Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties

American Psychologist

Volumn 55, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 469-480

  Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD PSYCHOLOGY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; EGO DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; ROLE PLAYING; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIALIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY; ADULT; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; ROLE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0034181618     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Adams, G. R. (1999). The objective measure of ego identity status: A manual on theory and test construction. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: Author.
2. Arnett, J. (1992). Reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12, 339-373.
3. Arnett, J. J. (1994a). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 154-168.
4. Arnett, J. (1994b). Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 289-296.
5. Arnett, J. J. (1997). Young people's conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Youth & Society, 29, 1-23.
6. Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
7. Arnett, J. J. (2000a). Emerging adulthood: Prospects for the 21st century. Manuscript submitted for publication.
8. Arnett, J. J. (2000b). High hopes in a grim world: Emerging adults' views of their futures and of "Generation X." Youth & Society, 31, 267-286.
9. Arnett, J. J. (in press). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood from adolescence through midlife. Journal of Adult Development.
10. Arnett, J. J., & Jensen, L. A. (1999, November). A congregation of one: The individualization of religious beliefs among people in their twenties. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Boston, MA.
11. Arnett, J., & Taber, S. (1994). Adolescence terminable and interminable: When does adolescence end? Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 23, 517-537.
12. Bachman, J. G., Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P., & Schulenberg, J. (1996). Transitions in drug use during late adolescence and young adulthood. In J. A. Graber, J. Brooks-Gunn, & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), Transitions through adolescence: Interpersonal domains and context (pp. 111-140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. (1993). How part-time work intensity relates to drug use, problem behavior, time use, and satisfaction among high school seniors: Are these consequences or just correlates? Developmental Psychology, 29, 220-235.
14. Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (1999). Young workers: Varieties of experience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
15. Ben-Amos, I. K. (1994). Adolescence and youth in early modern England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Bianchi, S. M., & Spain, D. (1996). Women, work, and family in America. Population Bulletin, 51(3), 1-48.
17. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Paikoff, R. (1997). Sexuality and developmental transitions during adolescence. In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 190-219). New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Chisholm, L., & Hurrelmann, K. (1995). Adolescence in modern Europe: Pluralized transition patterns and their implications for personal and social risks. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 129-158.
19. Cote, J. E., & Allahar, A. L. (1996). Generation on hold: Coming of age in the late twentieth century. New York: New York University Press.
20. Dubas, J. S., & Petersen, A. C. (1996). Geographical distance from parents and adjustment during adolescence and young adulthood. New Directions for Child Development, 71, 3-19.
21. Elliott, G. R., & Feldman, S. S. (1990). Capturing the adolescent experience. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 1-14). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
23. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
24. Eveleth, P., & Tanner, J. (1976). Worldwide variation in human growth. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Feiring, C. (1996). Concepts of romance in 15-year-olds. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 181-200.
26. Goldscheider, F., & Davanzo, J. (1986). Semiautonomy and leaving home during early adulthood. Social Forces, 65, 187-201.
27. Goldscheider, F., & Goldscheider, C. (1994). Leaving and returning home in 20th century America. Population Bulletin, 48(4), 1-35.
28. Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1986). When teenagers work: The psychological and social costs of adolescent employment. New York: Basic Books.
29. Greene, A. L., Wheatley, S. M., & Aldava, J. F., IV. (1992). Stages on life's way: Adolescents' implicit theories of the life course. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 364-381.
30. Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relation to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (Vol. 1). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
31. Heaton, T. B. (1992). Demographics of the contemporary Mormon family. Dialogue, 25, 19-34.
32. Hogan, D. P., & Astone, N. M. (1986). The transition to adulthood. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 109-130.
