A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 40, Issue SUPPL. 14, 2013, Pages

  Taylor, John J ^a   Preshaw, Philip M ^a   Lalla, Evanthia ^b  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b New York Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

adipokines; AGE; cytokines; diabetes; hyperglycaemia; inflammation; periodontal disease; plaque bacteria; RAGE

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANIMAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; PERIODONTITIS;

ANIMALS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-1; INTERLEUKIN-6; PERIODONTITIS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84902013874     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12059     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Abbass, M. M., Korany, N. S., Salama, A. H., Dmytryk, J. J., &, Safiejko-Mroczka, B., (2012) The relationship between receptor for advanced glycation end products expression and the severity of periodontal disease in the gingiva of diabetic and non diabetic periodontitis patients. Archives of Oral Biol 57, 1342-1354.
2. Alikhani, M., Alikhani, Z., Boyd, C., MacLellan, C. M., Raptis, M., Liu, R., Pischon, N., Trackman, P. C., Gerstenfeld, L., &, Graves, D. T., (2007) Advanced glycation end products stimulate osteoblast apoptosis via the MAP kinase and cytosolic apoptotic pathways. Bone 40, 345-353.
3. Allen, E. M., Matthews, J. B., DJ, O. H., Griffiths, H. R., &, Chapple, I. L., (2011) Oxidative and inflammatory status in Type 2 diabetes patients with periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 894-901.
4. Al-Mashat, H. A., Kandru, S., Liu, R., Behl, Y., Desta, T., &, Graves, D. T., (2006) Diabetes enhances mRNA levels of proapoptotic genes and caspase activity, which contribute to impaired healing. Diabetes 55, 487-495.
5. Almeida, M., Han, L., Ambrogini, E., Weinstein, R. S., &, Manolagas, S. C., (2011) Glucocorticoids and tumor necrosis factor alpha increase oxidative stress and suppress Wnt protein signaling in osteoblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, 44326-44335.
6. Amir, J., Waite, M., Tobler, J., Catalfamo, D. L., Koutouzis, T., Katz, J., &, Wallet, S. M., (2011) The role of hyperglycemia in mechanisms of exacerbated inflammatory responses within the oral cavity. Cellular Immunology 272, 45-52.
7. Anderson, M. M., Requena, J. R., Crowley, J. R., Thorpe, S. R., &, Heinecke, J. W., (1999) The myeloperoxidase system of human phagocytes generates Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine on proteins: a mechanism for producing advanced glycation end products at sites of inflammation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 104, 103-113.
8. Andriankaja, O. M., Barros, S. P., Moss, K., Panagakos, F. S., DeVizio, W., Beck, J., &, Offenbacher, S., (2009) Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) among non-smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 80, 307-316.
9. Araya, A. V., Pavez, V., Perez, C., Gonzalez, F., Columbo, A., Aguirre, A., Schiattino, I., &, Aguillon, J. C., (2003) Ex vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and PGE2 secretion in whole blood from Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients with or without aggressive periodontitis. European Cytokine Network 14, 128-133.
10. Aspriello, S. D., Zizzi, A., Tirabassi, G., Buldreghini, E., Biscotti, T., Faloia, E., Stramazzotti, D., Boscaro, M., &, Piemontese, M., (2011) Diabetes mellitus-associated periodontitis: differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontal Research 46, 164-169.
11. Bastos, A. S., Graves, D. T., Loureiro, A. P., Rossa Junior, C., Abdalla, D. S., Faulin Tdo, E., Olsen Camara, N., Andriankaja, O. M., &, Orrico, S. R., (2012) Lipid peroxidation is associated with the severity of periodontal disease and local inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, E1353-1362.
12. Baumann, B., Salem, H. H., &, Boehm, B. O., (2012) Anti-inflammatory therapy in type 1 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 12, 499-509.
13. Bretz, W. A., Weyant, R. J., Corby, P. M., Ren, D., Weissfeld, L., Kritchevsky, S. B., Harris, T., Kurella, M., Satterfield, S., Visser, M., &, Newman, A. B., (2005) Systemic inflammatory markers, periodontal diseases, and periodontal infections in an elderly population. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 53, 1532-1537.
14. Brownlee, M., Cerami, A., &, Vlassara, H., (1988) Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 1315-1321.
15. Bullon, P., Morillo, J. M., Ramirez-Tortosa, M. C., Quiles, J. L., Newman, H. N., &, Battino, M., (2009) Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: is oxidative stress a common link? Journal of Dental Research 88, 503-518.
16. Bulut, U., Develioglu, H., Taner, I. L., &, Berker, E., (2001) Interleukin-1 beta levels in gingival crevicular fluid in type 2 diabetes mellitus and adult periodontitis. Journal of Oral Science 43, 171-177.
17. Campus, G., Salem, A., Uzzau, S., Baldoni, E., &, Tonolo, G., (2005) Diabetes and periodontal disease: a case-control study. Journal of Periodontology 76, 418-425.
18. Carstensen, M., Herder, C., Kivimaki, M., Jokela, M., Roden, M., Shipley, M. J., Witte, D. R., Brunner, E. J., &, Tabak, A. G., (2010) Accelerated increase in serum interleukin-1 receptor antagonist starts 6 years before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: whitehall II prospective cohort study. Diabetes 59, 1222-1227.
19. Chang, P. C., Chien, L. Y., Yeo, J. F., Wang, Y. P., Chung, M. C., Chong, L. Y., Kuo, Y. P., Chen, C. H., Chiang, H. C., Ng, B. N., Lee, Q. Q., Phay, Y. K., Ng, J. R., &, Erk, K. Y., (2012a) Progression of periodontal destruction and the roles of advanced glycation end-products in experimental diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 83, 644-652.
20. Chang, P. C., Chung, M. C., Wang, Y. P., Chien, L. Y., Lim, J. C., Liang, K., Chong, L. Y., Kuo, Y. P., Chen, C. H., &, Chiang, H. C., (2012b) Patterns of diabetic periodontal wound repair: a study using micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemistry. Journal of Periodontology 83, 644-652.
21. Chapple, I. L., &, Matthews, J. B., (2007) The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontology 2000 43, 160-232.
22. Chapple, I. L., Socransky, S. S., Dibart, S., Glenwright, H. D., &, Matthews, J. B., (1996) Chemiluminescent assay of alkaline phosphatase in human gingival crevicular fluid: investigations with an experimental gingivitis model and studies on the source of the enzyme within crevicular fluid. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 23, 587-594.
23. Chen, L., Wei, B., Li, J., Liu, F., Xuan, D., Xie, B., &, Zhang, J., (2010) Association of periodontal parameters with metabolic level and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 81, 364-371.
24. Ciantar, M., Gilthorpe, M. S., Hurel, S. J., Newman, H. N., Wilson, M., &, Spratt, D. A., (2005) Capnocytophaga spp. in periodontitis patients manifesting diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 76, 194-203.
25. Claudino, M., Gennaro, G., Cestari, T. M., Spadella, C. T., Garlet, G. P., &, Assis, G. F., (2012) Spontaneous periodontitis development in diabetic rats involves an unrestricted expression of inflammatory cytokines and tissue destructive factors in the absence of major changes in commensal oral microbiota. Experimental Diabetes Research 2012, 356841.
26. Cole, C. M., Sundararaj, K. P., Leite, R. S., Nareika, A., Slate, E. H., Sanders, J. J., Lopes-Virella, M. F., &, Huang, Y., (2008) A trend of increase in periodontal interleukin-6 expression across patients with neither diabetes nor periodontal disease, patients with periodontal disease alone, and patients with both diseases. Journal of Periodontal Research 43, 717-722.
27. Colhoun, H. M., Slaney, J. M., Rubens, M. B., Fuller, J. H., Sheiham, A., &, Curtis, M. A., (2008) Antibodies to periodontal pathogens and coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Journal of Periodontal Research 43, 103-110.
28. Collin, H. L., Sorsa, T., Meurman, J. H., Niskanen, L., Salo, T., Ronka, H., Konttinen, Y. T., Koivisto, A. M., &, Uusitupa, M., (2000) Salivary matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8) levels and gelatinase (MMP-9) activities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontal Research 35, 259-265.
29. Collin, H. L., Uusitupa, M., Niskanen, L., Kontturi-Narhi, V., Markkanen, H., Koivisto, A. M., &, Meurman, J. H., (1998) Periodontal findings in elderly patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 69, 962-966.
30. Correa, F. O., Goncalves, D., Figueredo, C. M., Gustafsson, A., &, Orrico, S. R., (2008) The short-term effectiveness of non-surgical treatment in reducing levels of interleukin-1beta and proteases in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 79, 2143-2150.
31. Costa, P. P., Trevisan, G. L., Macedo, G. O., Palioto, D. B., Souza, S. L., Grisi, M. F., Novaes, A. B. Jr, &, Taba, M. Jr, (2010) Salivary interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and osteoprotegerin in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 81, 384-391.
32. da Cruz, G. A., de Toledo, S., Sallum, E. A., Sallum, A. W., Ambrosano, G. M. B., de Cassia Orlandi Sardi, J., da Cruz, S. E. B., &, Goncalves, R. B., (2008) Clinical and laboratory evaluations of non-surgical periodontal treatment in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 79, 1150-1157.
33. Cutler, C. W., Machen, R. L., Jotwani, R., &, Iacopino, A. M., (1999) Heightened gingival inflammation and attachment loss in type 2 diabetics with hyperlipidemia. Journal of Periodontology 70, 1313-1321.
34. Dag, A., Firat, E. T., Arikan, S., Kadiroglu, A. K., &, Kaplan, A., (2009) The effect of periodontal therapy on serum TNF-alpha and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Australian Dental Journal 54, 17-22.
35. D'Aiuto, F., Nibali, L., Parkar, M., Patel, K., Suvan, J., &, Donos, N., (2010) Oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and severe periodontitis. Journal of Dental Research 89, 1241-1246.
36. Dasanayake, A. P., Chhun, N., Tanner, A. C. R., Craig, R. G., Lee, M. J., Moore, A. F., &, Norman, R. G., (2008) Periodontal pathogens and gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Dental Research 87, 328-333.
37. Davies, R. C., Jaedicke, K. M., Barksby, H. E., Jitprasertwong, P., Al-Shahwani, R. M., Taylor, J. J., &, Preshaw, P. M., (2011) Do patients with aggressive periodontitis have evidence of diabetes? A pilot study. Journal of Periodontal Research 46, 663-672.
38. Demmer, R. T., Desvarieux, M., Holtfreter, B., Jacobs, D. R. Jr, Wallaschofski, H., Nauck, M., Volzke, H., &, Kocher, T., (2010) Periodontal status and A1C change: longitudinal results from the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP). Diabetes Care 33, 1037-1043.
39. Desta, T., Li, J., Chino, T., &, Graves, D. T., (2010) Altered fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis in diabetic gingival wounds. Journal of Dental Research 89, 609-614.
40. Ding, K. H., Wang, Z. Z., Hamrick, M. W., Deng, Z. B., Zhou, L., Kang, B., Yan, S. L., She, J. X., Stern, D. M., Isales, C. M., &, Mi, Q. S., (2006) Disordered osteoclast formation in RAGE-deficient mouse establishes an essential role for RAGE in diabetes related bone loss. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 340, 1091-1097.
41. Donath, M. Y., &, Shoelson, S. E., (2011) Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 11, 98-107.
42. Doxey, D. L., Cutler, C. W., &, Iacopino, A. M., (1998) Diabetes prevents periodontitis-induced increases in gingival platelet derived growth factor-B and interleukin 1-beta in a rat model. Journal of Periodontology 69, 113-119.
43. Duarte, P. M., de Oliveira, M. C., Tambeli, C. H., Parada, C. A., Casati, M. Z., &, Nociti, F. H. Jr, (2007a) Overexpression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 may play an important role in periodontal breakdown in type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Periodontal Research 42, 377-381.
44. Duarte, P. M., Neto, J. B., Casati, M. Z., Sallum, E. A., &, Nociti, F. H. Jr, (2007b) Diabetes modulates gene expression in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis. Oral Diseases 13, 594-599.
45. Duarte, P. M., Santos, V. R., Dos Santos, F. A., de Lima Pereira, S. A., Rodrigues, D. B., &, Napimoga, M. H., (2011) Role of smoking and type 2 diabetes in the immunobalance of advanced chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 82, 429-438.
46. Ebersole, J. L., Holt, S. C., Hansard, R., &, Novak, M. J., (2008) Microbiologic and immunologic characteristics of periodontal disease in Hispanic americans with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 79, 637-646.
47. Engebretson, S., Chertog, R., Nichols, A., Hey-Hadavi, J., Celenti, R., &, Grbic, J., (2007) Plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34, 18-24.
48. Engebretson, S. P., Hey-Hadavi, J., Ehrhardt, F. J., Hsu, D., Celenti, R. S., Grbic, J. T., &, Lamster, I. B., (2004) Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-1beta and glycemic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 75, 1203-1208.
49. Engebretson, S. P., Vossughi, F., Hey-Hadavi, J., Emingil, G., &, Grbic, J. T., (2006) The influence of diabetes on gingival crevicular fluid beta-glucuronidase and interleukin-8. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 784-790.
50. Fernandez-Real, J. M., &, Pickup, J. C., (2012) Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 55, 273-278.
51. Feuerer, M., Herrero, L., Cipolletta, D., Naaz, A., Wong, J., Nayer, A., Lee, J., Goldfine, A. B., Benoist, C., Shoelson, S., &, Mathis, D., (2009) Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters. Nature Medicine 15, 930-939.
52. Galli, C., Passeri, G., &, Macaluso, G. M., (2011) FoxOs, Wnts and oxidative stress-induced bone loss: new players in the periodontitis arena? Journal of Periodontal Research 46, 397-406.
53. Genco, R. J., Grossi, S. G., Ho, A., Nishimura, F., &, Murayama, Y., (2005) A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. Journal of Periodontology 76, 2075-2084.
54. Giacco, F., &, Brownlee, M., (2010) Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circulation Research 107, 1058-1070.
55. Golub, L. M., Nicoll, G. A., Iacono, V. J., &, Ramamurthy, N. S., (1982) In vivo crevicular leukocyte response to a chemotactic challenge: inhibition by experimental diabetes. Infection and Immunity 37, 1013-1020.
56. Goova, M. T., Li, J., Kislinger, T., Qu, W., Lu, Y., Bucciarelli, L. G., Nowygrod, S., Wolf, B. M., Caliste, X., Yan, S. F., Stern, D. M., &, Schmidt, A. M., (2001) Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation end-products restores effective wound healing in diabetic mice. American Journal of Pathology 159, 513-525.
57. Gomes, M. A., Rodrigues, F. H., Afonso-Cardoso, S. R., Buso, A. M., Silva, A. G., Favoreto, S. Jr, &, Souza, M. A., (2006) Levels of immunoglobulin A1 and messenger RNA for interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha in total saliva from patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 with chronic periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontal Research 41, 177-183.
58. Graves, D. T., Al-Mashat, H., &, Liu, R., (2004) Evidence that diabetes mellitus aggravates periodontal diseases and modifies the response to an oral pathogen in animal models. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 25, 38-45.
59. Graves, D. T., &, Kayal, R. A., (2008) Diabetic complications and dysregulated innate immunity. Frontiers in Bioscience 13, 1227-1239.
60. Graves, D. T., Naguib, G., Lu, H., Leone, C., Hsue, H., &, Krall, E., (2005) Inflammation is more persistent in type 1 diabetic mice. Journal of Dental Research 84, 324-328.
61. Grossi, S. G., &, Genco, R. J., (1998) Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: a two-way relationship. Annals of Periodontology 3, 51-61.
