The production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in palmitate-stimulated pbmncs is enhanced through hyperglycemia in diabetes

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Volpe, Caroline Maria Oliveira ^a   Abreu, Luana Farnese Machado ^a   Gomes, Pollyanna Stephanie ^a   Gonzaga, Raquel Miranda ^a   Veloso, Clara Araújo ^b   Nogueira Machado, José Augusto ^a  

^a Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte   (Brazil)

^b CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO DE BELO HORIZONTE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE; PHYSIOLOGY;

DELETERIOUS EFFECTS; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INFLAMMATORY PROCESS; INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEMS; SIGNALING PATHWAYS; SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL; TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS;

PALMITIC ACID;

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 6; MALONALDEHYDE; NITRIC OXIDE; PALMITIC ACID; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; PALMITIC ACID DERIVATIVE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD CELL; CELL STIMULATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DIABETIC PATIENT; DISEASE EXACERBATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IN VITRO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MALE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; SUPERNATANT; ANALYSIS; BLOOD; CELL CULTURE; CYTOLOGY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG EFFECTS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; MONONUCLEAR CELL; PATHOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

AGED; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CELLS, CULTURED; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INTERLEUKIN-6; LEUKOCYTES, MONONUCLEAR; MALE; MALONDIALDEHYDE; MIDDLE AGED; NITRIC OXIDE; PALMITATES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRIGLYCERIDES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84900313009     PISSN: 19420900     EISSN: 19420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/479587     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Bergman R. N., Ader M., Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 11 9 351 356 2-s2.0-0033779714 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00323-4
2. Boden G., Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 1997 46 1 3 10 2-s2.0-0031014830 (Pubitemid 27009941)
3. Stich V., Berlan M., Physiological regulation of NEFA availability: lipolysis pathway. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2004 63 2 369 374 2-s2.0-2942733630 10.1079/PNS2004350 (Pubitemid 38787492)
4. Tsimikas S., Reaven P. D., The role of dietary fatty acids in lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Lipidology 1998 9 4 301 307 2-s2.0-0031716862 10.1097/00041433-199808000-00003 (Pubitemid 28403348)
5. Reaven G. M., Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988 37 12 1595 1607 2-s2.0-0024160877 (Pubitemid 19004941)
6. Ulven T., Short-chain free fatty acid receptors FFA2/GPR43 and FFA3/GPR41 as new potential therapeutic targets. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2012 3 111
7. Vinolo M. A. R., Hirabara S. M., Curi R., G-protein-coupled receptors as fat sensors. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2012 15 2 112 116 2-s2.0-84857041125 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834f4598
8. Bunn R. C., Cockrell G. E., Ou Y., Thrailkill K. M., Lumpkin C. K. Jr., Fowlkes J. L., Palmitate and insulin synergistically induce IL-6 expression in human monocytes. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2010 9, article no. 73 2-s2.0-78049408569 10.1186/1475-2840-9-73
9. Egan B. M., Lu G., Greene E. L., Vascular effects of non-esterified fatty acids: implications for the cardiovascular risk factor cluster. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1999 60 5-6 411 420 2-s2.0-0032772463 10.1016/S0952-3278(99)80022-2 (Pubitemid 29401802)
