Polymeric materials for theranostic applications

Pharmaceutical Research

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1358-1376

  Wang, Zhe ^a   Niu, Gang ^a   Chen, Xiaoyuan ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING   (United States)

Author keywords

drug delivery; imaging; nanoparticle; polymer; theranostics

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DENDRIMER; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; NANOPARTICLE; NANOSPHERE; POLYMER; THERANOSTIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; MICELLE;

COMPLEX FORMATION; CONJUGATE; DRUG CONJUGATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; HUMAN; MICELLE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NANOMEDICINE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THERANOSTICS; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; DIAGNOSTIC USE; TRENDS;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MICELLES; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLYMERS;

EID: 84902124441     PISSN: 07248741     EISSN: 1573904X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1103-7     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:161-71.
2. Torchilin VP. Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:145-60.
3. Malam Y, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM. Liposomes and nanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009;30:592-9.
4. Del Vecchio S, Zanneti A, Fonti R, Pace L, Salvatore M. Nuclear imaging in cancer theranostics. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;51:152-63.
5. Chen X. Introducing theranostics journal - from the editor-in-chief. Theranostics. 2011;1:1-2.
6. Xie J, Lee S, Chen X. Nanoparticle-based theranostic agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2011;62:1064-79.
7. Gibson JD, Khanal BP, Zubarev ER. Paclitaxel-functionalized gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:11653-61.
8. Chen YH, Tsai CY, Huang PY, Chang MY, Cheng PC, Chou CH, et al. Methotrexate conjugated to gold nanoparticles inhibits tumor growth in a syngeneic lung tumor model. Mol Pharm. 2007;4:713-22.
9. Lukianova-Hleb EY, Oginsky AO, Samaniego AP, Shenefelt DL, Wagner DS, Hafner JH, et al. Tunable plasmonic nanoprobes for theranostics of prostate cancer. Theranostics. 2011;1:3-17.
10. Xiao Y, Hong H, Matson VZ, Javadi A, Xu W, Yang Y, et al. Gold nanorods conjugated with doxorubicin and cRGD for combined anticancer drug delivery and PET imaging. Theranostics. 2012;2:757-68.
11. Namiki Y, Namiki T, Yoshida H, Ishii Y, Tsubota A, Koido S, et al. A novel magnetic crystal-lipid nanostructure for magnetically guided in vivo gene delivery. Nat Nanotechnol. 2009;4:598-606.
12. Kessinger CW, Togao O, Khemtong C, Huang G, Takahashi M, Gao J. Investigation of in vivo targeting kinetics of alpha(v)beta(3)-specific superparamagnetic nanoprobes by time-resolved MRI. Theranostics. 2011;1:263-73.
13. Yu MK, Park J, Jon S. Targeting strategies for multifunctional nanoparticles in cancer imaging and therapy. Theranostics. 2012;2:3-44.
14. Hwu JR, Lin YS, Josephrajan T, Hsu MH, Cheng FY, Yeh CS, et al. Targeted paclitaxel by conjugation to iron oxide and gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:66-8.
15. Kohler N, Sun C, Fichtenholtz A, Gunn J, Fang C, Zhang MQ. Methotrexate-immobilized poly(ethylene glycol) magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging and drug delivery. Small. 2006;2:785-92.
16. Li Y, Li Z, Wang X, Liu F, Cheng Y, Zhang B, et al. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging-guided surgery with near infrared-emitting quantum dot bioconjugates. Theranostics. 2012;2:769-76.
17. Bagalkot V, Zhang L, Levy-Nissenbaum E, Jon S, Kantoff PW, Langer R, et al. Quantum dot - Aptamer conjugates for synchronous cancer imaging, therapy, and sensing of drug delivery based on Bi-fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Nano Lett. 2007;7:3065-70.
18. Yong KT, Wang Y, Roy I, Rui H, Swihart MT, Law WC, et al. Preparation of quantum dot/drug nanoparticle formulations for traceable targeted delivery and therapy. Theranostics. 2012;2(7):681-94.
19. Kumar R, Kulkarni A, Nagesha DK, Sridhar S. In vitro evaluation of theranostic polymeric micelles for imaging and drug delivery in cancer. Theranostics. 2012;2:714-22.
20. Dhar S, Liu Z, Thomale J, Dai H, Lippard SJ. Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:11467-76.
21. Kam NWS, O'Connell M, Wisdom JA, Dai H. Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:11600-5.
22. Moon HK, Lee SH, Choi HC. In vivo near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano. 2009;3:3707-13.
23. Yang ST, Luo J, Zhou Q, Wang H. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity of carbon nanotubes for biomedical purposes. Theranostics. 2012;2:271-82.
