Effects of supplementing n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs and walnuts on cardiovascular disease risk markers in healthy free-living lacto-ovo- vegetarians: A randomized, crossover, free-living intervention study

Nutrition Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Burns Whitmore, Bonny ^a,b   Haddad, Ella ^a   Sabaté, Joan ^a   Rajaram, Sujatha ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood lipids; Cardiovascular risk factors; Eggs; Inflammation markers; Lacto ovo vegetarians; n 3 fatty acid enriched eggs; Walnuts

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ARACHIDONIC ACID; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; LINOLEIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; TRANS FATTY ACID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; LIPID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIETARY COMPLIANCE; DIETARY INTAKE; EGG; ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INTERVENTION STUDY; LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WALNUT; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR; VEGETARIAN DIET;

ADULT; ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DIET, VEGETARIAN; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; EGGS; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVENTION STUDIES; JUGLANS; LIPIDS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84899713505     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-29     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. N-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits. Gebauer SK, Psota TL, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton PM, Am J Clin Nutr 2006 83 Suppl 6 1526 1535
2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Kris-Etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-Poth S, Huth P, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Hargrove RL, Zhao G, Etherton TD, Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 Supp 1 179 188
3. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, Circulation 2002 106 2747 2757 10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94 12438303
4. Linolenic acid and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pan A, Chen M, Chowdhury R, Wu JH, Sun Q, Campos H, Mozaffarian D, Hu FB, Am J Clin Nutr 2012 96 1262 1273 10.3945/ajcn.112.044040 23076616
5. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the precursor-product ratio of linolenic acid to long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Welch AA, Shakya-Shrestha S, Lentjes MA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Am J Clin Nutr 2010 92 1040 1051 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29457 20861171
6. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. Davis BC, Kris-Etherton PM, Am J Clin Nutr 2003 78 Supp 3 640 646
7. Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers: a systematic review of randomized clinical trial. Rangel-Huerta OD, Aguilera CM, Mesa MD, Gil A, Br J Nutr 2012 107 Supp 2 159 170
8. Similarities and differences between the effects of EPA and DHA on markers of atherosclerosis in human subjects. Darshan S, Kelley S, Adkins Y, Proc Nutr Soc 2012 71 322 331 10.1017/S0029665112000080 22369859
9. Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects. Conquer JA, Holub BJ, J Nutr 1996 126 3032 3039 9001371
10. Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man. Brenna JT, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002 5 127 132 10.1097/00075197-200203000-00002 11844977
11. Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Erkkila AT, Lichtenstein AH, Mozaffarian D, Herrington DM, Am J Clin Nutr 2004 80 626 632 15321802
12. Fish consumption shifts lipoprotein subfractions to a less atherogenic pattern in humans. Li Z, Lamon-Fava S, Otvos J, Lichtenstein AH, Velez-Carrasco W, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, J Nutr 2004 13 1724 1728
13. Influence of fish consumption on the distribution of serum cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions: comparative study among fish-consuming and non-fish-consuming populations. Bulliyya G, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002 1 104 111
14. Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study. Rajaram S, Hasso Haddad E, Mejia A, Sabaté J, Am J Clin Nutr 2009 8 1657S 1663S
15. Long-term effects of feeding flaxseed on performance and egg fatty acid composition of brown and white hens. Bean LD, Leeson S, Poult Sci 2003 8 388 394
16. Enrichment of hen eggs with n-3 long-chain fatty acids and evaluation of enriched eggs in humans. Farrell DJ, Am J Clin Nutr 1998 688 538 544
17. Lipid responses in mildly hypertriglyceridemic men and women to consumption of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs. Maki KC, Van Elswyk ME, McCarthy D, Hess SP, Veith PE, Bell M, Subbaiah P, Davidson MH, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2003 73 357 368 10.1024/0300-9831.73.5.357 14639800
18. Alpha-linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: influence on blood lipids and platelet phospholipids and platelets phospholipid fatty acids in humans. Ferrier LK, Caston LJ, Leeson S, Squires J, Weaver BJ, Holub BJ, Am J Clin Nutr 1995 62 81 86 7598070
19. Designer egg evaluation in a controlled trial. Surai PF, MacPherson A, Speake BK, Sparks NH, Eur J of Clin Nutr 2000 54 298 305 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600939
20. Serum lipid response to n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs in persons with hypercholesterolemia. Lewis NM, Schalch K, Scheideler SE, J Am Dietetic Assoc 2000 100 365 367 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00111-5
21. Effects of walnuts on serum lipid levels and blood pressure in normal men. Sabaté J, Fraser GE, Burke K, Knutsen SF, Bennett H, Lindsted KD, N Engl J Med 1993 328 603 607 10.1056/NEJM199303043280902 8357360
22. Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat improves the serum lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic men and women. A randomized crossover trial. Zambón D, Sabaté J, Muñoz S, Campero B, Casals E, Merlos M, Laguna JC, Ros E, Ann Intern Med 2000 132 538 546 10744590
23. Effects of n-3 fatty acid enriched eggs and organic eggs on serum lutein in free-living lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Burns-Whitmore BL, Haddad EH, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Tanzman J, Rajaram S, Eur J Clin Nutr 2010 64 1332 1337 10.1038/ejcn.2010.140 20664616
24. Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial. Sabaté J, Haddad E, Tanzman JS, Jambazian P, Rajaram S, Am J Clin Nutr 2003 77 1379 1384 12791613
25. A diet rich in walnuts favourably influences plasma fatty acid profile in moderately hyperlipidaemic subjects. Chisholm A, Mann J, Skeaff M, Frampton C, Sutherland W, Duncan A, Tiszavari S, Eur J Clin Nutr 1998 52 12 16 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600507 9481526
26. Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts. Iwamoto M, Imaizumi K, Sato M, Hirooka Y, Sakai K, Takeshita A, Kono M, Eur J Clin Nutr 2002 56 629 637 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601400 12080402
27. Walnuts decrease risk of cardiovascular disease: A summary of efficacy and biologic mechanisms. Kris-Etherton PM, J Nutr 2014 144 547S 554S 10.3945/jn.113.182907 24500935
28. Tree nuts and lipid profile: a review of clinical studies. Griel AE, Kris-Etherton PM, Br J Nutr 2006 96 Supp 2 68 78
29. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: a review. Jacobson TA, Glickenstein SB, Rowe JD, Soni PN, J Clin Lipidol 2012 6 5 18 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.10.018 22264569
30. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans. Nelson GJ, Schmidt PC, Bartolini GL, Kelley DS, Kyle D, Lipids 1997 32 1137 1146 10.1007/s11745-997-0146-5 9397398
31. Effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on circulating inflammatory markers in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Myhrstad MC, Retterstøl K, Telle-Hansen VH, Ottestad I, Halvorsen B, Holven KB, Ulven SM, Inflamm Res 2011 60 309 319 10.1007/s00011-010-0302-5 21229287
32. Effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on plasma soluble adhesion molecules: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Yang Y, Lu N, Chen D, Meng L, Zheng Y, Hui R, Am J Clin Nutr 2012 95 972 980 10.3945/ajcn.111.025924 22378734
33. A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Ros E, Núñez I, Pérez-Heras A, Serra M, Gilabert R, Casals E, Deulofeu R, Circulation 2004 109 1609 1614 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124477.91474.FF 15037535
34. The effect of dietary walnuts compared to fatty fish on eicosanoids, cytokines, soluble endothelial adhesion molecules and lymphocyte subsets: a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Chiang YL, Haddad E, Rajaram S, Shavlik D, Sabaté J, Prosta Leuko Essent Fatty Acids 2012 87 111 117 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.07.007
35. The effect of fatty or lean fish intake on inflammatory gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with coronary heart disease. de Mello VDF, Erkkilä AT, Schwab US, Pulkkinen L, Kolehmainen M, Atalay M, Mussalo H, Lankinen M, Oresic M, Lehto S, Uusitupa M, Eur J Nutr 2009 48 447 455 10.1007/s00394-009-0033-y 19506932
36. The role of marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids in inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis and plaque stability. Calder PC, Mol Nutr Food Res 2012 56 1073 1080 10.1002/mnfr.201100710 22760980
37. Gamma tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol decreases proinflammatory eicosanoids and inflammation damage in rats. Jiang Q, Ames BN, FASEB J 2003 17 816 822 10.1096/fj.02-0877com 12724340