10. Hennig B., Shasby D. M., Spector A. A., Exposure to fatty acid increases human low density lipoprotein transfer across cultured endothelial monolayers. Circulation Research 1985 57 5 776 780 2-s2.0-0022379155 (Pubitemid 16200687)
11. Horrobin D. F., Abnormal membrane concentrations of 20 and 22-carbon essential fatty acids: a common link between risk factors and coronary and peripheral vascular disease? Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 1995 53 6 385 396 2-s2.0-0029591235 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90101-9 (Pubitemid 26040443)
12. Shulman G. I., Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000 106 2 171 176 2-s2.0-0033927667 (Pubitemid 30483118)
13. Giugliano D., Ceriello A., Paolisso G., Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care 1996 19 3 257 267 2-s2.0-0030048496 (Pubitemid 26070354)
14. Hatanaka E., Levada-Pires A. C., Pithon-Curi T. C., Curi R., Systematic study on ROS production induced by oleic, linoleic, and γ -linolenic acids in human and rat neutrophils. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2006 41 7 1124 1132 2-s2.0-33748425456 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.014 (Pubitemid 44339600)
15. Wenzel U., Nickel A., Daniel H., Increased mitochondrial palmitoylcarnitine/carnitine countertransport by flavone causes oxidative stress and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2005 62 24 3100 3105 2-s2.0-29344440842 10.1007/s00018-005-5378-7 (Pubitemid 43004758)
16. Dhaunsi G. S., Kaur J., Alsaeid K., Turner R. B., Bitar M. S., Very long chain fatty acids activate NADPH oxidase in human dermal fibroblasts. Cell Biochemistry and Function 2005 23 1 65 68 2-s2.0-11244256702 10.1002/cbf.1173 (Pubitemid 40065176)
17. Horani M. H., Haas M. J., Mooradian A. D., Saturated, unsaturated, and trans-fatty acids modulate oxidative burst induced by high dextrose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrition 2006 22 2 123 127 2-s2.0-31944436049 10.1016/j.nut.2005.05.012 (Pubitemid 43188801)
18. Duval C., Cámara Y., Hondares E., Sibille B., Villarroya F., Overexpression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3 does not decrease production of the reactive oxygen species, elevated by palmitate in skeletal muscle cells. FEBS Letters 2007 581 5 955 961 2-s2.0-33847217642 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.085
19. Srivastava S., Chan C., Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals mediate palmitate-induced cytotoxicity to hepatoma cells: relation to mitochondrial permeability transition. Free Radical Research 2007 41 1 38 49 2-s2.0-33845399346 10.1080/10715760600943900 (Pubitemid 44896873)
20. Rachek L. I., Musiyenko S. I., LeDoux S. P., Wilson G. L., Palmitate induced mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid damage and apoptosis in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2007 148 1 293 299 2-s2.0-33845895308 10.1210/en.2006-0998 (Pubitemid 46021461)
21. Dasu M. R., Jialal I., Free fatty acids in the presence of high glucose amplify monocyte inflammation via Toll-like receptors. American Journal of Physiology 2011 300 1 E145 E154 2-s2.0-78650773537 10.1152/ajpendo.00490.2010
22. Lambertucci R. H., Hirabara S. M., Silveira L. D. R., Levada-Pires A. C., Curi R., Pithon-Curi T. C., Palmitate increases superoxide production through mitochondrial electron transport chain and NADPH oxidase activity in skeletal muscle cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2008 216 3 796 804 2-s2.0-48749100078 10.1002/jcp.21463
23. Darley-Usmar V., Wiseman H., Halliwell B., Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals: a question of balance. FEBS Letters 1995 369 2-3 131 135 2-s2.0-0029144638 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00764-Z
24. McGrowder D., Ragoobirsingh D., Brown P., Acute effects of exogenous nitric oxide on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of normoglycaemic and diabetic rats. Medical Science Monitor 2006 12 1 BR28 BR35 2-s2.0-30944449454 (Pubitemid 43116650)
25. Jackson M. J., Pye D., Palomero J., The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 2007 102 4 1664 1670 2-s2.0-34147142547 10.1152/japplphysiol.01102.2006 (Pubitemid 46571066)
26. Pattwell D. M., McArdle A., Morgan J. E., Patridge T. A., Jackson M. J., Release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species from contracting skeletal muscle cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2004 37 1064 1072 10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2004.06.026 (Pubitemid 39172132)
27. Kim J. K., Fat uses a TOLL-road to connect inflammation and diabetes. Cell Metabolism 2006 4 6 417 419 2-s2.0-33751436631 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.11.008 (Pubitemid 44817355)
28. Martins de Lima T., Gorjão R., Hatanaka E., Cury-Boaventura M. F., Portioli Silva E. P., Procopio J., Curi R., Mechanisms by which fatty acids regulate leucocyte function. Clinical Science 2007 113 1-2 65 77 2-s2.0-34447539883 10.1042/CS20070006 (Pubitemid 47066026)
29. Shi H., Kokoeva M. V., Inouye K., Tzameli I., Yin H., Flier J. S., TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 11 3015 3025 2-s2.0-33750584214 10.1172/JCI28898 (Pubitemid 44684486)
30. Stoddart L. A., Smith N. J., Milligan G., International union of pharmacology. LXXI. Free fatty acid receptors FFA1, -2, and -3: pharmacology and pathophysiological functions. Pharmacological Reviews 2008 60 4 405 417 2-s2.0-58149095589 10.1124/pr.108.00802
31. Kolb H., Mandrup-Poulsen T., An immune origin of type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia 2005 48 6 1038 1050 2-s2.0-21344460247 10.1007/s00125-005-1764-9 (Pubitemid 40909636)
32. Tripathy D., Mohanty P., Dhindsa S., Syed T., Ghanim H., Aliada A., Dandona P., Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects. Diabetes 2003 52 12 2882 2887 2-s2.0-0345275811 10.2337/diabetes.52.12.2882 (Pubitemid 37466856)
33. Azekoshi Y., Yasu T., Watanabe S., Tagawa T., Abe S., Yamakawa K., Uehara Y., Momomura S., Urata H., Ueda S., Free fatty acid causes leukocyte activation and resultant endothelial dysfunction through enhanced angiotensin II production in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. Hypertension 2010 56 1 136 142 2-s2.0-77953806919 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153056
34. Morohoshi M., Fujisawa K., Uchimura I., Numano F., Glucose-dependent interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor production by human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Diabetes 1996 45 3 954 959 2-s2.0-0030001064 (Pubitemid 26225513)
35. Dasu M. R., Devaraj S., Zhao L., Hwang D. H., Jialal I., High glucose induces toll-like receptor expression in human monocytes mechanism of activation. Diabetes 2008 57 11 3090 3098 2-s2.0-58149333718 10.2337/db08-0564
36. Inoguchi T., Li P., Umeda F., Yu H. Y., Kakimoto M., Imamura M., Aoki T., Etoh T., Hashimoto T., Naruse M., Sano H., Utsumi H., Nawata H., High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes 2000 49 11 1939 1945 2-s2.0-0033765672
37. Håversen L., Danielsson K. N., Fogelstrand L., Wiklund O., Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by long-chain saturated fatty acids in human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2009 202 2 382 393 2-s2.0-58549105701 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.033
38. Morigi M., Angioletti S., Imberti B., Donadelli R., Micheletti G., Figliuzzi M., Remuzzi A., Zoja C., Remuzzi G., Leukocyte-endothelial interaction is augmented by high glucose concentrations and hyperglycemia in a NF-kB-dependent fashion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1998 101 9 1905 1915 2-s2.0-0032080628 (Pubitemid 28226110)
39. Guha M., Bai W., Nadler J. L., Natarajan R., Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor α gene expression in monocytic cells via hyperglycemia-induced oxidant stress-dependent and -independent pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000 275 23 17728 17739 2-s2.0-0034625372 10.1074/jbc.275.23.17728 (Pubitemid 30430822)
40. Laine P. S., Schwartz E. A., Wang Y., Zhang W.-Y., Karnik S. K., Musi N., Reaven P. D., Palmitic acid induces IP-10 expression in human macrophages via NF- B activation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007 358 1 150 155 2-s2.0-34248204347 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.092 (Pubitemid 46719095)