24. Yang M, Meng J, Cheng X, Lei J, Guo H, Zhang W, et al. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes interact with macrophages and influence tumor progression and metastasis. Theranostics. 2012;2:258-70.
25. Liu Z, Liang XJ. Nano-carbons as theranostics. Theranostics. 2012;2:235-7.
26. Seymour L. Synthetic polymers with intrinsic anticancer activity. J Bioact Compat Polym. 1991;6:178-216.
27. Breslow DS. Biologically active synthetic polymers. Pure Appl Chem. 1976;46:103-13.
28. Duncan R. Drug polymer conjugates - potential for improved thermotherapy. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1992;3:175-210.
29. Wang Z, Ho PC. Self-assembled core-shell vascular-targeted nanocapsules for temporal antivasculature and anticancer activities. Small. 2010;6:2576-83.
30. Wang Z, Ho PC. A nanocapsular combinatorial sequential drug delivery system for antiangiogenesis and anticancer activities. Biomaterials. 2010;31:7115-23.
31. Lu ZR. Molecular imaging of HPMA copolymers: visualizing drug delivery in cell, mouse and man. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:246-57.
32. Bogdanov AA, Mazzanti M, Castillo G, Bolotin E. Protected graft copolymer (PGC) in imaging and therapy: a platform for the delivery of covalently and non-covalently bound drugs. Theranostics. 2012;2:553-76.
33. Harrisand JM, Chess RB. Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:214-21.
34. Zhu L, Xie J, Swierczewska M, Zhang F, Quan Q, Ma Y, et al. Real-time video imaging of protease expression in vivo. Theranostics. 2011;1:18-27.
35. Ringsdorf H. Structure and properties of pharmacologically active polymers. J Polym Sci C Polym Symp. 1975;135-153.
36. Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, FaroKhzad OC, Margalit R, Langer R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat Nanotechnol. 2007;2:751-60.
37. Wang Z, Chui WK, Ho PC. Nanoparticulate delivery system targeted to tumor neovasculature for combined anticancer and antiangiogenesis therapy. Pharm Res. 2011;28:585-96.
38. Cao L, Yang ST, Wang X, Luo PG, Liu JH, Sahu S, et al. Competitive performance of carbon "quantum" dots in optical bioimaging. Theranostics. 2012;2:295-301.
39. Duncan R. Polymer conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:688-701.
40. Chen K, Chen X. Integrin targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics. Theranostics. 2011;1:189-200.
41. Manikwar P, Tejo BA, Shinogle H, Moore DS, Zimmerman T, Blanco F, et al. Utilization of I-domain of LFA-1 to target drug and marker molecules to leukocytes. Theranostics. 2011;1:277-89.
42. Hawkins MJ, Soon-Shiong P, Desai N. Protein nanoparticles as drug carriers in clinical medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:876-85.
43. Dreher MR, Raucher D, Balu N, Colvin OM, Ludeman SM, Chilkoti A. Evaluation of an elastin-like polypeptide-doxorubicin conjugate for cancer therapy. J Control Release. 2003;91:31-43.
44. MacKay JA, Chen MN, McDaniel JR, Liu WG, Simnick AJ, Chilkoti A. Self-assembling chimeric polypeptide-doxorubicin conjugate nanoparticles that abolish tumours after a single injection. Nat Mater. 2009;8:993-9.
45. Mohanand P, Rapoport N. Doxorubicin as a molecular nanotheranostic agent: effect of doxorubicin encapsulation in micelles or nanoemulsions on the ultrasound-mediated intracellular delivery and nuclear trafficking. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:1959-73.
46. Li C, Yu DF, Newman RA, Cabral F, Stephens LC, Hunter N, et al. Complete regression of well-established tumors using a novel water-soluble poly(L-glutamic acid) paclitaxel conjugate. Cancer Res. 1998;58:2404-9.
47. Singer JW, Baker B, De Vries P, Kumar A, Shaffer S, Vawter E, et al. Poly-(L)-glutamic acid-paclitaxel (CT-2103) [XYOTAX™], a biodegradable polymeric drug conjugate - characterization, preclinical pharmacology, and preliminary clinical data. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;519:81-99.
48. Singer JW. Paclitaxel poliglumex (XYOTAX™, CT-2103): a macromolecular taxane. J Control Release. 2005;109:120-6.
49. Singer JW, Shaffer S, Baker B, Bernareggi A, Stromatt S, Nienstedt D, et al. Paclitaxel poliglumex (XYOTAX; CT-2103): an intracellularly targeted taxane. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2005;16:243-54.
