Age Differences in Personality Traits From 10 to 65: Big Five Domains and Facets in a Large Cross-Sectional Sample

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 330-348

  Soto, Christopher J ^a   John, Oliver P ^b   Gosling, Samuel D ^c   Potter, Jeff ^d  

^a Health Services and Department of Biology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^d NONE

Author keywords

Age differences; Age trends; Big Five; Facet traits; Five factor model

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EGO DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; SEX FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79951559451     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0021717     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Allemand M., Zimprich D., Hendriks A.A.J. Age differences in five personality domains across the life span. Developmental Psychology 2008, 44:758-770. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.758.
2. Allik J., Laidra K., Realo A., Pullman H. Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: Changes in mean levels and structure of traits. European Journal of Personality 2004, 18:445-462. doi: 10.1002/per.524.
3. Anderson S.A., Russell C.S., Schumm W.R. Perceived marital quality and family life-cycle categories: A further analysis. Journal of Marriage & the Family 1983, 45:127-139. doi: 10.2307/351301.
4. Angold A., Worthman C.W. Puberty onset of gender differences in rates of depression: A developmental, epidemiologic and neuroendocrine perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders 1993, 29:145-158. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(93)90029-J.
5. Ashton M.C., Jackson D.N., Paunonen S.V., Helmes E., Rothstein M.G. The criterion validity of broad factor scales versus specific facet scales. Journal of Research in Personality 1995, 29:432-442. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.1995.1025.
6. Barrett P. Factor comparison: An examination of three methods. Personality and Individual Differences 1986, 7:327-340. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(86)90008-5.
7. Bebbington P.E., Dunn G., Jenkins R., Lewis G., Brugha T., Farrell M., Meltzer H. The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depression conditions: Report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Psychological Medicine 1998, 28:9-19. doi: 10.1017/S0033291797006077.
8. Beitel M., Cecero J.J. Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style and attachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2003, 59:163-172. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10125.
9. Benet-Martínez V., John O.P. Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 75:729-750. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729.
10. Bland R.C., Newman S.C., Orn H. Period prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1988, 77:33-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb08545.x.
11. Branje S.J.T., van Lieshout C.F.M., Gerris J.R.M. Big Five personality development in adolescence and adulthood. European Journal of Personality 2007, 21:45-62. doi: 10.1002/per.596.
12. Buchanan T., Smith J.L. Using the Internet for psychological research: Personality testing on the World Wide Web. British Journal of Psychology 1999, 90:125-144. doi: 10.1348/000712699161189.
13. Buhrmester D. Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence 1996, 158-185. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. W.M. Bukowski, A.F. Newcomb, W.W. Hartup (Eds.).
14. Buss A.H., Plomin R. Temperament: Early developing personality traits 1984, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
15. Byrne B.M., Shavelson R.J. On the structure of social self-concept for pre-, early, and late adolescents: A test of the Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:599-613. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.599.
16. Cameron P. The generation gap: Which generation is believed powerful vs. generational members' self-appraisal of power?. Developmental Psychology 1970, 3:403-404. doi: 10.1037/h0030050.
17. Carstensen L.L. Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging 1992, 7:331-338. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331.
18. Caspi A., Roberts B.W., Shiner R.L. Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology 2005, 56:453-484. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913.
19. Youth risk behavior surveillance, United States, 2007 2008, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
20. Chuah S.C., Drasgow F., Roberts B.W. Personality assessment: Does the medium matter? No. Journal of Research in Personality 2006, 40:359-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.01.006.
21. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. 2nd ed.
22. Colby A., Kohlberg L., Gibbs J., Lieberman M. A longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1983, 48:1-124. doi: 10.2307/1165935.
23. Cole D.A., Martin J.M., Peeke L.A., Seroczynski A.D., Fier J. Children's over- and underestimation of academic competence: A longitudinal study of gender differences, depression, and anxiety. Child Development 1999, 70:459-473. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00033.
24. Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual 1992, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
25. Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment 1995, 64:21-50. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6401_2.