41. Lee J. Y., Ye J., Gao Z., Youn H. S., Lee W. H., Zhao L., Sizemore N., Hwang D. H., Reciprocal modulation of toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathways involving MyD88 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT by saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003 278 39 37041 37051 2-s2.0-0141844653 10.1074/jbc.M305213200 (Pubitemid 37175218)
42. Maloney E., Sweet I. R., Hockenbery D. M., Pham M., Rizzo N. O., Tateya S., Handa P., Schwartz M. W., Kim F., Activation of NF- B by palmitate in endothelial cells: a key role for NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in response to TLR4 activation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2009 29 9 1370 1375 2-s2.0-69849111863 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.188813
43. Covington D. K., Briscoe C. A., Brown A. J., Jayawickreme C. K., The G-protein-coupled receptor 40 family (GPR40-GPR43) and its role in nutrient sensing. Biochemical Society Transactions 2006 34 5 770 773 2-s2.0-33751287664 10.1042/BST0340770 (Pubitemid 44796417)
44. Grundy S. M., Denke M. A., Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Journal of Lipid Research 1990 31 7 1149 1172 2-s2.0-0025280487 (Pubitemid 20224714)
45. Richieri G. V., Kleinfeld A. M., Unbound free fatty acid levels in human serum. Journal of Lipid Research 1995 36 2 229 240 2-s2.0-0028821009
46. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010 33 supplement 1 S62 S69
47. Cousin S. P., Hügl S. R., Wrede C. E., Kajio H., Myers M. G. Jr., Rhodes C. J., Free fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose and insulin-like growth factor I-induced deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the pancreatic β -cell line INS-1. Endocrinology 2001 142 1 229 240 2-s2.0-0035111325 10.1210/en.142.1.229 (Pubitemid 32183685)
48. Bicalho H. M. S., Gontijo C. M., Nogueira-Machado J. A., A simple technique for simultaneous human leukocytes separation. Journal of Immunological Methods 1981 40 1 115 116 2-s2.0-0019500909 10.1016/0022-1759(81)90087-9 (Pubitemid 11163280)
49. Creager M. A., Lüscher T. F., Cosentino F., Beckman J. A., Diabetes and vascular disease. Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: part I. Circulation 2003 108 12 1527 1532 2-s2.0-0141615827 10.1161/01.CIR.0000091257.27563.32 (Pubitemid 37176462)
50. Lamharzi N., Renard C. B., Kramer F., Pennathur S., Heinecke J. W., Chait A., Bornfeldt K. E., Hyperlipidemia in concert with hyperglycemia stimulates the proliferation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions: potential role of glucose-oxidized LDL. Diabetes 2004 53 12 3217 3225 2-s2.0-9444291834 10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3217 (Pubitemid 39564498)
51. Okuyama R., Fujiwara T., Ohsumi J., High glucose potentiates palmitate-induced NO-mediated cytotoxicity through generation of superoxide in clonal β -cell HIT-T15. FEBS Letters 2003 545 2-3 219 223 2-s2.0-0038201931 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00534-9 (Pubitemid 36694705)
52. Boden G., She P., Mozzoli M., Cheung P., Gumireddy K., Reddy P., Xiang X., Luo Z., Ruderman N., Free fatty acids produce insulin resistance and activate the proinflammatory nuclear factor- b pathway in rat liver. Diabetes 2005 54 12 3458 3465 2-s2.0-29044447292 10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3458 (Pubitemid 43334336)
53. Gao Z., Zhang X., Zuberi A., Hwang D., Quon M. J., Lefevre M., Ye J., Inhibition of insulin sensitivity by free fatty acids requires activation of multiple serine kinases in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Molecular Endocrinology 2004 18 8 2024 2034 2-s2.0-3442895916 10.1210/me.2003-0383 (Pubitemid 39006506)
54. Jové M., Planavila A., Sánchez R. M., Merlos M., Laguna J. C., Vázquez-Carrera M., Palmitate induces tumor necrosis factor- α expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells by a mechanism involving protein kinase C and nuclear factor- B activation. Endocrinology 2006 147 1 552 561 2-s2.0-29344471474 10.1210/en.2005-0440 (Pubitemid 43004310)
