. (1964). Change in personality test scores during college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 11, 211-220.
    • (1964) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 211-220
    • Stewart, L.H.1
  • 220
    • 0002846663 scopus 로고
    • An assessment of some structural properties of the jungian personality typology
    • *Stricker, L. J., & Ross, J. (1964). An assessment of some structural properties of the Jungian personality typology. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 62-71.
    • (1964) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.68 , pp. 62-71
    • Stricker, L.J.1    Ross, J.2
  • 222
    • 0027619328 scopus 로고
    • Analyzing individual status and change with hierarchical linear models: Illustration with depression in college students
    • Tate, R. L., & Hokanson, J. E. (1993). Analyzing individual status and change with hierarchical linear models: Illustration with depression in college students. Journal of Personality, 61, 182-206.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality , vol.61 , pp. 182-206
    • Tate, R.L.1    Hokanson, J.E.2
  • 223
    • 84985261704 scopus 로고
    • The analysis of consistency in personality assessment
    • Tellegen, A. (1988). The analysis of consistency in personality assessment. Journal of Personality, 56, 621-663.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality , vol.56 , pp. 621-663
    • Tellegen, A.1
  • 225
    • 0002779169 scopus 로고
    • The new york longitudinal study: From infancy to early adult life
    • R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • *Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1986). The New York Longitudinal Study: From infancy to early adult life. In R. Plomin & J. Dunn (Eds.), The study of temperament: Changes, continuities, and challenges (pp. 39-52). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1986) The Study of Temperament: Changes, Continuities, and Challenges , pp. 39-52
    • Thomas, A.1    Chess, S.2
  • 226
    • 0029679801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's temperament at 3 months and 6 years old: Stability, reliability, and measurement issues
    • *Tomlinson, P. S., Harbaugh, B. L., & Anderson, K. H. (1996). Children's temperament at 3 months and 6 years old: Stability, reliability, and measurement issues. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 19, 33-47.
    • (1996) Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing , vol.19 , pp. 33-47
    • Tomlinson, P.S.1    Harbaugh, B.L.2    Anderson, K.H.3
  • 227
    • 0003293505 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental influences on temperament development: Longitudinal study of twins from infancy to adolescence
    • S. Doxiadis (Ed.). New York: Plenum Press
    • Torgersen, A. M. (1988). Genetic and environmental influences on temperament development: Longitudinal study of twins from infancy to adolescence. In S. Doxiadis (Ed.), Early influences shaping the individual (pp. 269-281). New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1988) Early Influences Shaping the Individual , pp. 269-281
    • Torgersen, A.M.1
  • 228
    • 84863681847 scopus 로고
    • Antecedents, correlates, and continuity of ego-control and ego-resiliency in a high-risk sample of preschool children
    • Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1988
    • *Troy, M. F. (1988). Antecedents, correlates, and continuity of ego-control and ego-resiliency in a high-risk sample of preschool children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49 (09), 4028.
    • (1988) Dissertation Abstracts International , vol.49 , Issue.9 , pp. 4028
    • Troy, M.F.1
  • 230
    • 21844511651 scopus 로고
    • Continuity of difficult temperament in adolescence: Relations with depression, life events, family support, and substance use across a one-year period
    • Tubman, J. G., & Windle, M. (1995). Continuity of difficult temperament in adolescence: Relations with depression, life events, family support, and substance use across a one-year period. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 133-153.
    • (1995) Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol.24 , pp. 133-153
    • Tubman, J.G.1    Windle, M.2
  • 231
    • 0011362412 scopus 로고
    • The constancy of personality ratings over two decades
    • *Tuddenham, R. D. (1959). The constancy of personality ratings over two decades. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 60, 3-29.
    • (1959) Genetic Psychology Monographs , vol.60 , pp. 3-29
    • Tuddenham, R.D.1
  • 233
    • 0026126864 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of differential stability of state and trait anxiety in adults
    • *Usala, P. D., & Hertzog, C. (1991). Evidence of differential stability of state and trait anxiety in adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 471-479.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.60 , pp. 471-479
    • Usala, P.D.1    Hertzog, C.2
  • 235
    • 0031136057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting women's well-being in midlife: The importance of personality development and social role involvements
    • Vandewater, E. A., Ostrove, J. M., & Stewart, A. J. (1997). Predicting women's well-being in midlife: The importance of personality development and social role involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1147-1160.