62. Gyurko, R., Siqueira, C. C., Caldon, N., Gao, L., Kantarci, A., &, Van Dyke, T. E., (2006) Chronic hyperglycemia predisposes to exaggerated inflammatory response and leukocyte dysfunction in Akita mice. Journal of Immunology 177, 7250-7256.
63. He, H., Liu, R., Desta, T., Leone, C., Gerstenfeld, L. C., &, Graves, D. T., (2004) Diabetes causes decreased osteoclastogenesis, reduced bone formation, and enhanced apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in bacteria stimulated bone loss. Endocrinology 145, 447-452.
64. Hintao, J., Teanpaisan, R., Chongsuvivatwong, V., Ratarasan, C., &, Dahlen, G., (2007) The microbiological profiles of saliva, supragingival and subgingival plaque and dental caries in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 22, 175-181.
65. Hiroshima, Y., Bando, M., Inagaki, Y., Mihara, C., Kataoka, M., Murata, H., Shinohara, Y., Nagata, T., &, Kido, J., (2012a) Resistin in gingival crevicular fluid and induction of resistin release by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in human neutrophils. Journal of Periodontal Research 47, 554-562.
66. Hiroshima, Y., Bando, M., Inagaki, Y., Mihara, C., Kataoka, M., Murata, H., Shinohara, Y., Nagata, T., &, Kido, J., (2012b) Resistin in gingival crevicular fluid and induction of resistin release by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in human neutrophils. Journal of Periodontal Research 47, 554-562.
67. Hotamisligil, G. S., (2000) Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and the role of the adipocyte. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24 (Suppl 4), S23-S27.
68. Ilan, Y., Maron, R., Tukpah, A. M., Maioli, T. U., Murugaiyan, G., Yang, K., Wu, H. Y., &, Weiner, H. L., (2010) Induction of regulatory T cells decreases adipose inflammation and alleviates insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 107, 9765-9770.
69. Iwamoto, Y., Nishimura, F., Nakagawa, M., Sugimoto, H., Shikata, K., Makino, H., Fukuda, T., Tsuji, T., Iwamoto, M., &, Murayama, Y., (2001) The effect of antimicrobial periodontal treatment on circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha and glycated hemoglobin level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 72, 774-778.
70. Iwamoto, Y., Nishimura, F., Soga, Y., Takeuchi, K., Kurihara, M., Takashiba, S., &, Murayama, Y., (2003) Antimicrobial periodontal treatment decreases serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not adiponectin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 74, 1231-1236.
71. Kamaraj, D. R., Bhushan, K. S., Laxman, V. K., &, Mathew, J., (2011) Detection of odoriferous subgingival and tongue microbiota in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with oral malodor using polymerase chain reaction. Indian Journal of Dental Research 22, 260-265.
72. Kardesler, L., Biyikoglu, B., Cetinkalp, S., Pitkala, M., Sorsa, T., &, Buduneli, N., (2010a) Crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8, -13, and TIMP-1 levels in type 2 diabetics. Oral Diseases 16, 476-481.
73. Kardesler, L., Buduneli, N., Biyikoglu, B., Cetinkalp, S., &, Kutukculer, N., (2008) Gingival crevicular fluid PGE2, IL-1beta, t-PA, PAI-2 levels in type 2 diabetes and relationship with periodontal disease. Clinical Biochemistry 41, 863-868.
74. Kardesler, L., Buduneli, N., Cetinkalp, S., &, Kinane, D. F., (2010b) Adipokines and inflammatory mediators after initial periodontal treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 81, 24-33.
75. Kardesler, L., Buduneli, N., Cetinkalp, S., Lappin, D., &, Kinane, D. F., (2011) Gingival crevicular fluid IL-6, tPA, PAI-2, albumin levels following initial periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Inflammation Research 60, 143-151.
76. Karima, M., Kantarci, A., Ohira, T., Hasturk, H., Jones, V. L., Nam, B. H., Malabanan, A., Trackman, P. C., Badwey, J. A., &, Van Dyke, T. E., (2005) Enhanced superoxide release and elevated protein kinase C activity in neutrophils from diabetic patients: association with periodontitis. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 78, 862-870.
77. Katz, J., Bhattacharyya, I., Farkhondeh-Kish, F., Perez, F. M., Caudle, R. M., &, Heft, M. W., (2005) Expression of the receptor of advanced glycation end products in gingival tissues of type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontal disease: a study utilizing immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 40-44.
78. Kido, J., Bando, M., Hiroshima, Y., Iwasaka, H., Yamada, K., Ohgami, N., Nambu, T., Kataoka, M., Yamamoto, T., Shinohara, Y., Sagawa, I., &, Nagata, T., (2012) Analysis of proteins in human gingival crevicular fluid by mass spectrometry. Journal of Periodontal Research 47, 488-499.
79. Kim, J. B., Jung, M. H., Cho, J. Y., Park, J. W., Suh, J. Y., &, Lee, J. M., (2011) The influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the expression of inflammatory mediators and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 in human chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science 41, 109-116.
80. King, G. L., (2008) The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications. Journal of Periodontology 79, 1527-1534.
81. Kolb, H., &, Mandrup-Poulsen, T., (2010) The global diabetes epidemic as a consequence of lifestyle-induced low-grade inflammation. Diabetologia 53, 10-20.
82. Kurtis, B., Develioglu, H., Taner, I. L., Balos, K., &, Tekin, I. O., (1999) IL-6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), adult periodontitis and healthy subjects. Journal of Oral Science 41, 163-167.