50. Homsi J, Simon GR, Garrett CR, Springett G, De Conti R, Chiappori A, et al. Phase I trial of poly-L-glutamate camptothecin (CT-2106) administered weekly in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5855-61.
51. Singer JW, Bhatt R, Tulinsky J, Buhler KR, Heasley E, Klein P, et al. Water-soluble poly-(L-glutamic acid)-Gly-camptothecin conjugates enhance camptothecin stability and efficacy in vivo. J Control Release. 2001;74:243-7.
52. Li C. Poly(L-glutamic acid) - anticancer drug conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002;54:695-713.
53. Wen XX, Jackson EF, Price RE, Kim EE, Wu QP, Wallace S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of poly(L-glutamic acid) gadolinium chelate: a new biodegradable MRI contrast agent. Bioconjug Chem. 2004;15:1408-15.
54. Lu ZR, Wang XH, Parker DL, Goodrich KC, Buswell HR. Poly(L-glutamic acid) Gd(III)-DOTA conjugate with a degradable spacer for magnetic resonance imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2003;14:715-9.
55. Ke TY, Jeong EK, Wang XL, Feng Y, Parker DL, Lu ZR. RGD targeted poly(L-glutamic acid)-cystamine-(Gd-DO3A) conjugate for detecting angiogenesis biomarker alpha(v)beta(3) integrin with MRT1 mapping. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2:191-9.
56. Jackson EF, Esparza-Coss E, Wen XX, Ng CS, Daniel SL, Price RE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of therapy-induced necrosis using gadolinium-chelated polyglutamic acids. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:830-8.
57. Vaidya A, Sun Y, Ke T, Jeong EK, Lu ZR. Contrast enhanced MRI-guided photodynamic therapy for site-specific cancer treatment. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56:761-7.
58. Tanand M, Lu ZR. Integrin targeted MR imaging. Theranostics. 2011;1:83-101.
59. Atmaja B, Lui BH, Hu YH, Beck SE, Frank CW, Cochran JR. Targeting of cancer cells using quantum dot-polypeptide hybrid assemblies that function as molecular imaging agents and carrier systems. Adv Funct Mater. 2010;20:4091-7.
60. Hudecz F. Design of synthetic branched-chain polypeptides as carriers for bioactive molecules. Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1995;6:171-93.
61. Hu BH, Su J, Messersmith PB. Hydrogels cross-linked by native chemical ligation. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10:2194-200.
62. McDaniel JR, Callahan DJ, Chilkoti A. Drug delivery to solid tumors by elastin-like polypeptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:1456-67.
63. Liu WG, MacKay JA, Dreher MR, Chen MN, McDaniel JR, Simnick AJ, et al. Injectable intratumoral depot of thermally responsive polypeptide-radionuclide conjugates delays tumor progression in a mouse model. J Control Release. 2010;144:2-9.
64. Surace C, Arpicco S, Dufay-Wojcicki A, Marsaud V, Bouclier C, Clay D, et al. Lipoplexes targeting the CD44 hyaluronic acid receptor for efficient transfection of breast cancer cells. Mol Pharm. 2009;6:1062-73.
65. Zoller M. CD44 - physiological expression of distinct isoforms as evidence for organ-specific metastasis formation. J Mol Med. 1995;73:425-38.
66. Jaracz S, Chen J, Kuznetsova LV, Ojima L. Recent advances in tumor-targeting anticancer drug conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005;13:5043-54.
67. Lee H, Lee K, Park TG. Hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel conjugate micelles: synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activity. Bioconjug Chem. 2008;19:1319-25.
68. Homma A, Sato H, Tamura T, Okamachi A, Emura T, Ishizawa T, et al. Synthesis and optimization of hyaluronic acid-methotrexate conjugates to maximize benefit in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18:1062-75.
69. Kong JH, Oh EJ, Chae SY, Lee KC, Hahn SK. Long acting hyaluronate - exendin 4 conjugate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Biomaterials. 2010;31:4121-8.
70. Li F, Bae BC, Na K. Acetylated hyaluronic acid/photosensitizer conjugate for the preparation of nanogels with controllable phototoxicity: synthesis, characterization, autophotoquenching properties, and in vitro phototoxicity against HeLa cells. Bioconjug Chem. 2010;21:1312-20.
