Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in vegetarian subjects

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 126, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 3032-3039

  Conquer, Julie A ^a   Holub, Bruce J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

cholesterol; DHA supplementation; humans; thrombogenic factors; vegetarian

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY RISK; DIETARY INTAKE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN TISSUE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOGENESIS; VEGETARIAN DIET;

EID: 0030469761     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/126.12.3032     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Bonaa, K. H., Bjerve, K. S. & Nordoy, A. (1992) Habitual fish consumption, plasma phospholipid fatty acids, and serum lipids: the Tromso study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 1126-1134.
2. Born, G.V.R. (1962) Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature (Lond.) 194: 927-929.
3. Clauss, A. (1957) Gerinnungsphysiologische schnellmethode zur bestimmung des fibrinogens. Acta Haematol. 17: 237.
4. Donadio, J. V., Jr., Bergstrath, E. J., Offord, K. P., Spencer, D. C. & Holley, K. E. (1994) A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 1194-1199.
5. Drexel, H., Amann, F. W., Beran, J., Rentsch, K., Candinas, R., Muntwyler, J., Luethy, A., Gasser, T. & Follath, F. (1994) Plasma triglycerides and three lipoprotein cholesterol fractions are independent risk factors of the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 90: 2230-2235.
6. Dwyer, J. T. (1988) Health aspects of vegetarian diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 712-738.
7. Emken, E. A., Adlof, R. O. & Gulley, R. M. (1994) Dietary linoleic acid influences desaturation and acylation of deuterium-labelled linoleic and linolenic acids in young adult males. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1213: 277-288.
8. Ferrier, L. K., Caston, L. J., Leeson, S., Squires, J., Weaver, B. J. & Holub, B. J. (1995) α-Linolenic acid-and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched eggs from hens fed flaxseed: influence on blood lipids and platelet phospholipid fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 81-86.
9. Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I. & Frederickson, D. S. (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 18: 499-502.
10. Gaudette, D. C. & Holub, B. J. (1991) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and human platelet reactivity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2: 116-121.
11. Gradwohl, R.B.H. (1970) Gradwohl's Clinical Laboratory Methods and Diagnosis. A Textbook on Laboratory Procedures and Their Interpretation (Frankel, S., Reitman, S. &. Sonnenwirth, A. C., eds.), 7th ed. pp. 663-664. Mosby, Saint Louis, MO.
12. Harris, W. S. (1989) Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J. Lipid Res. 30: 785-807.
13. Herold, P. M. & Kinsella, J. E. (1986) Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease: a comparison of findings from animal and human feeding trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43: 566-598.
14. Hibbeln, J. R. &. Salem, N. (1995) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression: when cholesterol does not satisfy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 1-9.
15. Kinosian, B., Glick H. & Garland, G. (1994) Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks by levels and ratios. Ann. Intern. Med. 121: 641-647.
16. Kinosian, B., Glick, H., Preiss, L. & Puder, K. L. (1995) Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks in men by changes in levels and ratios. J. Invest. Med. 43: 443-450.
17. Kirk, R. E. (1968) Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences. Brooks Cole Publishing Company, Belmont, CA.
18. Leng, G. C., Horrobin, D. F., Fowkes, F.G.R., Smith, F. B., Lowe, G.D.O., Donnan, P. T. & Ells, K. (1994) Plasma essential fatty acids, cigarette smoking, and dietary antioxidants in peripheral arterial disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14: 471-478.
19. Neuringer, M., Anderson, G. J. & Connor, W. E. (1988) The essentiality of n-3 fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 8: 517-541.
20. Pan, W.-H., Chin, C.-J., Shen, C.-T. & Lee, M.-H. (1993) Hemostatic factors and blood lipids in young Buddhist vegetarians and omnivores. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58: 354-359.
21. Pepe, S. & McLennan, P. L. (1996) Dietary fish oil confers direct antiarrhythmic properties on the myocardium of rats. J. Nutr. 126: 34-42.
22. Quick, A. J. (1935) A study of the coagulation defect in hemophilia and in jaundice. Am. J. Med. Sci. 190: 501.
23. Raper, N. R., Cronin, FJ. & Exler, J. (1992) Omega-3 fatty acid content of the U.S. food supply. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11: 304-308.
24. Reddy, S., Sanders, T.A.B. & Obeid, O. (1994) The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 358-368.
25. Sanders, T.A.B., Ellis, F. R. & Dickerson, J.W.T. (1978) Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue and breast milk and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and controls. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 805-813.
26. Sanders, T.A.B. & Hinds, A. (1992) The influence of a fish oil high in docosahexaenoic acid on plasma lipoprotein and vitamin E concentrations and haemostatic function in healthy male volunteers. Br. J. Nutr. 68: 163-173.
27. Saynor, R. & Gillott, T. (1992) Changes in blood lipids and fibrinogen with a note on safety in a long term study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids in subjects receiving fish oil supplements and followed for seven years. Lipids 27: 533-538.
28. Simon, J. A., Hodgkins, M. L., Browner, W. S., Neuhaus, J. M., Bernert, J. T. & Hulley, S. B. (1995) Serum fatty acids and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142: 469-476.
29. Simopoulos, A. P. &. Salem, N., Jr. (1992) Egg yolks as a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 411-414.
30. Stevens, L. J., Zentall, S. S., Deck, J. L., Abate, M. L., Watkins, B. A., Lipp, S. R. & Burgess, J. R. (1995) Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 761-768.
31. Turini, M. E., Powell, W. S., Behr, S. R. & Holub, B. J. (1994) Effects of a fish oil and vegetable oil formula on aggregation and ethanolamine-containing lysophospholipid generation in activated human platelets and on leukotriene production in stimulated neutrophils. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60: 717-724.
32. von Schacky, C. & Weber, P. C. (1985) Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 76: 2446-2450.
33. Voss, A., Reinhart, M. & Sprecher, H. (1992) Differences in the inter-conversion between 20- and 22- carbon (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1127: 33-40.
34. Weaver, B. J. & Holub, B. J. (1988) Health effects and metabolism of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci. 12: 111-150.
35. Zhu, Z. R., Agren, J., Mannisto, S., Pietinen, P., Eskelinen, M., Syrjanen, K. &. Uusitupa, M. (1995) Fatty acid composition of breast adipose tissue in breast cancer patients and in patients with benign breast disease. Nutr. Cancer 24: 151-160.