83. Lalla, E., Kaplan, S., Chang, S. M., Roth, G. A., Celenti, R., Hinckley, K., Greenberg, E., &, Papapanou, P. N., (2006) Periodontal infection profiles in type 1 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 33, 855-862.
84. Lalla, E., Lamster, I. B., Drury, S., Fu, C., &, Schmidt, A. M., (2000a) Hyperglycemia, glycoxidation and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts: potential mechanisms underlying diabetic complications, including diabetes-associated periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 23, 50-62.
85. Lalla, E., Lamster, I. B., Feit, M., Huang, L., &, Schmidt, A. M., (1998a) A murine model of accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes. Journal of Periodontal Research 33, 387-399.
86. Lalla, E., Lamster, I. B., Feit, M., Huang, L., Spessot, A., Qu, W., Kislinger, T., Lu, Y., Stern, D. M., &, Schmidt, A. M., (2000b) Blockade of RAGE suppresses periodontitis-associated bone loss in diabetic mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation 105, 1117-1124.
87. Lalla, E., Lamster, I. B., &, Schmidt, A. M., (1998b) Enhanced interaction of advanced glycation end products with their cellular receptor RAGE: implications for the pathogenesis of accelerated periodontal disease in diabetes. Annals of Periodontology 3, 13-19.
88. Lalla, E., &, Papapanou, P. N., (2011) Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: a tale of two common interrelated diseases. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7, 738-748.
89. Lappin, D. F., Eapen, B., Robertson, D., Young, J., &, Hodge, P. J., (2009) Markers of bone destruction and formation and periodontitis in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 634-641.
90. Larsen, C. M., Faulenbach, M., Vaag, A., Ehses, J. A., Donath, M. Y., &, Mandrup-Poulsen, T., (2009) Sustained effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist treatment in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32, 1663-1668.
91. Liu, R., Bal, H. S., Desta, T., Behl, Y., &, Graves, D. T., (2006a) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates diabetes-enhanced apoptosis of matrix-producing cells and impairs diabetic healing. American Journal of Pathology 168, 757-764.
92. Liu, R., Bal, H. S., Desta, T., Krothapalli, N., Alyassi, M., Luan, Q., &, Graves, D. T., (2006b) Diabetes enhances periodontal bone loss through enhanced resorption and diminished bone formation. Journal of Dental Research 85, 510-514.
93. Liu, R., Desta, T., He, H., &, Graves, D. T., (2004) Diabetes alters the response to bacteria by enhancing fibroblast apoptosis. Endocrinology 145, 2997-3003.
94. Mahamed, D. A., Marleau, A., Alnaeeli, M., Singh, B., Zhang, X., Penninger, J. M., &, Teng, Y. T., (2005) G(-) anaerobes-reactive CD4 + T-cells trigger RANKL-mediated enhanced alveolar bone loss in diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes 54, 1477-1486.
95. Makiura, N., Ojima, M., Kou, Y., Furuta, N., Okahashi, N., Shizukuishi, S., &, Amano, A., (2008) Relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis with glycemic level in patients with type 2 diabetes following periodontal treatment. Oral Microbiology and Immunol 23, 348-351.
96. Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Pickersgill, L., &, Donath, M. Y., (2010) Blockade of interleukin 1 in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6, 158-166.
97. Manouchehr-Pour, M., Spagnuolo, P. J., Rodman, H. M., &, Bissada, N. F., (1981a) Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in diabetic patients with severe periodontitis. Journal of Dental Research 60, 729-730.
98. Manouchehr-Pour, M., Spagnuolo, P. J., Rodman, H. M., &, Bissada, N. F., (1981b) Comparison of neutrophil chemotactic response in diabetic patients with mild and severe periodontal disease. Journal of Periodontology 52, 410-415.
99. Martinon, F., (2010) Signaling by ROS drives inflammasome activation. European Journal of Immunology 40, 616-619.
100. Matsumoto, S., Ogawa, H., Soda, S., Hirayama, S., Amarasena, N., Aizawa, Y., &, Miyazaki, H., (2009) Effect of antimicrobial periodontal treatment and maintenance on serum adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 142-148.
101. Mealey, B. L., &, Oates, T. W., (2006) Diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1289-1303.
102. Naguib, G., Al-Mashat, H., Desta, T., &, Graves, D. T., (2004) Diabetes prolongs the inflammatory response to a bacterial stimulus through cytokine dysregulation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 123, 87-92.
103. Nassar, H., Kantarci, A., &, van Dyke, T. E., (2007) Diabetic periodontitis: a model for activated innate immunity and impaired resolution of inflammation. Periodontology 2000 43, 233-244.
104. Navarro-Sanchez, A. B., Faria-Almeida, R., &, Bascones-Martinez, A., (2007) Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on clinical and immunological response and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34, 835-843.
105. Nishihara, R., Sugano, N., Takano, M., Shimada, T., Tanaka, H., Oka, S., &, Ito, K., (2009) The effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on cytokine levels in type 2 diabetic mice. Journal of Periodontal Research 44, 305-310.
106. Novaes, A. B. Jr, Gonzalez Gutierrez, F., Grisi, M. F., &, Novaes, A. B., (1997) Periodontal disease progression in type II non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients (NIDDM). Part II-Microbiological analysis using the BANA test. Brazilian Dental Journal 8, 27-33.