71. Oh EJ, Park K, Kim KS, Kim J, Yang JA, Kong JH, et al. Target specific and long-acting delivery of protein, peptide, and nucleotide therapeutics using hyaluronic acid derivatives. J Control Release. 2010;141:2-12.
72. Choi KY, Chung H, Min KH, Yoon HY, Kim K, Park JH, et al. Self-assembled hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for active tumor targeting. Biomaterials. 2010;31:106-14.
73. Xu YZ, Fan HJ, Lu CP, Gao GF, Li XB. Synthesis of galabiose-chitosan conjugate as potent inhibitor of streptococcus suis adhesion. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11:1701-4.
74. Park SY, Baik HJ, Oh YT, Oh KT, Youn YS, Lee ES. A smart polysaccharide/drug conjugate for photodynamic therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011;50:1644-7.
75. Hanand J, Li XB. Chemoenzymatic syntheses of sialyl Lewis X-chitosan conjugate as potential anti-inflammatory agent. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;83:137-43.
76. He XK, Yuan ZX, Wu XJ, Xu CQ, Li WY. Low molecular weight hydroxyethyl chitosan-prednisolone conjugate for renal targeting therapy: synthesis, characterization and in vivo studies. Theranostics. 2012;2:1054-63.
77. Varshosaz J, Emami J, Ahmadi F, Tavakoli N, Minaiyan M, Fassihi A, et al. Preparation of budesonide-dextran conjugates using glutarate spacer as a colon-targeted drug delivery system: in vitro/in vivo evaluation in induced ulcerative colitis. J Drug Target. 2001;19:140-53.
78. Vera DR, Hall DJ, Hoh CK, Gallant P, McIntosh LM, Mattrey RF. Cy5.5-DTPA-galactosyl-dextran: a fluorescent probe for in vivo measurement of receptor biochemistry. Nucl Med Biol. 2005;32:687-93.
79. Matsunaga K, Hara K, Imamura T, Fujioka T, Takata J, Karube Y. Technetium labeling of dextran incorporating cysteamine as a ligand. Nucl Med Biol. 2005;32:279-85.
80. Alshamkhaniand A, Duncan R. Synthesis, controlled-release properties and antitumor-activity of alginate-cis-aconityl-daunomycin conjugates. Int J Pharm. 1995;122:107-19.
81. Morgan SM, Alshamkhani A, Callant D, Schacht E, Woodley JF, Duncan R. Alginates as drug carriers: covalent attachment of alginates to therapeutic agents containing primary amine groups. Int J Pharm. 1995;122:121-8.
82. Boontheekul T, Kong HJ, Mooney DG. Controlling alginate gel degradation utilizing partial oxidation and bimodal molecular weight distribution. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2455-65.
83. Baldwinand AD, Kiick KL. Polysaccharide modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials. Biopolymers. 2010;94:128-40.
84. Satchi-Fainaro R, Puder M, Davies JW, Tran HT, Sampson DA, Greene AK, et al. Targeting angiogenesis with a conjugate of HPMA copolymer and TNP-470. Nat Med. 2004;10:255-61.
85. Satchi-Fainaro R, Mamluk R, Wang L, Short SM, Nagy JA, Feng D, et al. Inhibition of vessel permeability by TNP-470 and its polymer conjugate, caplostatin. Cancer Cell. 2005;7:251-61.
86. Miller K, Erez R, Segal E, Shabat D, Satchi-Fainaro R. Targeting bone metastases with a bispecific anticancer and antiangiogenic polymer-alendronate- taxane conjugate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48:2949-54.
87. Kiessling F, Heilmann M, Lammers T, Ulbrich K, Subr V, Peschke P, et al. Synthesis and characterization of HE-24.8: a polymeric contrast agent for magnetic resonance angiography. Bioconjug Chem. 2006;17:42-51.
88. Zarabi B, Borgman MP, Zhuo JC, Gullapalli R, Ghandehari H. Noninvasive monitoring of HPMA copolymer-RGDfK conjugates by magnetic resonance imaging. Pharm Res. 2009;26:1121-9.
89. Mitra A, Mulholland J, Nan A, McNeill E, Ghandehari H, Line BR. Targeting tumor angiogenic vasculature using polymer-RGD conjugates. J Control Release. 2005;102:191-201.
90. Pimm MV, Perkins AC, Strohalm J, Ulbrich K, Duncan R. Gamma scintigraphy of the biodistribution of I-123-labelled N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-doxorubicin conjugates in mice with transplanted melanoma and mammary carcinoma. J Drug Target. 1996;3:375-83.
91. Wu XM, Jeong EK, Emerson L, Hoffman J, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Noninvasive evaluation of antianglogenic effect in a mouse tumor model by DCE-MRI with Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:41-8.
92. Solorio L, Olear AM, Hamilton JI, Patel RB, Beiswenger AC, Wallace JE, et al. Noninvasive characterization of the effect of varying PLGA molecular weight blends on in situ forming implant behavior using ultrasound imaging. Theranostics. 2012;2:1064-77.
93. Yoo HS, Oh JE, Lee KH, Park TG. Biodegradable nanoparticles containing doxorubicin-PLGA conjugate for sustained release. Pharm Res. 1999;16:1114-8.
94. Wang Z, Chui WK, Ho PC. Design of a multifunctional PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system: evaluation of its physicochemical properties and anticancer activity to malignant cancer cells. Pharm Res. 2009;26:1162-71.
95. Aryal S, Hu CMJ, Zhang LF. Polymer-cisplatin conjugate nanoparticles for acid-responsive drug delivery. Acs Nano. 2010;4:251-8.
96. Cenni E, Granchi D, Avnet S, Fotia C, Salerno M, Micieli D, et al. Biocompatibility of poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles conjugated with alendronate. Biomaterials. 2008;29:1400-11.
97. Tosi G, Rivasi F, Gandolfi F, Costantino L, Vandelli MA, Forni F. Conjugated poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) for the preparation of in vivo detectable nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2005;26:4189-95.
98. Zhang G, Chen J, Payne SJ, Kooi SE, Demas JN, Fraser CL. Multi-emissive difluoroboron dibenzoylmethane polylactide exhibiting intense fluorescence and oxygen-sensitive room-temperature phosphorescence. J Am Chem Soc. 2007;129:8942-3.
99. Zhang GQ, Palmer GM, Dewhirst M, Fraser CL. A dual-emissive-materials design concept enables tumour hypoxia imaging. Nat Mater. 2009;8:747-51.
100. Anton N, Benoit JP, Saulnier P. Design and production of nanoparticles formulated from nano-emulsion templates-a review. J Control Release. 2008;128:185-99.
101. Couvreur P, Barratt G, Fattal E, Legrand P, Vauthier C. Nanocapsule technology: a review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2002;19:99-134.
102. Couvreur P, Kante B, Lenaerts V, Scailteur V, Roland M, Speiser P. Tissue distribution of anti-tumor drugs associated with polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 1980;69:199-202.
103. McCarthy JR, Perez JM, Bruckner C, Weissleder R. Polymeric nanoparticle preparation that eradicates tumors. Nano Lett. 2005;5:2552-6.
104. Liu J, Meisner D, Kwong E, Wu XY, Johnston MR. Translymphatic chemotherapy by intrapleural placement of gelatin sponge containing biodegradable paclitaxel colloids controls lymphatic metastasis in lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69:1174-81.
105. Ranganathand SH, Wang CH. Biodegradable microfiber implants delivering paclitaxel for post-surgical chemotherapy against malignant glioma. Biomaterials. 2008;29:2996-3003.
106. Elkharraz K, Faisant N, Guse C, Siepmann F, Arica-Yegin B, Oger JM, et al. Paclitaxel-loaded microparticles and implants for the treatment of brain cancer: preparation and physicochemical characterization. Int J Pharm. 2006;314:127-36.
107. Grayson ACR, Cima MJ, Langer R. Size and temperature effects on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) degradation and microreservoir device performance. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2137-45.
108. Xie HY, Xie M, Zhang ZL, Long YM, Liu X, Tang ML, et al. Wheat germ agglutinin-modified trifunctional nanospheres for cell recognition. Bioconjug Chem. 2007;18:1749-55.
109. Weissenbock A, Wirth M, Gabor F. WGA-grafted PLGA-nano spheres: preparation and association with Caco-2 single cells. J Control Release. 2004;99:383-92.
110. Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(beta-amino ester) nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs. 1. In vitro evaluations. Mol Pharm. 2005;2:357-66.
111. Yadav S, van Vlerken LE, Little SR, Amiji M. Evaluations of combination MDR-1 gene silencing and paclitaxel administration in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle formulations to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;63:711-22.
112. Devalapally H, Duan ZF, Seiden MV, Amiji M. Paclitaxel and ceramide co-administration in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system to overcome drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:1830-8.
113. Zhang Y, Wang TH. Quantum dot enabled molecular sensing and diagnostics. Theranostics. 2012;2:631-54.
114. Liu L, Yong KT, Roy I, Law WC, Ye L, Liu J, et al. Bioconjugated pluronic triblock-copolymer micelle-encapsulated quantum dots for targeted imaging of cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. Theranostics. 2012;2:705-13.
115. Cliftand MJ, Stone V. Quantum dots: an insight and perspective of their biological interaction and how this relates to their relevance for clinical use. Theranostics. 2012;2:668-80.
116. Kim BYS, Jiang W, Oreopoulos J, Yip CM, Rutka JT, Chan WCW. Biodegradable quantum dot nanocomposites enable live cell labeling and imaging of cytoplasmic targets. Nano Lett. 2008;8:3887-92.
117. Bayles AR, Chahal HS, Chahal DS, Goldbeck CP, Cohen BE, Helms BA. Rapid cytosolic delivery of luminescent nanocrystals in live cells with endosome disrupting polymer colloids. Nano Lett. 2010;10:4086-92.
118. Chen J, Zeng F, Wu SZ, Su J, Tong Z. Photoreversible fluorescent modulation of nanoparticles via one-step miniemulsion polymerization. Small. 2009;5:970-8.
119. Li M, Kim HS, Tian L, Yu MK, Jon S, Moon WK. Comparison of two ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides on cytotoxicity and MR imaging of tumors. Theranostics. 2012;2:76-85.
120. Lee PW, Hsu SH, Wang JJ, Tsai JS, Lin KJ, Wey SP, et al. The characteristics, biodistribution, magnetic resonance imaging and biodegradability of superparamagnetic core-shell nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010;31:1316-24.
121. Pouponneau P, Leroux JC, Martel S. Magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated into biodegradable microparticles steered with an upgraded magnetic resonance imaging system for tumor chemoembolization. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6327-32.
122. Wu CF, Schneider T, Zeigler M, Yu JB, Schiro PG, Burnham DR, et al. Bioconjugation of ultrabright semiconducting polymer dots for specific cellular targeting. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:15410-7.
123. Shokeen M, Pressly ED, Hagooly A, Zheleznyak A, Ramos N, Fiamengo AL, et al. Evaluation of multivalent, functional polymeric nanoparticles for imaging applications. ACS Nano. 2011;5:738-47.
124. Raut SL, Kirthivasan B, Bommana MM, Squillante E, Sadoqi M. The formulation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of a magnetic carrier for brain delivery of NIR dye. Nanotechnology. 2010;21:395102.
125. Jarzyna PA, Skajaa T, Gianella A, Cormode DP, Samber DD, Dickson SD, et al. Iron oxide core oil-in-water emulsions as a multifunctional nanoparticle platform for tumor targeting and imaging. Biomaterials. 2009;30:6947-54.
126. de Rosales RTM, Tavare R, Glaria A, Varma G, Protti A, Blower PJ. Tc-99m-bisphosphonate-iron oxide nanoparticle conjugates for dual-modality biomedical imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2011;22:455-65.
127. Lee HY, Li Z, Chen K, Hsu AR, Xu CJ, Xie J, et al. PET/MRI dual-modality tumor imaging using arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) - conjugated radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1371-9.
128. Xie J, Chen K, Huang J, Lee S, Wang JH, Gao J, et al. PET/NIRF/MRI triple functional iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2010;31:3016-22.
129. Kircher MF, Mahmood U, King RS, Weissleder R, Josephson L. A multimodal nanoparticle for preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative optical brain tumor delineation. Cancer Res. 2003;63:8122-5.
130. Lee S, Chen X. Dual-modality probes for in vivo molecular imaging. Mol Imaging. 2009;8:87-100.
131. Fan HM, Olivo M, Shuter B, Yi JB, Bhuvaneswari R, Tan HR, et al. Quantum dot capped magnetite nanorings as high performance nanoprobe for multiphoton fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:14803-11.
132. Zrazhevskiy P, Sena M, Gao XH. Designing multifunctional quantum dots for bioimaging, detection, and drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev. 2010;39:4326-54.
133. Zhou M, Zhang R, Huang MA, Lu W, Song SL, Melancon MP, et al. A chelator free multifunctional Cu-64 CuS nanoparticle platform for simultaneous micro-PET/CT imaging and photothermal ablation therapy. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:15351-8.
134. Cheung ENM, Alvares RDA, Oakden W, Chaudhary R, Hill ML, Pichaandi J, et al. Polymer stabilized lanthanide fluoride nanoparticle aggregates as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Chem Mater. 2010;22:4728-39.
135. Tam JM, Tam JO, Murthy A, Ingram DR, Ma LL, Travis K, et al. Controlled assembly of biodegradable plasmonic nanoclusters for near-infrared imaging and therapeutic applications. ACS Nano. 2010;4:2178-84.