55. Takahashi H. K., Cambiaghi T. D., Luchessi A. D., Hirabara S. M., Vinolo M. A. R., Newsholme P., Curi R., Activation of survival and apoptotic signaling pathways in lymphocytes exposed to palmitic acid. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2012 227 1 339 350 2-s2.0-80054951241 10.1002/jcp.22740
56. Sena C. M., Pereira A. M., Seica R., Endothelial dysfunction-a major mediator of diabetic vascular disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2013 1832 2216 2231
57. Suganami T., Tanimoto-Koyama K., Nishida J., Itoh M., Yuan X., Mizuarai S., Kotani H., Yamaoka S., Miyake K., Aoe S., Kamei Y., Ogawa Y., Role of the Toll-like receptor 4/NF- B pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2007 27 1 84 91 2-s2.0-33846323706 10.1161/01.ATV.0000251608.09329.9a (Pubitemid 46370478)
58. Baldwin A. S. Jr., The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annual Review of Immunology 1996 14 649 683 (Pubitemid 26130197)
59. Wellen K. E., Hotamisligil G. S., Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 5 1111 1119 2-s2.0-18244370762 10.1172/JCI200525102 (Pubitemid 40629025)
60. Pahl H. L., Activators and target genes of Rel/NF- B transcription factors. Oncogene 1999 18 49 6853 6866 2-s2.0-0033596121
61. Kubes P., Polymorphonuclear leukocyte-endothelium interactions: a role for pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1993 71 1 88 97 2-s2.0-0027198686 (Pubitemid 23172129)
62. MacMicking J., Xie Q.-W., Nathan C., Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annual Review of Immunology 1997 15 323 350 2-s2.0-0030937832 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323 (Pubitemid 27169284)
63. Marletta M. A., Hurshman A. R., Rusche K. M., Catalysis by nitric oxide synthase. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998 2 5 656 663 2-s2.0-0032176803 (Pubitemid 128645724)
64. Grozdanovic Z., NO message from muscle. Microscopy Research and Technique 2001 55 3 148 153 2-s2.0-0035499378 10.1002/jemt.1165 (Pubitemid 33029627)
65. Moncada S., Palmer R. M. J., Higgs E. A., Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews 1991 43 2 109 142 2-s2.0-0025883342
66. Nathan C., Xie Q.-W., Nitric oxide synthases: roles, tolls, and controls. Cell 1994 78 6 915 918 2-s2.0-0028092958 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90266-6 (Pubitemid 24292319)
67. Lambertucci R. H., Leandro C. G., Vinolo M. A., The effects of palmitic acid on nitric oxide production by rat skeletal muscle: mechanism via superoxide and iNOS activation. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 2012 30 1169 1180
68. 2+ signaling and NO production in endothelial cells. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2003 5 2 147 153 2-s2.0-0037392337 (Pubitemid 36457590)
69. Li H., Li H., Bao Y., Zhang X., Yu Y., Free fatty acids induce endothelial dysfunction and activate protein kinase C and nuclear factor- B pathway in rat aorta. International Journal of Cardiology 2011 152 2 218 224 2-s2.0-80053570632 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.07.019
70. 2+ levels in endothelial cells. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2011 47 3 315 326 2-s2.0-84856320584 10.1530/JME-11-0082
71. Kim F., Tysseling K. A., Rice J., Pham M., Haji L., Gallis B. M., Baas A. S., Paramsothy P., Giachelli C. M., Corson M. A., Raines E. W., Free fatty acid impairment of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells is mediated by IKK β Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2005 25 5 989 994 2-s2.0-20944436777 10.1161/01.ATV.0000160549.60980.a8 (Pubitemid 40627844)
72. Meleth A. D., Agrón E., Chan C.-C., Reed G. F., Arora K., Byrnes G., Csaky K. G., Ferris F. L. III, Chew E. Y., Serum inflammatory markers in diabetic retinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2005 46 11 4295 4301 2-s2.0-33644693852 10.1167/iovs.04-1057 (Pubitemid 44264635)
73. Celebiler Cavusoglu A., Bilgili S., Alaluf A., Doan A., Yilmaz F., Aslanca D., Karaca B., Yüksel B., Topaloglu E., Vascular endothelial growth factor level in the serum of diabetic patients with retinopathy. Annals of Ophthalmology 2007 39 3 205 208 2-s2.0-36948998565 10.1007/s12009-007-0037-2 (Pubitemid 350242603)
74. Ozturk B. T., Bozkurt B., Kerimoglu H., Okka M., Kamis U., Gunduz K., Effect of serum cytokines and VEGF levels on diabetic retinopathy and macular thickness. Molecular Vision 2009 15 1906 1914 2-s2.0-70349609915
75. Kalousová M., Zima T., Tesař V., Dusilová- Sulková S., Škrha J., Advanced glycoxidation end products in chronic diseases-clinical chemistry and genetic background. Mutation Research 2005 579 1-2 37 46 2-s2.0-27544455106 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.03.024 (Pubitemid 41540131)
76. Alexandraki K., Piperi C., Kalofoutis C., Singh J., Alaveras A., Kalofoutis A., Inflammatory process in type 2 diabetes: the role of cytokines. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006 1084 89 117 2-s2.0-34247604351 10.1196/annals.1372.039 (Pubitemid 47091972)
77. Alexandraki K. I., Piperi C., Ziakas P. D., Apostolopoulos N. V., Makrilakis K., Syriou V., Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Kaltsas G., Kalofoutis A., Cytokine secretion in long-standing diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2: associations with low-grade systemic inflammation. Journal of Clinical Immunology 2008 28 4 314 321 2-s2.0-46749110086 10.1007/s10875-007-9164-1
78. Pickup J. C., Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabletes. Diabetes Care 2004 27 3 813 823 2-s2.0-1442275317 10.2337/diacare.27.3.813 (Pubitemid 38280558)
79. Pickup J. C., Chusney G. D., Thomas S. M., Burt D., Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sciences 2000 67 3 291 300 2-s2.0-0034625547 10.1016/S0024- 3205(00)00622-6 (Pubitemid 30413937)
80. Pickup J. C., Crook M. A., Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 1998 41 10 1241 1248 2-s2.0-0031720795 10.1007/s001250051058 (Pubitemid 28449093)
81. Ceriello A., New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a "causal" antioxidant therapy. Diabetes Care 2003 26 5 1589 1596 2-s2.0-0042093769 10.2337/diacare.26.5.1589 (Pubitemid 36929196)
82. Dandona P., Aljada A., Bandyopadhyay A., Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends in Immunology 2004 25 1 4 7 2-s2.0-0348222671 10.1016/j.it.2003.10.013 (Pubitemid 38032801)
83. Dandona P., Aljada A., Chaudhuri A., Bandyopadhyay A., The potential influence of inflammation and insulin resistance on the pathogenesis and treatment of atherosclerosis-related complications in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 6 2422 2429 2-s2.0-0038645822 (Pubitemid 36724406)
84. Donath M. Y., Shoelson S. E., Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 2011 11 2 98 107 2-s2.0-79151478555 10.1038/nri2925
85. Esper R., Vilariño J., Machado R., Paragano A., Endothelial dysfunction in normal and abnormal glucose metabolism. Advances in Cardiology 2008 45 17 43 2-s2.0-43749124472 10.1159/000115120
86. Hatanaka E., Monteagudo P. T., Marrocos M. S. M., Campa A., Neutrophils and monocytes as potentially important sources of proinflammatory cytokines in diabetes. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2006 146 3 443 447 2-s2.0-33750846406 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03229.x (Pubitemid 44722162)
87. Herder C., Brunner E. J., Rathmann W., Strassburger K., Tabák A. G., Schloot N. C., Witte D. R., Elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist precede the onset of type 2 diabetes: the whitehall II study. Diabetes Care 2009 32 3 421 423 2-s2.0-64749095071 10.2337/dc08-1161
88. Herder C., Illig T., Rathmann W., Martin S., Haastert B., Müller-Scholze S., Holle R., Thorand B., Koenig W., Wichmann H. E., Kolb H., Inflammation and type 2 diabetes: results from KORA Augsburg. Gesundheitswesen 2005 67 1 S115 S121 2-s2.0-23844449338 10.1055/s-2005-858252
89. Mirza S., Hossain M., Mathews C., Martinez P., Pino P., Gay J. L., Rentfro A., McCormick J. B., Fisher-Hoch S. P., Type 2-diabetes is associated with elevated levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and adiponectin and low levels of leptin in a population of Mexican Americans: a cross-sectional study. Cytokine 2012 57 1 136 142 2-s2.0-84155172198 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.09.029