107. O'Connell, P. A., Taba, M., Nomizo, A., Foss Freitas, M. C., Suaid, F. A., Uyemura, S. A., Trevisan, G. L., Novaes, A. B., Souza, S. L., Palioto, D. B., &, Grisi, M. F., (2008) Effects of periodontal therapy on glycemic control and inflammatory markers. Journal of Periodontology 79, 774-783.
108. Pacios, S., Kang, J., Galicia, J., Gluck, K., Patel, H., Ovaydi-Mandel, A., Petrov, S., Alawi, F., &, Graves, D. T., (2012) Diabetes aggravates periodontitis by limiting repair through enhanced inflammation. FASEB Journal 26, 1423-1430.
109. Paraskevas, S., Huizinga, J. D., &, Loos, B. G., (2008) A systematic review and meta-analyses on C-reactive protein in relation to periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 277-290.
110. Passoja, A., Knuuttila, M., Hiltunen, L., Karttunen, R., Niemela, O., Raunio, T., Vainio, O., Hedberg, P., &, Tervonen, T., (2011) Serum interleukin-6 may modulate periodontal inflammation in type 1 diabetic subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 687-693.
111. Pickup, J. C., &, Crook, M. A., (1998) Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 41, 1241-1248.
112. Pinducciu, G., Micheletti, L., Piras, V., Songini, C., Serra, C., Pompei, R., &, Pintus, L., (1996) Periodontal disease, oral microbial flora and salivary antibacterial factors in diabetes mellitus type 1 patients. European Journal of Epidemiology 12, 631-636.
113. Pischon, N., Heng, N., Bernimoulin, J. P., Kleber, B. M., Willich, S. N., &, Pischon, T., (2007) Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease. Journal of Dental Research 86, 400-409.
114. Pradeep, A. R., Raghavendra, N. M., Sharma, A., Patel, S. P., Raju, A., Kathariya, R., Rao, N. S., &, Naik, S. B., (2012) Association of serum and crevicular visfatin levels in periodontal health and disease with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 83, 629-634.
115. Preshaw, P. M., Alba, A. L., Herrera, D., Jepsen, S., Konstantinidis, A., Makrilakis, K., &, Taylor, R., (2012) Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship. Diabetologia 55, 21-31.
116. Preshaw, P. M., Foster, N., &, Taylor, J. J., (2007) Cross-susceptibility between periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an immunobiological perspective. Periodontology 2000 45, 138-157.
117. Preshaw, P. M., &, Taylor, J. J., (2011) How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38 (Suppl 11), 60-84.
118. Ramamurthy, N. S., &, Golub, L. M., (1983) Diabetes increases collagenase activity in extracts of rat gingiva and skin. Journal of Periodontal Research 18, 23-30.
119. Ramamurthy, N. S., Siegel, M., Iacono, V. J., &, Golub, L. M., (1979) Leucocyte response in the gingival crevice of the diabetic rat. Journal of Periodontal Research 14, 289-296.
120. Rojo-Botello, N. R., Garcia-Hernandez, A. L., &, Moreno-Fierros, L., (2012) Expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 is increased in gingival tissue from patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontal Research 47, 62-73.
121. Ross, J. H., Hardy, D. C., Schuyler, C. A., Slate, E. H., Mize, T. W., &, Huang, Y., (2010) Expression of periodontal interleukin-6 protein is increased across patients with neither periodontal disease nor diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases. Journal of Periodontal Research 45, 688-694.
122. Rotter, V., Nagaev, I., &, Smith, U., (2003) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is, like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resistant subjects. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 45777-45784.
123. Safkan-Seppala, B., Sorsa, T., Tervahartiala, T., Beklen, A., &, Konttinen, Y. T., (2006) Collagenases in gingival crevicular fluid in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 77, 189-194.
124. Sakallioglu, E. E., Ayas, B., Lutfioglu, M., Keles, G. C., Acikgoz, G., &, Firatli, E., (2008) Gingival levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: an experimental study in rats. Clinical Oral Investigations 12, 83-89.
125. Salvi, G. E., Collins, J. G., Yalda, B., Arnold, R. R., Lang, N. P., &, Offenbacher, S., (1997a) Monocytic TNF alpha secretion patterns in IDDM patients with periodontal diseases. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 24, 8-16.
126. Salvi, G. E., Franco, L. M., Braun, T. M., Lee, A., Rutger Persson, G., Lang, N. P., &, Giannobile, W. V., (2010) Pro-inflammatory biomarkers during experimental gingivitis in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 9-16.
127. Salvi, G. E., Kandylaki, M., Troendle, A., Persson, G. R., &, Lang, N. P., (2005) Experimental gingivitis in type 1 diabetics: a controlled clinical and microbiological study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 310-316.
128. Salvi, G. E., Lawrence, H. P., Offenbacher, S., &, Beck, J. D., (1997b) Influence of risk factors on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, 14, 173-201.
129. Salvi, G. E., Yalda, B., Collins, J. G., Jones, B. H., Smith, F. W., Arnold, R. R., &, Offenbacher, S., (1997c) Inflammatory mediator response as a potential risk marker for periodontal diseases in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Periodontology 68, 127-135.
130. Sanchez-Cordero, S., Hoffman, H., &, Stahl, S. S., (1979) Occurrence of staphylococcus in periodontal pockets of diabetic and nondiabetic adults. Journal of Periodontology 50, 109-113.