136. Yang J, Lee CH, Park J, Seo S, Lim EK, Song YJ, et al. Antibody conjugated magnetic PLGA nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. J Mater Chem. 2007;17:2695-9.
137. Cho HS, Dong ZY, Pauletti GM, Zhang JM, Xu H, Gu HC, et al. Fluorescent, superparamagnetic nanospheres for drug storage, targeting and imaging: a multifunctional nanocarrier system for cancer diagnosis and treatment. ACS Nano. 2010;4:5398-404.
138. Feng XL, Lv FT, Liu LB, Tang HW, Xing CF, Yang QO, et al. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010;2:2429-35.
139. Torchilin VP. Targeted polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61:2549-59.
140. Trivediand R, Kompella UB. Nanomicellar formulations for sustained drug delivery: strategies and underlying principles. Nanomedicine. 2010;5:485-505.
141. Kim DW, Kim SY, Kim HK, Kim SW, Shin SW, Kim JS, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of genexol-PM, a novel cremophor-free, polymeric micelle formulation of paclitaxel, with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:2009-14.
142. Xin HL, Chen LC, Gu JJ, Ren XQ, Wei Z, Luo JQ, et al. Enhanced anti-glioblastoma efficacy by PTX-loaded PEGylated poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm. 2010;402:238-47.
143. Ma YD, Zheng Y, Liu KX, Tian G, Tian Y, Xu L, et al. Nanoparticles of poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate random copolymer for cancer treatment. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2010;5:1161-9.
144. Benny O, Fainaru O, Adini A, Cassiola F, Bazinet L, Adini I, et al. An orally delivered small-molecule formulation with antiangiogenic and anticancer activity. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26:799-807.
145. Huo MR, Zhang Y, Zhou JP, Zou AF, Yu D, Wu YP, et al. Synthesis and characterization of low-toxic amphiphilic chitosan derivatives and their application as micelle carrier for antitumor drug. Int J Pharm. 2010;394:162-73.
146. Saravanakumar G, Choi KY, Yoon HY, Kim K, Park JH, Kwon IC, et al. Hydrotropic hyaluronic acid conjugates: synthesis, characterization, and implications as a carrier of paclitaxel. Int J Pharm. 2010;394:154-61.
147. Dorris A, Rucareanu S, Reven L, Barrett CJ, Lennox RB. Preparation and characterization of polyelectrolyte-coated gold nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2008;24:2532-8.
148. Nishiyama N, Okazaki S, Cabral H, Miyamoto M, Kato Y, Sugiyama Y, et al. Novel cisplatin-incorporated polymeric micelles can eradicate solid tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 2003;63:8977-83.
149. Xu PS, Van Kirk EA, Zhan YH, Murdoch WJ, Radosz M, Shen YQ. Targeted charge-reversal nanoparticles for nuclear drug delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2007;46:4999-5002.
150. Lee ES, Kim D, Youn YS, Oh KT, Bae YH. A virus-mimetic nanogel vehicle. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2008;47:2418-21.
151. Wang J, Pelletier M, Zhang HJ, Xia HS, Zhao Y. High-frequency ultrasound responsive block bopolymer micelle. Langmuir. 2009;25:13201-5.
152. Jiang XZ, Ge ZS, Xu J, Liu H, Liu SY. Fabrication of multiresponsive shell cross-linked micelles possessing pH-controllable core swellability and thermo-tunable corona permeability. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8:3184-92.
153. Sutton D, Nasongkla N, Blanco E, Gao JM. Functionalized micellar systems for cancer targeted drug delivery. Pharm Res. 2007;24:1029-46.
154. Nakayamaand M, Okano T. Intelligent thermoresponsive polymeric micelles for targeted drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2006;16:35-44.
155. Torchilin VP. Micellar nanocarriers: pharmaceutical perspectives. Pharm Res. 2007;24:1-16.
156. Gao GH, Im GH, Kim MS, Lee JW, Yang J, Jeon H, et al. Magnetite nanoparticle encapsulated pH-responsive polymeric micelle as an MRI probe for detecting acidic pathologic areas. Small. 2010;6:1201-4.
157. Shiraishi K, Kawano K, Maitani Y, Yokoyama M. Polyion complex micelle MRI contrast agents from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-lysine) block copolymers having Gd-DOTA; preparations and their control of T1-relaxivities and blood circulation characteristics. J Control Release. 2010;148:160-7.