    • (1997) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 1147-1160
    • Vandewater, E.A.1    Ostrove, J.M.2    Stewart, A.J.3
  • 236
    • 0028416007 scopus 로고
    • A developmental genetic analysis of adult personality: Extraversion and neuroticism from 18 to 59 years of age
    • *Viken, R. J., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., & Koskenvuo, M. (1994). A developmental genetic analysis of adult personality: Extraversion and neuroticism from 18 to 59 years of age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 722-730.
    • (1994) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 722-730
    • Viken, R.J.1    Rose, R.J.2    Kaprio, J.3    Koskenvuo, M.4
  • 237
    • 0032254106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of attitude strength over the life cycle: Surge and decline
    • Visser, P. S., & Krosnick, J. A. (1998). Development of attitude strength over the life cycle: Surge and decline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1389-1410.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.75 , pp. 1389-1410
    • Visser, P.S.1    Krosnick, J.A.2
  • 239
    • 0003263322 scopus 로고
    • Fit, context, and the transition between temperament and personality
    • C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Wachs, T. D. (1994). Fit, context, and the transition between temperament and personality. In C. F. Halverson, Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 209-220). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1994) The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood , pp. 209-220
    • Wachs, T.D.1
  • 240
    • 0024678288 scopus 로고
    • Long-term stability and change in personality: An introduction
    • West, S. G., & Graziano, W. G. (1989). Long-term stability and change in personality: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 57, 175-193.
    • (1989) Journal of Personality , vol.57 , pp. 175-193
    • West, S.G.1    Graziano, W.G.2
  • 241
    • 0001404884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ego development during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: A 9-year longitudinal study
    • *Westenberg, P. M., & Gjerde, P. F. (1999). Ego development during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 233-252.
    • (1999) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.33 , pp. 233-252
    • Westenberg, P.M.1    Gjerde, P.F.2
  • 242
    • 0024951018 scopus 로고
    • Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI) scores with a collegiate sample: Long-term stability and self-other agreement
    • *Wheeler, D. S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1989). Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) scores with a collegiate sample: Long-term stability and self-other agreement. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, II, 339-352.
    • (1989) Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , vol.2 , pp. 339-352
    • Wheeler, D.S.1    Schwartz, J.C.2
  • 244
    • 0001071931 scopus 로고
    • The peer nomination inventory: An empirically derived sociometric measure of adjustment in preadolescent boys
    • *Wiggins, J. S., & Winder, C. L. (1961). The Peer Nomination Inventory: An empirically derived sociometric measure of adjustment in preadolescent boys. Psychological Reports, 9, 643-677.
    • (1961) Psychological Reports , vol.9 , pp. 643-677
    • Wiggins, J.S.1    Winder, C.L.2
  • 245
    • 0025634523 scopus 로고
    • Reliability of the parental bonding instrument and intimate bond measure scales
    • *Wilhelm, K., & Parker, G. (1990). Reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument and Intimate Bond Measure scales. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 199-202.
    • (1990) Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 199-202
    • Wilhelm, K.1    Parker, G.2
  • 247
    • 0027564294 scopus 로고
    • Changes in and stability of hostile characteristics: Results from a 4-year longitudinal study of children
    • *Woodall, K. L., & Matthews, K. A. (1993). Changes in and stability of hostile characteristics: Results from a 4-year longitudinal study of children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 491-499.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 491-499
    • Woodall, K.L.1    Matthews, K.A.2
  • 248
    • 0020966298 scopus 로고
    • The role of memory in personality continuity: A 25 year follow-up
    • *Woodruff, D. S. (1983). The role of memory in personality continuity: A 25 year follow-up. Experimental Aging Research, 9, 31-34.
    • (1983) Experimental Aging Research , vol.9 , pp. 31-34
    • Woodruff, D.S.1
  • 249
    • 0012902103 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of personality and choice of major
    • *Yonge, G. D., & Regan, M. C. (1975). A longitudinal study of personality and choice of major. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 7, 41-65.
    • (1975) Journal of Vocational Behavior , vol.7 , pp. 41-65
    • Yonge, G.D.1    Regan, M.C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.