26. De Fruyt F., Bartels M., van Leeuwen K.G., De Clercq B., Decuyper M., Mervielde I. Five types of personality continuity in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:538-552. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.538.
27. De Fruyt F., Mervielde I., Hoekstra H.A., Rolland J. Assessing adolescents' personality with the NEO PI-R. Assessment 2000, 7:329-345. doi: 10.1177/107319110000700403.
28. Demetriou A. Organization and development of self-understanding and self-regulation: Toward a general theory. Handbook of self-regulation 2000, 209-251. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, doi: 10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50036-6. M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich, M. Zeidner (Eds.).
29. Denissen J.J.A., Geenen R., van Aken M.A.G., Gosling S.D., Potter J. Development and validation of a Dutch translation of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Journal of Personality Assessment 2008, 90:152-157. doi: 10.1080/00223890701845229.
30. DeYoung C.G. Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:1138-1151. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1138.
31. DeYoung C.G., Peterson J.B., Higgins D.M. Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health?. Personality and Individual Differences 2002, 33:533-552. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00171-4.
32. DeYoung C.G., Quilty L.C., Peterson J.B. Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93:880-896. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880.
33. Donahue E.M. Do children use the Big Five, too? Content and structural form in personality description. Journal of Personality 1994, 62:45-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00794.x.
34. Donnellan M.B., Lucas R.E. Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: Evidence from two national samples. Psychology and Aging 2008, 23:558-566. doi: 10.1037/a0012897.
35. Dweck C.S. Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist 1986, 41:1040-1048. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.10.1040.
36. Dweck C.S. Motivation. Foundations for a psychology of education 1989, 87-136. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. A. Lesgold, R. Glaser (Eds.).
37. Eaton W.O. Temperament, development, and the five-factor model: Lessons from activity level. The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood 1994, 173-187. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. C.F. Halverson, G.A. Kohnstamm (Eds.).
38. Eisenberg N., Carlo G., Murphy B., van Court P. Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development 1995, 66:1179-1197. doi: 10.2307/1131806.
39. Eisenberg N., Morris A.S. Moral cognitions and prosocial responding in adolescence. Handbook of adolescent psychology 2004, 155-188. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. 2nd ed. R.M. Lerner, L. Steinberg (Eds.).
40. Erikson E.H. Identity: Youth and crisis 1968, Norton, New York, NY.
41. Uniform crime report for the United States 2007, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
42. Flavell J.H., Miller P.H., Miller S.A. Cognitive development 1993, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 3rd ed.
43. Gestsdottir S., Lerner R.M. Positive development in adolescence: The development and role of intentional self-regulation. Human Development 2008, 51:202-224. doi: 10.1159/000135757.
44. Gorchoff S.M., John O.P., Helson R. Contextualizing change in marital satisfaction during middle age: An 18-year longitudinal study. Psychological Science 2008, 19:1194-1200. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02222.x.
45. Gosling S.D., John O.P., Craik K.H., Robins R.W. Do people know how they behave? Self-reported act frequencies compared with on-line codings by observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1337-1349. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1337.
46. Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P.J., Swann W.B. A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality 2003, 37:504-528. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1.
47. Gosling S.D., Vazire S., Srivastava S., John O.P. Should we trust Web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. American Psychologist 2004, 59:93-104. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93.
48. Hale W.W., Raaijmakers Q., Muris P., van Hoof A., Meeus W. Developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms: A 5-year prospective community study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47:556-564. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181676583.
49. Hall G.S. Adolescence 1904, Appleton, New York, NY.
50. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Moffitt T.E., Silva P.A., McGee R., Angell K.E. Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1998, 107:128-140. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.1.128.
51. Harter S. The construction of the self: A developmental perspective 1999, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
52. Harter, S. (2006). The self. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 505-570). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
53. Harter S., Monsour A. Developmental analysis of conflict caused by opposing attributes in the adolescent self-portrait. Developmental Psychology 1992, 28:251-260. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.251.
54. Heaven P.C.L. Personality and self-reported delinquency: Analysis of the " Big Five" personality dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 20:47-54. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00136-T.
55. Helson R., Kwan V.S.Y., John O.P., Jones C. The growing evidence for personality change in adulthood: Findings from research with personality inventories. Journal of Research in Personality 2002, 36:287-306. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00010-7.
56. Helson R., Soto C.J. Up and down in middle age: Monotonic and nonmonotonic changes in roles, status, and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:194-204. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.194.
57. Helson R., Soto C.J., Cate R.A. From young adulthood through the middle ages. Handbook of personality development 2006, 337-352. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. D.K. Mroczek, T.D. Little (Eds.).
58. Herringer L.G. Facets of extraversion related to life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences 1998, 24:731-733. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00194-3.
59. Hill J., Lynch M. The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. Girls at puberty 1983, 201-228. Plenum Press, New York, NY. J. Brooks-Gunn, A. Petersen (Eds.).
60. Hofstee W.K.B., de Raad B., Goldberg L.R. Integration of the Big Five and circumplex approaches to trait structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 63:146-163. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.146.
61. Hogan R., Roberts B.W. A socioanalytic model of maturity. Journal of Career Assessment 2004, 12:207-217. doi: 10.1177/1069072703255882.
62. Hunter F.T., Youniss J. Changes in functions of three relations during adolescence. Developmental Psychology 1982, 18:806-811. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.18.6.806.
63. Inhelder B., Piaget J. The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence 1958, Basic Books, New York, NY, doi: 10.1037/10034-000.
64. Jackson C. Perceived legitimacy of parental authority and tobacco and alcohol use during early adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health 2002, 31:425-432. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00398-1.
65. Jackson J.J., Bogg T., Walton K.E., Wood D., Harms P.D., Lodi-Smith J., Roberts B.W. Not all conscientiousness scales change alike: A multimethod, multisample study of age differences in the facets of conscientiousness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 96:446-459. doi: 10.1037/a0014156.
66. John O.P., Caspi A., Robins R.W., Moffitt T.E., Stouthamer-Loeber M. The " Little Five": Exploring the nomological network of the five-factor model of personality in adolescent boys. Child Development 1994, 65:160-178. doi: 10.2307/1131373.
67. John O.P., Donahue E.M., Kentle R.L. The Big Five Inventory-Versions 4a and 54 1991, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research, Berkeley.
68. John O.P., Gross J.J. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality 2004, 72:1301-1334. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x.
69. John O.P., Naumann L.P., Soto C.J. Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. Handbook of personality: Theory and research 2008, 114-158. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 3rd ed. O.P. John, R.W. Robins, L.A. Pervin (Eds.).
70. John O.P., Srivastava S. The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. Handbook of personality: Theory and research 1999, 102-139. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed. L.A. Pervin, O.P. John (Eds.).
71. Kapinus C.A., Johnson M.P. The utility of family life cycle as a theoretical and empirical tool: Commitment and family life-cycle stage. Journal of Family Issues 2003, 24:155-184. doi: 10.1177/0192513X02250135.
72. Klimstra T.A., Hale W.W., Raaijmakers Q.A.W., Branje S.J.T., Meeus W.H.J. Maturation of personality in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 96:898-912. doi: 10.1037/a0014746.
73. Kuhlen R.G. Developmental changes in motivation during the adult years. Middle age and aging 1968, 115-136. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. B.L. Neugarten (Ed.).
74. Labouvie-Vief G., Diehl M., Jain E., Zhang F. Six-year change in affect optimization and affect complexity across the adult life span: A further examination. Psychology and Aging 2007, 22:738-751. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.738.
75. Lachman M.E., Lewkowicz C., Marcus A., Peng Y. Images of midlife development among young, middle-aged, and older adults. Journal of Adult Development 1994, 1:201-211. doi: 10.1007/BF02277581.
76. Lamb M.E., Chuang S.S., Wessels H., Broberg A.G., Hwang C.P. Emergence and construct validation of the Big Five factors in early childhood: A longitudinal analysis of their ontogeny in Sweden. Child Development 2002, 73:1517-1524. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00487.
77. Lang F.R., Carstensen L.L. Time counts: Future time perspective, goals, and social relationships. Psychology and Aging 2002, 17:125-139. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.1.125.
78. Larson R.W., Richards M.H., Moneta G., Holmbeck G., Duckett E. Changes in adolescents' daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation. Developmental Psychology 1996, 32:744-754. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.744.
79. Liebman J.I., McKinley-Pace M.J., Leonard A.M., Sheesley L.A., Gallant C.L., Renkey M.E., Lehman E.B. Cognitive and psychosocial correlates of adults' eyewitness accuracy and suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences 2002, 33:49-66. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00135-0.
80. Loeber R., Farrington D.P. Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology 2000, 12:737-762. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400004107.
81. Marsh H.W. Age and sex effects in multiple dimensions of self-concept: Preadolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Educational Psychology 1989, 81:417-430. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.417.
82. Marsh H.W., Ayotte V. Do multiple dimensions of self-concept become more differentiated with age? The differential distinctiveness hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology 2003, 95:687-706. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.687.
83. Marshall W.A., Tanner J.M. Puberty. Human growth 1986, 11:171-209. Plenum Press, New York, NY. F. Falkner, J.M. Tanner (Eds.).
84. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T. Discriminant validity of the NEO-PIR facet scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1992, 52:229-237. doi: 10.1177/001316449205200128.
85. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T., de Lima M.P., Simoes A., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A. Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology 1999, 35:466-477. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466.
86. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., Hrebickova M., Avia M.D. Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78:173-186. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173.
87. McCrae R.R., Costa P.T., Terracciano A., Parker W.D., Mills C.J., De Fruyt F., Mervielde I. Personality trait development from age 12 to age 18: Longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-cultural analyses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:1456-1468. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1456.
88. McCrae R.R., Herbst J.H., Costa P.T. Effects of acquiescence on personality factors structures. Personality and temperament: Genetics, evolution, and structure 2001, 217-231. Pabst Science Publishers, Berlin, Germany. R. Riemann, F.M. Spinath, F. Ostendorf (Eds.).
89. McGraw K.O., Tew M.D., Williams J.E. The integrity of Web-delivered experiments: Can you trust the data?. Psychological Science 2000, 11:502-506. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00296.
90. Measelle J.R., John O.P., Ablow J.C., Cowan P.A., Cowan C.P. Can children provide coherent, stable, and valid self-reports on the Big Five dimensions? A longitudinal study from ages 5 to 7. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 89:90-106. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.90.
91. Montemayor R., Eisen M. The development of self-conceptions from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology 1977, 13:314-319. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.13.4.314.
92. Mulaik S.A. The foundations of factor analysis 1972, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
93. Murphy B.C., Eisenberg N., Fabes R.A., Shepard S., Guthrie I.K. Consistency and change in children's emotionality and regulation: A longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1999, 45:413-444.
94. O'Connor M.C., Paunonen S.V. Big Five personality predictors of post-secondary academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 43:971-990. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.017.
95. Ozer D.J., Benet-Martínez V. Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology 2006, 57:401-421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127.
96. Patterson G.R., Stouthamer-Loeber M. The correlation of family management practices and delinquency. Child Development 1984, 55:1299-1307.
97. Paunonen S.V., Ashton M.C. Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:524-539. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.524.
98. Pullmann H., Raudsepp L., Allik J. Stability and change in adolescents' personality: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality 2006, 20:447-459. doi: 10.1002/per.611.
99. Rammstedt B., John O.P. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality 2007, 41:203-212. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001.
100. Rice K.G., Mulkeen P. Relationships with parents and peers: A longitudinal study of adolescent intimacy. Journal of Adolescent Research 1995, 10:338-357. doi: 10.1177/0743554895103003.
101. Roberts B.W. Plaster or plasticity: Are work experiences associated with personality change in women?. Journal of Personality 1997, 65:205-232. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00953.x.
102. Roberts B.W., Chernyshenko O.S., Stark S., Goldberg L.R. The structure of Conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology 2005, 58:103-139. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00301.x.
103. Roberts B.W., Walton K.E., Viechtbauer W. Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin 2006, 132:1-25. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1.
104. Roberts B.W., Wood D. Personality development in the context of the neo-socioanalytic model of personality. Handbook of personality development 2006, 11-39. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. D.K. Mroczek, T.D. Little (Eds.).
105. Robins R.W., Tracy J.L., Trzesniewski K., Potter J., Gosling S.D. Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality 2001, 35:463-482. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2001.2324.
106. Robins R.W., Trzesniewski K.H., Tracy J.L., Gosling S.D., Potter J. Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging 2002, 17:423-434. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423.
107. Rollins B.C., Cannon K.L. Marital satisfaction over the famil life cycle: A reevaluation. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1974, 31:271-282. doi: 10.2307/351153.
108. Rothbart M.K., Ahadi S.A., Evans D.E. Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78:122-135. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122.
109. Ruiz M.A., Pincus A.L., Dickinson K.A. NEO PI-R predictors of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Journal of Personality Assessment 2003, 81:226-236. doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA8103_05.
110. Samuel D.B., Widiger T.A. A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review 2008, 28:1326-1342. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002.
111. Saucier G., Ostendorf F. Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors: A cross-language replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 76:613-627. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.613.
112. Schaie K.W. Quasi-experimental research designs in the psychology of aging. Handbook of the psychology of aging 1977, 39-58. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. J.E. Birren, K.W. Schaie (Eds.).
113. Skitka L.J., Sargis E.G. The Internet as psychological laboratory. Annual Review of Psychology 2006, 57:529-555. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190048.
114. Smetana J.G. Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development 1995, 66:299-316. doi: 10.2307/1131579.
115. Smetana J.G. Middle-class African American adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority and parenting practices: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development 2000, 71:1672-1686. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00257.
116. Soto C.J., John O.P. Ten facet scales for the Big Five Inventory: Convergence with NEO PI-R facets, self-peer agreement, and discriminant validity. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43:84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.10.002.
117. Soto C.J., John O.P. Using the California Psychological Inventory to assess the Big Five personality domains: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Research in Personality 2009, 43:25-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.10.005.
118. Soto C.J., John O.P., Gosling S.D., Potter J. The developmental psychometrics of Big Five self-reports: Acquiescence, factor structure, coherence, and differentiation from ages 10 to 20. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:718-737. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.718.
119. Srivastava S., John O.P., Gosling S.D., Potter J. Development of personality in early and middle age: Set like plaster or persistent change?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84:1041-1053. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041.
120. Steinberg L. Latchkey children and susceptibility to peer pressure: An ecological analysis. Developmental Psychology 1986, 22:433-439. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.433.
121. Steinberg L., Silverberg S.B. The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development 1986, 57:841-851. doi: 10.2307/1130361.
122. Stice E., Bearman S.K. Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: A growth curve analysis. Developmental Psychology 2001, 37:597-607. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.597.
123. Stice E., Hayward C., Cameron R.P., Killen J.D., Taylor C.B. Body-image and eating disturbances predict onset of depression among female adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2000, 109:438-444. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.438.
124. Ten Berge J.M.F. A legitimate case of component analysis of ipsative measures, and partialling the mean as an alternative to ipsatization. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1999, 34:89-102. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3401_4.
125. Terracciano A., McCrae R.R., Brant L.J., Costa P.T. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the NEO-PI-R scale in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Psychology and Aging 2005, 20:493-506. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.493.
126. Thomas A., Chess S. Temperament and development 1977, Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY.
127. Number, timing, and duration of marriages and divorces: 2001 2001, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
128. School enrollment in the United States: 2006 2006, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
129. Walker C. Some variations in marital satisfaction. Equalities and inequalities in family life 1977, 127-139. Academic Press, London, England. R. Chester, J. Peel (Eds.).
130. Wichstrøm L. The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: The role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology 1999, 35:232-245. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232.