158. Kaida S, Cabral H, Kumagai M, Kishimura A, Terada Y, Sekino M, et al. Visible drug delivery by supramolecular nanocarriers directing to single platformed diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic tumor model. Cancer Res. 2010;70:7031-41.
159. Nasongkla N, Bey E, Ren JM, Ai H, Khemtong C, Guthi JS, et al. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as cancer-targeted, MRI-ultrasensitive drug delivery systems. Nano Lett. 2006;6:2427-30.
160. Yang J, Lee CH, Ko HJ, Suh JS, Yoon HG, Lee K, et al. Multifunctional magneto-polymeric nanohybrids for targeted detection and synergistic therapeutic effects on breast cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2007;46:8836-9.
161. Lu PL, Chen YC, Ou TW, Chen HH, Tsai HC, Wen CJ, et al. Multifunctional hollow nanoparticles based on graft-diblock copolymers for doxorubicin delivery. Biomaterials. 2011;32:2213-21.
162. Rapoport N, Gao ZG, Kennedy A. Multifunctional nanoparticles for
163. Rupp R, Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR. VivaGel ™ (SPL7013 Gel): a candidate dendrimer microbicide for the prevention of HIV and HSV infection. Int J Nanomedicine. 2007;2:561-6.
164. Al-Jamal KT, Al-Jamal WT, Akerman S, Podesta JE, Yilmazer A, Turton JA, et al. Systemic antiangiogenic activity of cationic poly-L-lysine dendrimer delays tumor growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:3966-71.
165. Majoros IJ, Myc A, Thomas T, Mehta CB, Baker JR. PAMAM dendrimer-based multifunctional conjugate for cancer therapy: synthesis, characterization, and functionality. Biomacromolecules. 2006;7:572-9.
166. Almutairi A, Rossin R, Shokeen M, Hagooly A, Ananth A, Capoccia B, et al. Biodegradable dendritic positron-emitting nanoprobes for the noninvasive imaging of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:685-90.
167. Backer MV, Gaynutdinov TI, Patel V, Bandyopadhyaya AK, Thirumamagal BTS, Tjarks W, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor selectively targets boronated dendrimers to tumor vasculature. Mol Cancer Ther. 2005;4:1423-9.
168. Wiener EC, Brechbiel MW, Brothers H, Magin RL, Gansow OA, Tomalia DA, et al. Dendrimer-based metal-chelates - a new class of magnetic resonance imaging constrast agents. Magn Reson Med. 1994;31:1-8.
169. Kaneshiro TL, Jeong EK, Morrell G, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Synthesis and evaluation of globular Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugates with precisely controlled nanosizes for magnetic resonance angiography. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9:2742-8.
170. Cyran CC, Fu YJ, Raatschen HJ, Rogut V, Chaopathomkul B, Shames DM, et al. New macromolecular polymeric MRI contrast agents for application in the differentiation of cancer from benign soft tissues. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27:581-9.
171. Zhao YL, Liu S, Li YP, Jiang W, Chang YL, Pan S, et al. Synthesis and grafting of folate-PEG-PAMAM conjugates onto quantum dots for selective targeting of folate-receptor-positive tumor cells. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010;350:44-50.
172. Wang H, Zheng LF, Peng C, Guo R, Shen MW, Shi XY, et al. Computed tomography imaging of cancer cells using acetylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials. 2011;32:2979-88.
173. Liu G, Wang ZY, Lu J, Xia CC, Gao FB, Gong QY, et al. Low molecular weight alkyl-polycation wrapped magnetite nanoparticle clusters as MRI probes for stem cell labeling and in vivo imaging. Biomaterials. 2011;32:528-37.
174. Landmark KJ, DiMaggio S, Ward J, Kelly CV, Vogt S, Hong S, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro testing of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles targeted using folic acid-conjugated dendrimers. ACS Nano. 2008;2:773-83.
175. Shi XY, Wang SH, Shen MW, Antwerp ME, Chen XS, Li C, et al. Multifunctional dendrimer modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro cancer cell targeting and imaging. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10:1744-50.
176. Criscione JM, Le BL, Stern E, Brennan M, Rahner C, Papademetris X, et al. Self-assembly of pH-responsive fluorinated dendrimer-based particulates for drug delivery and noninvasive imaging. Biomaterials. 2009;30:3946-55.
177. Santra S, Kaittanis C, Perez JM. Cytochrome C encapsulating theranostic nanoparticles: a novel bifunctional system for targeted delivery of therapeutic membrane impermeable proteins to tumors and imaging of cancer therapy. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:1209-22.