Diabetes and atherosclerosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management

Journal of the American Medical Association

Volumn 287, Issue 19, 2002, Pages 2570-2581

  Beckman, Joshua A ^a,b   Creager, Mark A ^a,b   Libby, Peter ^a,b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

AMPUTATION; ANGIOPLASTY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DEATH; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMBASE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LIMB ISCHEMIA; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; STROKE;

EID: 0037092995     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.19.2570     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Prevalence and clinical implications of American Diabetes Association - Defined diabetes and other categories of glucose dys-regulation in older adults
2. Glucose tolerance and the risk of cardiovascular disease: The Zutphen Study
3. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction
4. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
5. Inhospital outcome for diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era
6. Impact of diabetes on long-term prognosis in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: Results of the OASIS (Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes) Registry
7. Influence of diabetes on mortality in acute myocardial infarction
8. Diabetes mellitus in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction
9. Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction
10. Rate and mode of death during five years of follow-up among patients with acute chest pain with and without a history of diabetes mellitus
11. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study
12. Epidemiology of some peripheral arterial findings in diabetic men and women
13. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study
14. Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease
15. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients
16. Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level in an elderly Caucasian population: The Hoorn study
17. 5-Year incidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in relation to general risk factors, insulin level, and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in non-insulin-dependent diabetic and nondiabetic subjects
18. Update on some epidemiologic features of intermittent claudication: The Framingham Study
19. Diabetes-related amputations of lower extremities in the Medicare population - Minnesota, 1993-1995
20. Carotid plaque, aging, and risk factors
21. The prevalence of calcified carotid artery atheromas on the panoramic radiographs of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
22. Predictors of stroke in the elderly
23. Predictors of death and vascular events in the elderly
24. Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke
25. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes and its metabolic control are important predictors of stroke in elderly subjects
26. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial
27. Stroke in patients with diabetes: The Copenhagen Stroke Study
28. Risk factors for stroke due to cerebral infarction in young adults
29. Traditional risk factors and ischemic stroke in young adults
30. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort
31. Longterm risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study
32. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for death from stroke
33. The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality from all causes and coronary heart disease in women
34. Diabetes as a risk factor for stroke
35. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in US adults
36. Endothelial cells in physiology and in the pathophysiology of vascular disorders
37. The ten most commonly asked questions about endothelial function in cardiology
38. Nitric oxide reversibly inhibits the migration of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells
39. Nitric oxide: An endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion
40. Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
41. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
42. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes
43. Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin by peroxynitrite
44. Insulin-resistant lipolysis in abdominally obese hypertensive individuals
45. High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells
46. Peroxynitrite inactivates prostacyclin synthase by heme-thiolate-catalyzed tyrosine nitration
47. Endothelin: Emerging role in diabetic vascular complications
48. Endothelin 1 transcription is controlled by nuclear factor-kappaB in AGE-stimulated cultured endothelial cells
49. Oxidized low density lipoprotein acts on endothelial cells in culture to enhance endothelin secretion and monocyte migration
50. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein enhances myogenic tone in the rabbit posterior cerebral artery through the release of endothelin-1
51. Vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and to norepinephrine in diabetic subjects
52. Elevated glucose promotes generation of endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids in rabbit aorta
53. New insights into plaque stabilisation by lipid lowering
54. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes
55. Atherosclerosis and diabetes
56. The role of oxidative stress in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications
57. Nitric oxide modulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cultured human endothelial cells
58. Very low-density lipoprotein activates nuclear factor-kappaB in endothelial cells
59. Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived cytokines precede and accompany the onset of IDDM
60. Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity
61. Activation of tissue factor-induced coagulation and endothelial cell dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria
62. Impaired vasoconstriction to endothelin 1 in patients with NIDDM
63. Enhanced adrenergic neurotransmission in diabetic rabbit carotid artery
64. Peripheral autonomic impairment in patients newly diagnosed with type II diabetes
65. Sympathetic function test of vasoconstrictor changes in foot arteries in diabetic patients
66. Diabetes accelerates smooth muscle accumulation in lesions of atherosclerosis
67. Immunohistochemical and morphometric evaluations of coronary atherosclerotic plaques associated with myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus
68. A comparative study of cultured smooth muscle cell proliferation and injury, utilizing glycated low density lipoproteins with slight oxidation, auto-oxidation, or extensive oxidation
69. Platelet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes
70. Regulation of protein kinase C by short term hyperglycaemia in human platelets in vivo and in vitro
71. Platelet hyperactivity and abnormal Ca(2+) homeostasis in diabetes mellitus
72. Diabetes mellitus: A hypercoagulable state
73. Blood glucose may condition factor VII levels in diabetic and normal subjects
74. Evidence for a hyperglycaemia-dependent decrease of antithrombin III-thrombin complex formation in humans
75. Hyperglycemia-induced thrombin formation in diabetes
76. Impaired endogenous fibrinolysis in diabetes mellitus
77. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)
78. The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study: A review
79. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events
80. Insulin, intact and split proinsulin, and coronary artery disease in young men
81. Is insulin resistance or diabetes mellitus associated with stroke?
82. Peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus
83. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)
84. Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy improves glycemic control in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes
85. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in vascular biology and atherosclerosis
86. Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPARgamma: Differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPARgamma activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro
87. Impaired free fatty acid utilization by skeletal muscle in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
88. Increased hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 in NIDDM
89. Hypertriglyceridemic hyperapob: The unappreciated atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus
90. Distribution of lipids in 8,500 men with coronary artery disease
91. Decreased protection by HDL from poorly controlled type 2 diabetic subjects against LDL oxidation may be due to the abnormal composition of HDL
92. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles
93. Fasting and postprandial determinants for the occurrence of small dense LDL species in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with and without hypertriglyceridaemia
94. Low density lipoprotein: A metabolic pathway for return of cholesterol to the splanchnic bed
95. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein in NIDDM
96. The response-to-retention hypothesis of atherogenesis reinforced
97. Defective regulation of triglyceride metabolism by insulin in the liver in NIDDM
98. Smoking as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men
99. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: Subgroup analyses in the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial
100. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease
101. Metabolic modes of action of the statins in the hyperlipoproteinemias
102. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
103. PPARalpha activators inhibit cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human endothelial cells
104. PPARalpha activators inhibit tissue factor expression and activity in human monocytes
105. Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease
106. Troglitazone decreases the proportion of small, dense LDL and increases the resistance of LDL to oxidation in obese subjects
107. Troglitazone increases the resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in healthy volunteers
108. Nonhypoglycemic effects of thiazolidinediones
109. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
110. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension
111. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension
112. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38
113. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39
114. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy
115. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE)
116. Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM
117. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy, I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients
118. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease
119. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction
120. Effect of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in patients with diabetes mellitus
121. Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents: The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) Study Group
122. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome in the thrombolytic era of acute myocardial infarction: GUSTO-I Investigators
123. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction
124. Beta-blockers and sudden cardiac death
125. Beta-blocker therapy for secondary prevention of myocardial infarction in elderly diabetic patients
126. Influence of diabetes mellitus on early and late outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
127. Diabetes mellitus and the clinical and angiographic outcome after coronary stent placement
128. Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry
129. Restenosis after arterial injury caused by coronary stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus
130. Impact of diabetes mellitus on percutaneous revascularization (CAVEAT-I)
131. The influence of diabetes mellitus on acute and late clinical outcomes following coronary stent implantation
132. Tissue characteristics of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients
133. The effect of previous coronary-artery bypass surgery on the prognosis of patients with diabetes who have acute myocardial infarction
134. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease
135. Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease
136. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
137. Foot ulcers
138. Current concepts: Vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes
139. Effectiveness of the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot
140. Identification of patients at risk for diabetic foot
141. Therapeutic footwear for the neuropathic foot
142. Exercise rehabilitation programs for the treatment of claudication pain
143. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD): TASC Working Group
144. Exercise training increases basal nitric oxide production from the forearm in hypercholesterolemic patients
145. Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle histology and metabolism in peripheral arterial disease
146. Antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol, a specific PDE3 inhibitor
147. Effect of the novel antiplatelet agent cilostazol on plasma lipoproteins in patients with intermittent claudication
148. Comparative effects of cilostazol and other therapies for intermittent claudication
149. Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication
150. Pharmacological aspects of pentoxifylline with emphasis on its inhibitory actions on hepatic fibrogenesis
151. Current and future drug therapies for claudication
152. Femoropopliteal angioplasty: Factors influencing long-term success
153. 5-Year results of a prospective study of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
154. Five-year results of iliac and femoropopliteal angioplasty in diabetic patients
155. Pedal bypass for limb salvage: Impact of diabetes on long-term outcome
156. The impact of diabetes on arterial reconstructions for multilevel arterial occlusive disease
157. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis
158. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis
159. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for early outcome after carotid endarterectomy
160. Cardiac morbidity and mortality following carotid endarterectomy
161. Carotid endarterectomy in diabetic patients
162. Diabetes mellitus: A risk factor for carotid endarterectomy?
163. Immediate and late clinical outcomes of carotid artery stenting in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis
164. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: The MIRACL study
165. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial
166. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus
167. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes