Tumor macroenvironment and metabolism

Seminars in Oncology

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 281-295

  Al Zhoughbi, Wael ^a   Huang, Jianfeng ^a   Paramasivan, Ganapathy S ^a   Till, Holger ^a   Pichler, Martin ^a   Guertl Lackner, Barbara ^a   Hoefler, Gerald ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; GLUCOSE; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN COMPLEX 1;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ANGIOGENESIS; CACHEXIA; CANCER GROWTH; CAUSE OF DEATH; CELLS; CHILDHOOD CANCER; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMAN; HYPERMETABOLISM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOGENESIS; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; METABOLISM; METASTASIS; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN METABOLISM; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION; TUMOR ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC SYNDROME; TUMOR MACROENVIRONMENT; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMINO ACIDS; ANIMALS; CACHEXIA; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPIDS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; OBESITY; PROTEINS; STROMAL CELLS; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84899716097     PISSN: 00937754     EISSN: 15328708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. T. Yoneda, M.A. Alsina, and J.B. Chavez et al. Evidence that tumor necrosis factor plays a pathogenetic role in the paraneoplastic syndromes of cachexia, hypercalcemia, and leukocytosis in a human tumor in nude mice J Clin Invest 87 1991 977 985
2. R.B. Darnell, and J.B. Posner Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system N Engl J Med 349 2003 1543 1554
3. N. Cernei, Z. Heger, and J. Gumulec et al. Sarcosine as a potential prostate cancer biomarker - a review Int J Mol Sci 14 2013 13893 13908
4. F. Balkwill, and A. Mantovani Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357 2001 539 545
5. H. Kuper, H.O. Adami, and D. Trichopoulos Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer J Intern Med 248 2000 171 183
6. R. Somasundaram, and D. Herlyn Chemokines and the microenvironment in neuroectodermal tumor-host interaction Semin Cancer Biol 19 2009 92 96
7. J.A. Forsythe, B.H. Jiang, and N.V. Iyer et al. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 Mol Cell Biol 16 1996 4604 4613
8. E. Voronov, D.S. Shouval, and Y. Krelin et al. IL-1 is required for tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 2645 2650
9. Y.J. Jung, J.S. Isaacs, S. Lee, J. Trepel, and L. Neckers IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1alpha via an NFkappaB/COX-2 pathway identifies HIF-1 as a critical link between inflammation and oncogenesis FASEB J 17 2003 2115 2117
10. S.M. Weis, and D.A. Cheresh Tumor angiogenesis: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets Nat Med 17 2011 1359 1370
11. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell.144:646-674.
12. J. Wyckoff, W. Wang, and E.Y. Lin et al. A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors Cancer Res 64 2004 7022 7029
13. J. Folkman Anti-angiogenesis: new concept for therapy of solid tumors Ann Surg 175 1972 409 416
14. A. Mantovani, P. Allavena, A. Sica, and F. Balkwill Cancer-related inflammation Nature 454 2008 436 444
15. S.K. Das, and G. Hoefler The role of triglyceride lipases in cancer associated cachexia Trends Mol Med 19 2013 292 301
16. D. Heber, R.T. Chlebowski, D.E. Ishibashi, J.N. Herrold, and J.B. Block Abnormalities in glucose and protein metabolism in noncachectic lung cancer patients Cancer Res 42 1982 4815 4819
17. K.C. Fearon, D.T. Hansell, and T. Preston et al. Influence of whole body protein turnover rate on resting energy expenditure in patients with cancer Cancer Res 48 1988 2590 2595
18. R.I. Inculet, T.P. Stein, and J.L. Peacock et al. Altered leucine metabolism in noncachectic sarcoma patients Cancer Res 47 1987 4746 4749
19. G.B. Mider Some aspects of nitrogen and energy metabolism in cancerous subjects: a review Cancer Res 11 1951 821 829
20. C.D. Sherman, J.J. Morton, and G.B. Mider Potential sources of tumor nitrogen Cancer Res. 10 1950 374 378
21. P.G. Le, V.R. Potter, H. Busch, C. Heidelberger, and R.B. Hurlbert Growth of carcinoma implants in fed and fasted rats Cancer Res 12 1952 153 157
22. M. Laplante, and D.M. Sabatini mTOR signaling in growth control and disease Cell 149 2012 274 293
23. J.W. Locasale, A.R. Grassian, and T. Melman et al. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase diverts glycolytic flux and contributes to oncogenesis Nat Genet 43 2011 869 874
24. R. Possemato, K.M. Marks, and Y.D. Shaul et al. Functional genomics reveal that the serine synthesis pathway is essential in breast cancer Nature 476 2011 346 350
25. R.J. DeBerardinis, J.J. Lum, G. Hatzivassiliou, and C.B. Thompson The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation Cell Metab 7 2008 11 20
26. C. Munoz-Pinedo, N. El Mjiyad, and J.E. Ricci Cancer metabolism: current perspectives and future directions Cell Death Dis 3 2012 e248
27. A. Cascino, M. Muscaritoli, and C. Cangiano et al. Plasma amino acid imbalance in patients with lung and breast cancer Anticancer Res 15 1995 507 510
28. J. Maeda, M. Higashiyama, and A. Imaizumi et al. Possibility of multivariate function composed of plasma amino acid profiles as a novel screening index for non-small cell lung cancer: a case control study BMC Cancer 10 2010 690
29. A. Kubota, M.M. Meguid, and D.C. Hitch Amino acid profiles correlate diagnostically with organ site in three kinds of malignant tumors Cancer 69 1992 2343 2348
30. A.M. Proenza, J. Oliver, A. Palou, and P. Roca Breast and lung cancer are associated with a decrease in blood cell amino acid content J Nutr Biochem 14 2003 133 138
31. Y. Miyagi, M. Higashiyama, and A. Gochi et al. Plasma free amino acid profiling of five types of cancer patients and its application for early detection PLoS One 6 2011 e24143
32. D.K. Nomura, and B.F. Cravatt Lipid metabolism in cancer Biochim Biophys Acta 1831 2013 1497 1498
33. G. Medes, A. Thomas, and S. Weinhouse Metabolism of neoplastic tissue. IV. A study of lipid synthesis in neoplastic tissue slices in vitro Cancer Res 13 1953 27 29
34. K.M. Nieman, H.A. Kenny, and C.V. Penicka et al. Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapid tumor growth Nat Med 17 2011 1498 1503
35. F.P. Kuhajda, K. Jenner, and F.D. Wood et al. Fatty acid synthesis: a potential selective target for antineoplastic therapy Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 1994 6379 6383
36. J.A. Menendez, and R. Lupu Fatty acid synthase and the lipogenic phenotype in cancer pathogenesis Nat Rev Cancer 7 2007 763 777
37. H. Ariyama, N. Kono, S. Matsuda, T. Inoue, and H. Arai Decrease in membrane phospholipid unsaturation induces unfolded protein response J Biol Chem 285 2010 22027 22035
38. G. Hatzivassiliou, F. Zhao, and D.E. Bauer et al. ATP citrate lyase inhibition can suppress tumor cell growth Cancer Cell 8 2005 311 321
39. T. Migita, T. Narita, and K. Nomura et al. ATP citrate lyase: activation and therapeutic implications in non-small cell lung cancer Cancer Res 68 2008 8547 8554
40. K.E. Wellen, G. Hatzivassiliou, and U.M. Sachdeva et al. ATP-citrate lyase links cellular metabolism to histone acetylation Science 324 2009 1076 1080
41. D.K. Nomura, J.Z. Long, and S. Niessen et al. Monoacylglycerol lipase regulates a fatty acid network that promotes cancer pathogenesis Cell 140 2010 49 61
42. M.P. Wymann, and R. Schneiter Lipid signalling in disease Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9 2008 162 176
43. L. Arana, P. Gangoiti, A. Ouro, M. Trueba, and A. Gomez-Munoz Ceramide and ceramide 1-phosphate in health and disease Lipids Health Dis 9 2010 15
44. A.B. Tsoupras, C. Iatrou, C. Frangia, and C.A. Demopoulos The implication of platelet activating factor in cancer growth and metastasis: potent beneficial role of PAF-inhibitors and antioxidants Infect Disord Drug Targets 9 2009 390 399
45. S.M. Louie, L.S. Roberts, M.M. Mulvihill, K. Luo, and D.K. Nomura Cancer cells incorporate and remodel exogenous palmitate into structural and oncogenic signaling lipids Biochim Biophys Acta 1831 2013 1566 1572
46. C.H. Byon, R.W. Hardy, and C. Ren et al. Free fatty acids enhance breast cancer cell migration through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and SMAD4 Lab Invest 89 2009 1221 1228
47. A.M. Kleinfeld, and C. Okada Free fatty acid release from human breast cancer tissue inhibits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing J Lipid Res 46 2005 1983 1990
48. F.L. Crowe, N.E. Allen, and P.N. Appleby et al. Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control analysis nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Am J Clin Nutr 88 2008 1353 1363
49. M. Kuliszkiewicz-Janus, R. Malecki, and A.S. Mohamed Lipid changes occuring in the course of hematological cancers Cell Mol Biol Lett 13 2008 465 474
50. S. Singh, V. Ramesh, B. Premalatha, K.V. Prashad, and K. Ramadoss Alterations in serum lipid profile patterns in oral cancer J Nat Sci Biol Med 4 2013 374 378
51. P.S. Patel, M.H. Shah, and F.P. Jha et al. Alterations in plasma lipid profile patterns in head and neck cancer and oral precancerous conditions Indian J Cancer 41 2004 25 31
52. G. Ray, and S.A. Husain Role of lipids, lipoproteins and vitamins in women with breast cancer Clin Biochem 34 2001 71 76
53. K. Hasija, and H.K. Bagga Alterations of serum cholesterol and serum lipoprotein in breast cancer of women Indian J Clin Biochem 20 2005 61 66
54. E. Kokoglu, I. Karaarslan, H.M. Karaarslan, and H. Baloglu Alterations of serum lipids and lipoproteins in breast cancer Cancer Lett 82 1994 175 178
55. A.M. Fiorenza, A. Branchi, and D. Sommariva Serum lipoprotein profile in patients with cancer. A comparison with non-cancer subjects Int J Clin Lab Res 30 2000 141 145
56. M. Benn, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, S. Stender, R. Frikke-Schmidt, and B.G. Nordestgaard Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of cancer: a mendelian randomization study J Natl Cancer Inst 103 2011 508 519
57. M.R. Law, S.G. Thompson, and N.J. Wald Assessing possible hazards of reducing serum cholesterol Bmj 308 1994 373 379
58. K. Fearon, F. Strasser, and S.D. Anker et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus Lancet Oncol 12 2011 489 495
59. D. Blum, and F. Strasser Cachexia assessment tools Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 5 2011 350 355
60. G. Costa Cachexia, the metabolic component of neoplastic diseases Cancer Res 37 1977 2327 2335
61. M.J. Tisdale Mechanisms of cancer cachexia Physiol Rev 89 2009 381 410
62. J.M. Argiles, S. Busquets, and F.J. Lopez-Soriano Cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6 2003 401 406
63. A.J. Staal-van den Brekel, and M.A. Dentener et al. Increased resting energy expenditure and weight loss are related to a systemic inflammatory response in lung cancer patients J Clin Oncol 13 1995 2600 2605
64. C. Scheede-Bergdahl, H.L. Watt, and B. Trutschnigg et al. Is IL-6 the best pro-inflammatory biomarker of clinical outcomes of cancer cachexia? Clin Nutr 31 2012 85 88
65. O. Kayacan, D. Karnak, and S. Beder et al. Impact of TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels on development of cachexia in newly diagnosed NSCLC patients Am J Clin Oncol 29 2006 328 335
66. K.C. Fearon, and A.G. Moses Cancer cachexia Int J Cardiol 85 2002 73 81
67. G. Strassmann, M. Fong, J.S. Kenney, and C.O. Jacob Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 6 in experimental cancer cachexia J Clin Invest 89 1992 1681 1684
68. B.A. Sherry, J. Gelin, and Y. Fong et al. Anticachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies attenuate development of cachexia in tumor models FASEB J 3 1989 1956 1962
69. C. Bing, S. Russell, and E. Becket et al. Adipose atrophy in cancer cachexia: morphologic and molecular analysis of adipose tissue in tumour-bearing mice Br J Cancer 95 2006 1028 1037
70. T. Mracek, N.A. Stephens, and D. Gao et al. Enhanced ZAG production by subcutaneous adipose tissue is linked to weight loss in gastrointestinal cancer patients Br J Cancer 104 2011 441 447
71. C. Bing, and P. Trayhurn New insights into adipose tissue atrophy in cancer cachexia Proc Nutr Soc 68 2009 385 392
72. S.K. Das, S. Eder, and S. Schauer et al. Adipose triglyceride lipase contributes to cancer-associated cachexia Science 333 2011 233 238
73. S. Lanza-Jacoby, S.C. Lansey, E.E. Miller, and M.P. Cleary Sequential changes in the activities of lipoprotein lipase and lipogenic enzymes during tumor growth in rats Cancer Res 44 1984 5062 5067
74. M. Bluher Transgenic animal models for the study of adipose tissue biology Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 19 2005 605 623
75. S.D. Zuijdgeest-van Leeuwen, J.W. van den Berg, and J.L. Wattimena et al. Lipolysis and lipid oxidation in weight-losing cancer patients and healthy subjects Metabolism 49 2000 931 936
76. J.H. Shaw, and R.R. Wolfe Fatty acid and glycerol kinetics in septic patients and in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The response to glucose infusion and parenteral feeding Ann Surg 205 1987 368 376
77. S.T. Russell, and M.J. Tisdale Effect of a tumour-derived lipid-mobilising factor on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo Br J Cancer 87 2002 580 584
78. J. Huang, S.K. Das, and P. Jha et al. The PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate suppresses B-cell lymphoma in mice by modulating lipid metabolism Biochim Biophys Acta 1831 2013 1555 1565
79. M.J. Tisdale Pathogenesis of cancer cachexia J Support Oncol 1 2003 159 168
80. J. Khal, A.V. Hine, K.C. Fearon, C.H. Dejong, and M.J. Tisdale Increased expression of proteasome subunits in skeletal muscle of cancer patients with weight loss Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37 2005 2196 2206
81. S.M. Wyke, and M.J. Tisdale NF-kappaB mediates proteolysis-inducing factor induced protein degradation and expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in skeletal muscle Br J Cancer 92 2005 711 721
82. A. Bonetto, T. Aydogdu, and X. Jin et al. JAK/STAT3 pathway inhibition blocks skeletal muscle wasting downstream of IL-6 and in experimental cancer cachexia Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 303 2012 E410 E421
83. M.A. Honors, and K.P. Kinzig The role of insulin resistance in the development of muscle wasting during cancer cachexia J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 3 2012 5 11
84. P. Collins, C. Bing, P. McCulloch, and G. Williams Muscle UCP-3 mRNA levels are elevated in weight loss associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in humans Br J Cancer 86 2002 372 375
85. P.W. Emery, R.H. Edwards, M.J. Rennie, R.L. Souhami, and D. Halliday Protein synthesis in muscle measured in vivo in cachectic patients with cancer Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 289 1984 584 586
86. E.E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, and M.J. Thun Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults N Engl J Med 348 2003 1625 1638
87. A.G. Renehan, M. Tyson, M. Egger, R.F. Heller, and M. Zwahlen Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies Lancet 371 2008 569 578
88. G.K. Reeves, K. Pirie, and V. Beral et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in relation to body mass index in the Million Women Study: cohort study BMJ 335 2007 1134
89. P. Iyengar, T.P. Combs, and S.J. Shah et al. Adipocyte-secreted factors synergistically promote mammary tumorigenesis through induction of anti-apoptotic transcriptional programs and proto-oncogene stabilization Oncogene 22 2003 6408 6423
90. E.E. Kershaw, and J.S. Flier Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 2004 2548 2556
91. J. Gao, J. Tian, and Y. Lv et al. Leptin induces functional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 through JAK2/STAT3, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/AKT pathways in human endometrial cancer cells Cancer Sci 100 2009 389 395
92. A.E. Harvey, L.M. Lashinger, and S.D. Hursting The growing challenge of obesity and cancer: an inflammatory issue Ann N Y Acad Sci 1229 2011 45 52
93. E. Giovannucci, E.B. Rimm, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, and W.C. Willett Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer (United States) Cancer Causes Control 9 1998 3 9
94. A.A. Onitilo, J.M. Engel, and I. Glurich et al. Diabetes and cancer I: risk, survival, and implications for screening Cancer Causes Control 23 2012 967 981
95. H. Yuhara, C. Steinmaus, and S.E. Cohen et al. Is diabetes mellitus an independent risk factor for colon cancer and rectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol 106 2011 1911 1921 (quiz 1922)
96. S.C. Larsson, C.S. Mantzoros, and A. Wolk Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis Int J Cancer 121 2007 856 862
97. L. Deng, Z. Gui, L. Zhao, J. Wang, and L. Shen Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis Dig Dis Sci 57 2012 1576 1585
98. Z. Zhu, X. Wang, and Z. Shen et al. Risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 36 observational studies BMC Cancer 13 2013 310
99. P. Boyle, M. Boniol, and A. Koechlin et al. Diabetes and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis Br J Cancer 107 2012 1608 1617
100. C.C. Chiu, C.C. Huang, and Y.C. Chen et al. Increased risk of gastrointestinal malignancy in patients with diabetes mellitus and correlations with anti-diabetes drugs: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan Intern Med 52 2013 939 946
101. R. Huxley, A. Ansary-Moghaddam, A. Berrington de Gonzalez, F. Barzi, and M. Woodward Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies Br J Cancer 92 2005 2076 2083
102. J. Everhart, and D. Wright Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer A meta-analysis. JAMA 273 1995 1605 1609
103. H.B. Ren, T. Yu, C. Liu, and Y.Q. Li Diabetes mellitus and increased risk of biliary tract cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis Cancer Causes Control 22 2011 837 847
104. C. Wang, X. Wang, and G. Gong et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies Int J Cancer 130 2012 1639 1648
105. E. Friberg, N. Orsini, C.S. Mantzoros, and A. Wolk Diabetes mellitus and risk of endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis Diabetologia 50 2007 1365 1374
106. E. Friberg, C.S. Mantzoros, and A. Wolk Diabetes and risk of endometrial cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16 2007 276 280
107. C. Garcia-Jimenez, J.M. Garcia-Martinez, A. Chocarro-Calvo, and A. De la Vieja A new link between diabetes and cancer: enhanced WNT/beta-catenin signaling by high glucose J Mol Endocrinol 52 2013 R51 R66
108. E. Giovannucci, D.M. Harlan, and M.C. Archer et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report Diabetes Care 33 2010 1674 1685
109. M.G. Vander Heiden, L.C. Cantley, and C.B. Thompson Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation Science 324 2009 1029 1033
110. J. Yun, C. Rago, and I. Cheong et al. Glucose deprivation contributes to the development of KRAS pathway mutations in tumor cells Science 325 2009 1555 1559
111. H.A. Hirsch, D. Iliopoulos, and A. Joshi et al. A transcriptional signature and common gene networks link cancer with lipid metabolism and diverse human diseases Cancer Cell 17 2010 348 361
112. A.A. Onitilo, R.L. Berg, and J.M. Engel et al. Prostate cancer risk in pre-diabetic men: a matched cohort study Clin Med Res 11 2013 201 209
113. M. Pichler, G.C. Hutterer, and T.F. Chromecki et al. External validation of the Leibovich prognosis score for nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma at a single European center applying routine pathology J Urol 186 2011 1773 1777
114. D.C. McMillan, M.M. Elahi, and N. Sattar et al. Measurement of the systemic inflammatory response predicts cancer-specific and non-cancer survival in patients with cancer Nutr Cancer 41 2001 64 69
115. J. Szkandera, M. Stotz, and G. Absenger et al. Validation of C-reactive protein levels as a prognostic indicator for survival in a large cohort of pancreatic cancer patients Br J Cancer 110 2014 183 188
116. J. Szkandera, A. Gerger, and B. Liegl-Atzwanger et al. Validation of the prognostic relevance of plasma C-reactive protein levels in soft-tissue sarcoma patients Br J Cancer 109 2013 2316 2322
117. L.M. Forrest, D.C. McMillan, C.S. McArdle, W.J. Angerson, and D.J. Dunlop Comparison of an inflammation-based prognostic score (GPS) with performance status (ECOG) in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer Br J Cancer 90 2004 1704 1706
118. M. Pichler, G.C. Hutterer, and C. Stoeckigt et al. Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients Br J Cancer 108 2013 901 907
119. J. Szkandera, A. Gerger, and B. Liegl-Atzwanger et al. The lymphocyte/monocyte ratio predicts poor clinical outcome and improves the predictive accuracy in patients with soft tissue sarcomas Int J Cancer 2013 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28677 [Epub ahead of print]
120. M. Pichler, G.C. Hutterer, and T. Stojakovic et al. High plasma fibrinogen level represents an independent negative prognostic factor regarding cancer-specific, metastasis-free, as well as overall survival in a European cohort of non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients Br J Cancer 109 2013 1123 1129
121. S.J. Bensinger, and H.R. Christofk New aspects of the Warburg effect in cancer cell biology Semin Cell Dev Biol 23 2012 352 361
122. G. Kroemer, and J. Pouyssegur Tumor cell metabolism: cancer's Achilles' heel Cancer Cell. 13 2008 472 482
123. S.H. Park, K.W. Kim, and Y.S. Lee et al. Hypoglycemia-induced VEGF expression is mediated by intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase C signaling pathway in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells Int J Mol Med 7 2001 91 96
124. J. Terashima, C. Tachikawa, K. Kudo, W. Habano, and S. Ozawa An aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces VEGF expression through ATF4 under glucose deprivation in HepG2 BMC Mol Biol 14 2013 27
125. J. Navratilova, T. Hankeova, P. Benes, and J. Smarda Low-glucose conditions of tumor microenvironment enhance cytotoxicity of tetrathiomolybdate to neuroblastoma cells Nutr Cancer 65 2013 702 710
126. V.E. Baracos Cancer-associated cachexia and underlying biological mechanisms Annu Rev Nutr 26 2006 435 461
127. C. Bing Lipid mobilization in cachexia: mechanisms and mediators Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 5 2011 356 360
128. V. Pistoia, F. Morandi, and G. Bianchi et al. Immunosuppressive microenvironment in neuroblastoma Front Oncol 3 2013 167
129. Y. Xu, J. Sun, and M.A. Sheard et al. Lenalidomide overcomes suppression of human natural killer cell anti-tumor functions by neuroblastoma microenvironment-associated IL-6 and TGFbeta1 Cancer Immunol Immunother 62 2013 1637 1648
130. J.A. Joyce, and J.W. Pollard Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis Nat Rev Cancer. 9 2009 239 252
131. S. Maman, L. Edry-Botzer, and O. Sagi-Assif et al. The metastatic microenvironment: lung-derived factors control the viability of neuroblastoma lung metastasis Int J Cancer 133 2013 2296 2306
132. J. Gelin, C. Andersson, and K. Lundholm Effects of indomethacin, cytokines, and cyclosporin A on tumor growth and the subsequent development of cancer cachexia Cancer Res 51 1991 880 885
133. C. Deans, and S.J. Wigmore Systemic inflammation, cachexia and prognosis in patients with cancer Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8 2005 265 269
134. S.M. Wyke, S.T. Russell, and M.J. Tisdale Induction of proteasome expression in skeletal muscle is attenuated by inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation Br J Cancer 91 2004 1742 1750
135. C. Cahlin, A. Korner, and H. Axelsson et al. Experimental cancer cachexia: the role of host-derived cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha evaluated in gene knockout, tumor-bearing mice on C57 Bl background and eicosanoid-dependent cachexia Cancer Res 60 2000 5488 5493
136. M.S. De Lorenzo, E. Baljinnyam, and D.E. Vatner et al. Caloric restriction reduces growth of mammary tumors and metastases Carcinogenesis 32 2011 1381 1387
137. A.D. Saleh, B.A. Simone, and J. Palazzo et al. Caloric restriction augments radiation efficacy in breast cancer Cell Cycle 12 2013 1955 1963
138. M. Jakobisiak, and J. Golab Potential antitumor effects of statins (review) Int J Oncol 23 2003 1055 1069
139. K.K. Chan, A.M. Oza, and L.L. Siu The statins as anticancer agents Clin Cancer Res 9 2003 10 19
140. I. Campia, C. Lussiana, and G. Pescarmona et al. Geranylgeraniol prevents the cytotoxic effects of mevastatin in THP-1 cells, without decreasing the beneficial effects on cholesterol synthesis Br J Pharmacol 158 2009 1777 1786
141. Z. Xia, M.M. Tan, and W.W. Wong et al. Blocking protein geranylgeranylation is essential for lovastatin-induced apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cells Leukemia 15 2001 1398 1407
142. C. Spampanato, S. De Maria, and M. Sarnataro et al. Simvastatin inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis correlated to activation of Bax and down-regulation of BCL-2 gene expression Int J Oncol 40 2012 935 941
143. D. Guo, F. Reinitz, and M. Youssef et al. An LXR agonist promotes glioblastoma cell death through inhibition of an EGFR/AKT/SREBP-1/LDLR-dependent pathway Cancer Discov 1 2011 442 456