90. Rösen P., Nawroth P. P., King G., Möller W., Tritschler H.-J., Packer L., The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications: a summary of a congress series sponsored by UNESCO-MCBN, the American diabetes association and the German diabetes society. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2001 17 3 189 212 2-s2.0-0034939115 10.1002/dmrr.196 (Pubitemid 32624602)
91. Shoelson S. E., Lee J., Goldfine A. B., Inflammation and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 7 1793 1801 2-s2.0-33745861300 10.1172/JCI29069
92. Spranger J., Kroke A., Möhlig M., Hoffmann K., Bergmann M. M., Ristow M., Boeing H., Pfeiffer A. F. H., Inflammatory cytokines and the risk to develop type 2 diabetes: results of the prospective population-based European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study. Diabetes 2003 52 3 812 817 2-s2.0-0345700727 10.2337/diabetes.52.3.812 (Pubitemid 36323590)
93. Syed M. A., Barinas-Mitchell E., Pietropaolo S. L., Zhang Y. J., Henderson T. S., Kelley D. E., Korytkowski M. T., Donahue R. P., Tracy R. P., Trucco M., Kuller L. H., Pietropaolo M., Is type 2 diabetes a chronic inflammatory/autoimmune disease? Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism 2002 15 2 68 83 2-s2.0-0036109661 (Pubitemid 34546200)
94. Beckman J. A., Creager M. A., Libby P., Diabetes and atherosclerosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002 287 19 2570 2581 2-s2.0-0037092995 (Pubitemid 34517204)
95. Nesto R. W., Correlation between cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus: current concepts. American Journal of Medicine 2004 116 supplement 5A 11S 22S 2-s2.0-1542513468 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.10.016 (Pubitemid 38333037)
96. McAndrew J., Patel R. P., Jo H., Cornwell T., Lincoln T., Moellering D., White C. R., Matalon S., Darley-Usmar V., The interplay of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite with signal transduction pathways: implications for disease. Seminars in Perinatology 1997 21 5 351 366 2-s2.0-0030853177 10.1016/S0146-0005(97)80002-X (Pubitemid 27459485)
97. Bartesaghi S., Ferrer-Sueta G., Peluffo G., Valez V., Zhang H., Kalyanaraman B., Radi R., Protein tyrosine nitration in hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. Amino Acids 2007 32 4 501 515 2-s2.0-34249101633 10.1007/s00726-006-0425-8 (Pubitemid 46790931)
98. Radi R., Nitric oxide, oxidants, and protein tyrosine nitration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 12 4003 4008 2-s2.0-1642570319 10.1073/pnas.0307446101 (Pubitemid 38405874)
99. Large V., Arner P., Regulation of lipolysis in humans. Pathophysiological modulation in obesity diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. Diabetes and Metabolism 1998 24 5 409 418 2-s2.0-0031647224 (Pubitemid 28564954)
100. Chen Y.-D. I., Golay A., Swislocki A. L. M., Reaven G. M., Resistance to insulin suppression of plasma free fatty acid concentrations and insulin stimulation of glucose uptake in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1987 64 1 17 21 2-s2.0-0023153344 (Pubitemid 17015871)
101. Unger R. H., Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM: genetic and clinical implications. Diabetes 1995 44 8 863 870 2-s2.0-0029151863
102. Reaven G. M., Hollenbeck C., Jeng C.-Y., Wu M. S., Chen Y.-D. I., Measurement of plasma glucose, free fatty acid, lactate, and insulin for 24 h in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1988 37 8 1020 1024 2-s2.0-0024244339 (Pubitemid 19033579)
103. Boden G., Fatty acids and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 1996 19 4 394 395 2-s2.0-0030008060 (Pubitemid 26115469)
104. Guilherme A., Virbasius J. V., Puri V., Czech M. P., Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2008 9 5 367 377 2-s2.0-42449097289 10.1038/nrm2391 (Pubitemid 351574198)
105. Bays H., Mandarino L., DeFronzo R. A., Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 2 463 478 2-s2.0-1442352339 10.1210/jc.2003-030723 (Pubitemid 38269844) Nível Superior