131. Santacroce, L., Carlaio, R. G., &, Bottalico, L., (2010) Does it make sense that diabetes is reciprocally associated with periodontal disease? Endocrine Metabolic and Immune Disorders-Drug Targets 10, 57-70.
132. Santana, R. B., Xu, L., Chase, H. B., Amar, S., Graves, D. T., &, Trackman, P. C., (2003) A role for advanced glycation end products in diminished bone healing in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 52, 150, 2-1510.
133. Santos, V. R., Lima, J. A., Goncalves, T. E., Bastos, M. F., Figueiredo, L. C., Shibli, J. A., &, Duarte, P. M., (2010a) Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in sites of chronic periodontitis of subjects with poorly and well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 81, 1455-1465.
134. Santos, V. R., Ribeiro, F. V., Lima, J. A., Napimoga, M. H., Bastos, M. F., &, Duarte, P. M., (2010b) Cytokine levels in sites of chronic periodontitis of poorly controlled and well-controlled type 2 diabetic subjects. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 1049-1058.
135. Saremi, A., Nelson, R. G., Tulloch-Reid, M., Hanson, R. L., Sievers, M. L., Taylor, G. W., Shlossman, M., Bennett, P. H., Genco, R., &, Knowler, W. C., (2005) Periodontal disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28, 27-32.
136. Sasaki, T., Ramamurthy, N. S., Yu, Z., &, Golub, L. M., (1992) Tetracycline administration increases protein (presumably procollagen) synthesis and secretion in periodontal ligament fibroblasts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Periodontal Research 27, 631-639.
137. Sastrowijoto, S. H., Hillemans, P., van Steenbergen, T. J., Abraham-Inpijn, L., &, de Graaff, J., (1989) Periodontal condition and microbiology of healthy and diseased periodontal pockets in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 16, 316-322.
138. Sastrowijoto, S. H., van der Velden, U., van Steenbergen, T. J., Hillemans, P., Hart, A. A., de Graaff, J., &, Abraham-Inpijn, L., (1990) Improved metabolic control, clinical periodontal status and subgingival microbiology in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 17, 233-242.
139. Sbordone, L., Ramaglia, L., Barone, A., Ciaglia, R. N., &, Iacono, V. J., (1998) Periodontal status and subgingival microbiota of insulin-dependent juvenile diabetics: a 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Periodontology 69, 120-128.
140. Sbordone, L., Ramaglia, L., Barone, A., Ciaglia, R. N., Tenore, A., &, Iacono, V. J., (1995) Periodontal status and selected cultivable anaerobic microflora of insulin-dependent juvenile diabetics. Journal of Periodontology 66, 452-461.
141. Schmidt, A. M., Vianna, M., Gerlach, M., Brett, J., Ryan, J., Kao, J., Esposito, C., Hegarty, H., Hurley, W., Clauss, M., Wang, F., Pan, Y-C. E., Tsang, T. C., &, Stern, D., (1992) Isolation and characterization of two binding proteins for advanced glycosylation end products from bovine lung which are present on the endothelial cell surface. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 14987-14997.
142. Schmidt, A. M., Weidman, E., Lalla, E., Yan, S. D., Hori, O., Cao, R., Brett, J. G., &, Lamster, I. B., (1996) Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) induce oxidant stress in the gingiva: a potential mechanism underlying accelerated periodontal disease associated with diabetes. Journal of Periodontal Research 31, 508-515.
143. Shin, D. S., Park, J. W., Suh, J. Y., &, Lee, J. M., (2010) The expressions of inflammatory factors and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human chronic periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science 40, 33-38.
144. Shultis, W. A., Weil, E. J., Looker, H. C., Curtis, J. M., Shlossman, M., Genco, R. J., Knowler, W. C., &, Nelson, R. G., (2007) Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30, 306-311.
145. Silva, J. A., Ferrucci, D. L., Peroni, L. A., Abrahao, P. G., Salamene, A. F., Rossa-Junior, C., Carvalho, H. F., &, Stach-Machado, D. R., (2012a) Sequential IL-23 and IL-17 and increased Mmp8 and Mmp14 expression characterize the progression of an experimental model of periodontal disease in type 1 diabetes. Journal of Cellular Physiology 227, 2441-2450.
146. Silva, J. A., Lopes Ferrucci, D., Peroni, L. A., de Paula Ishi, E., Rossa-Junior, C., Carvalho, H. F., &, Stach-Machado, D. R., (2012b) Periodontal Disease-Associated Compensatory Expression of Osteoprotegerin Is Lost in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Correlates with Alveolar Bone Destruction by Regulating Osteoclastogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 196, 137-150.
147. Sima, C., Rhourida, K., Van Dyke, T. E., &, Gyurko, R., (2010) Type 1 diabetes predisposes to enhanced gingival leukocyte margination and macromolecule extravasation in vivo. Journal of Periodontal Research 45, 748-756.
148. Simpson, T. C., Needleman, I., Wild, S. H., Moles, D. R., &, Mills, E. J., (2010) Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 5. Art no. CD004714. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD004714.pub2.
149. Siqueira, M. F., Li, J., Chehab, L., Desta, T., Chino, T., Krothpali, N., Behl, Y., Alikhani, M., Yang, J., Braasch, C., &, Graves, D. T., (2010) Impaired wound healing in mouse models of diabetes is mediated by TNF-alpha dysregulation and associated with enhanced activation of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Diabetologia, 53, 378-388.
150. Soskolne, W. A., &, Klinger, A., (2001) The relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes: an overview. Annal of Periodontology 6, 91-98.
151. Sun, W. L., Chen, L. L., Zhang, S. Z., Wu, Y. M., Ren, Y. Z., &, Qin, G. M., (2011) Inflammatory cytokines, adiponectin, insulin resistance and metabolic control after periodontal intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. Internal Medicine 50, 1569-1574.
152. Sugano, N., Ikeda, K., Oshikawa, M., Sawamoto, Y., Tanaka, H., &, Ito, K., (2004) Differential cytokine induction by two types of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 19, 121-123.
153. Surdacka, A., Ciezka, E., Piorunska-Stolzmann, M., Wender-Ozegowska, E., Korybalska, K., Kawka, E., Kaczmarek, E., &, Witowski, J., (2011) Relation of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinical parameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetes. Archives of Oral Biology 56, 428-436.
154. Takano, M., Nishihara, R., Sugano, N., Matsumoto, K., Yamada, Y., Takane, M., Fujisaki, Y., &, Ito, K., (2010) The effect of systemic anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment on Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in type 2 diabetic mice. Archives of Oral Biology 55, 79-384.
155. Takeda, M., Ojima, M., Yoshioka, H., Inaba, H., Kogo, M., Shizukuishi, S., Nomura, M., &, Amano, A., (2006) Relationship of serum advanced glycation end products with deterioration of periodontitis in type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of Periodontology 77, 15-20.
156. Talbert, J., Elter, J., Jared, H. L., Offenbacher, S., Southerland, J., &, Wilder, R. S., (2006) The effect of periodontal therapy on TNF-alpha, IL-6 and metabolic control in type 2 diabetics. Journal of Dental Hygeine 80, 7.
157. Taylor, G. W., Burt, B. A., Becker, M. P., Genco, R. J., Shlossman, M., Knowler, W. C., &, Pettitt, D. J., (1996) Severe periodontitis and risk for poor glycemic control in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 67, 1085-1093.
158. Tervonen, T., Oliver, R. C., Wolff, L. F., Bereuter, J., Anderson, L., &, Aeppli, D. M., (1994) Prevalence of periodontal pathogens with varying metabolic control of diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 21, 375-379.
159. Thorstensson, H., Dahlen, G., &, Hugoson, A., (1995) Some suspected periodontopathogens and serum antibody response in adult long-duration insulin-dependent diabetics. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 22, 449-458.
160. Unlu, F., Guneri, P. G., Hekimgil, M., Yesilbek, B., &, Boyacioglu, H., (2003) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human periodontal tissues: comparison of healthy and diabetic patients. Journal of Periodontology 74, 181-187.
161. Veloso, C. A., Fernandes, J. S., Volpe, C. M., Fagundes-Netto, F. S., Reis, J. S., Chaves, M. M., &, Nogueira-Machado, J. A., (2011) TLR4 and RAGE: similar routes leading to inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes and Metabolism 37, 336-342.
162. Venza, I., Visalli, M., Cucinotta, M., De Grazia, G., Teti, D., &, Venza, M., (2010) Proinflammatory gene expression at chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis sites in patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Journal of Periodontology 81, 99-108.
163. Vieira Ribeiro, F., de Mendonca, A. C., Santos, V. R., Bastos, M. F., Figueiredo, L. C., &, Duarte, P. M., (2011) Cytokines and bone-related factors in systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis and patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology 82, 1187-1196.
164. Watanabe, K., Petro, B. J., Shlimon, A. E., &, Unterman, T. G., (2008) Effect of periodontitis on insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Journal of Periodontology 79, 1208-1216.
165. Yalda, B., Offenbacher, S., &, Collins, J. G., (1994) Diabetes as a modifier of periodontal disease expression. Periodontology 2000 6, 37-49.
166. Yan, S. F., Ramasamy, R., &, Schmidt, A. M., (2009) Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and its ligands-cast into leading roles in diabetes and the inflammatory response. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berl) 87, 235-247.
167. Yoon, M. S., Jankowski, V., Montag, S., Zidek, W., Henning, L., Schluter, H., Tepel, M., &, Jankowski, J., (2004) Characterisation of advanced glycation endproducts in saliva from patients with diabetes mellitus. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 323, 377-381.
168. Yoshida, T., Flegler, A., Kozlov, A., &, Stern, P. H., (2009) Direct inhibitory and indirect stimulatory effects of RAGE ligand S100 on sRANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 107, 917-925.
169. Yu, S., Li, H., Ma, Y., &, Fu, Y., (2012) Matrix metalloproteinase-1 of gingival fibroblasts influenced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their association with receptor for AGEs and nuclear factor-kappaB in gingival connective tissue. Journal of Periodontology 83, 119-126.
170. Yuan, K., Chang, C. J., Hsu, P. C., Sun, H. S., Tseng, C. C., &, Wang, J. R., (2001) Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-diabetes mellitus by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Periodontal Research 36, 18-24.
171. Zambon, J. J., Reynolds, H., Fisher, J. G., Shlossman, M., Dunford, R., &, Genco, R. J., (1988) Microbiological and immunological studies of adult periodontitis in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Periodontology 59, 23-31.
172. Zarco, M. F., Vess, T. J., &, Ginsburg, G. S., (2012) The oral microbiome in health and disease and the potential impact on personalized dental medicine. Oral Diseases 18, 109-120.