33. Hoge, D. R., Johnson, B., & Luidens, D. A. (1993). Determinants of church involvement of young adults who grew up in Presbyterian churches. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 32, 242-255.
34. Hornblower, M. (1997, June 9). Great Xpectations. Time, 149, 58-68.
35. Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36. Jonsson, B. (1994, March). Youth life projects and modernization in Sweden: A cross-sectional study. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, CA.
37. Keniston, K. (1971). Youth and dissent: The rise of a new opposition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
38. Larson, R. W. (1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review, 10, 155-183.
39. Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man's life. New York: Ballantine.
40. Martin, P., & Smyer, M. A. (1990). The experience of micro- and macroevents: A life span analysis. Research on Aging, 12, 294-310.
41. Michael, R. T., Gagnon, J. H., Laumann, E. O., & Kolata, G. (1995). Sex in America: A definitive survey. New York: Warner Books.
42. Mogelonsky, M. (1996, May). The rocky road to adulthood. American Demographics, 18, 26-36, 56.
43. Montemayor, R., Brown, B., & Adams, G. (1985). Changes in identity status and psychological adjustment after leaving home and entering college. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
44. Morch, S. (1995). Culture and the challenge of adaptation: Foreign youth in Denmark. International Journal of Comparative Race and Ethnic Studies, 2, 102-115.
45. Mortimer, J. T., Harley, C., & Aronson, P. J. (1999). How do prior experiences in the workplace set the stage for transitions to adulthood? In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Transitions to adulthood in a changing economy: No work, no family, no future? (pp. 131-159). Westport, CT: Praeger.
46. Noble, J., Cover. J., & Yanagishita, M. (1996). The world's youth. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.
47. O'Connor, T. G., Allen, J. P., Bell, K. L., & Hauser, S. T. (1996). Adolescent-parent relationships and leaving home in young adulthood. New Directions in Child Development, 71, 39-52.
48. Offer, D., & Offer, J. B. (1975). From teenage to young manhood. New York: Basic Books.
49. Padgham, J. J., & Blyth, D. A. (1991). Dating during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner, A. C. Petersen, & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 196-198). New York: Garland.
50. Page, K. (1999, May 16). The graduate. Washington Post Magazine, 152, 18, 20.
51. Parsons, T. (1942). Age and sex in the social structure of the United States. American Sociological Review, 7, 604-616.
52. Pascarella, E., & Terenzini, P. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53. Perry, W. G. (1999). Forms of ethical and intellectual development in the college years: A scheme. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (Original work published 1970)
54. Rindfuss, R. R. (1991). The young adult years: Diversity, structural change, and fertility. Demography, 28, 493-512.
55. Roscoe, B., Dian, M. S., & Brooks, R. H. (1987). Early, middle, and late adolescents' views on dating and the factors influencing partner selection. Adolescence, 22, 59-68.
56. Scheer, S. D., Unger, D. G., & Brown, M. (1994, February). Adolescents becoming adults: Attributes for adulthood. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Diego, CA.
57. Schlegel, A., & Barry, H., III. (1991). Adolescence: An anthropological inquiry. New York: Free Press.
58. Shanahan, M., Elder, G. H., Jr., Burchinal, M., & Conger, R. D. (1996). Adolescent earnings and relationships with parents: The work-family nexus in urban and rural ecologies. In J. T. Mortimer & M. D. Finch (Eds.), Adolescents, work, and family: An intergenerational developmental analysis (pp. 97-128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
59. Steinberg, L., & Cauffman, E. (1995). The impact of employment on adolescent development. In R. Vasta (Ed.). Annals of child development (Vol. 11, pp. 131-166). London: Kingsley.
60. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1997). Statistical abstracts of the United States: 1997. Washington, DC: Author.
61. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (2000). Geographic mobility: March 1997 to March 1998 (Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 520). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
62. Valde, G. A. (1996). Identity closure: A fifth identity status. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 245-254.
63. Wallace, C. (1995, April). How old is young and young is old? The restructuring of age and the life course in Europe. Paper presented at Youth 2000: An International Conference, Middlesborough, UK.
64. Waterman, A. L. (1982). Identity development from adolescence to adulthood: An extension of theory and a review of research. Developmental Psychology, 18, 341-358.
65. Whitbourne, S. K., & Tesch, S. A. (1985). A comparison of identity and intimacy statuses in college students and alumni. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1039-1044.
66. William T. Grant Foundation Commission on Work, Family, and Citizenship. (1988). The forgotten half: Non-college-bound youth in America. Washington, DC: William T. Grant Foundation.