Guidelines on the use of multicolour flow cytometry in the diagnosis of haematological neoplasms

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 165, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 455-488

  Johansson, Ulrika ^a   Bloxham, David ^b   Couzens, Stephen ^c   Jesson, Jennifer ^d   Morilla, Ricardo ^e   Erber, Wendy ^f   Macey, Marion ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BRISTOL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF WALES   (United Kingdom)

^d BIRMINGHAM CHILDREN S HOSPITAL NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^e INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^g BARTS HEALTH NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Flow cytometry; Immunophenotyping; Leukaemia diagnosis

Indexed keywords

ACID CITRATE DEXTROSE; CD19 ANTIGEN; CD20 ANTIGEN; CD3 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD38 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; CD5 ANTIGEN; CD56 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CITRATE SODIUM; COMMON ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ANTIGEN; EDETIC ACID; FLUOROCHROME; HEPARIN; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR;

ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASE; HUMAN; LIGHT SCATTERING; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MONOCLONAL B CELL LYMPHOCYTOSIS; MULTICOLOUR FLOW CYTOMETRY; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; VALIDATION PROCESS;

FLOW CYTOMETRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LEUKAEMIA DIAGNOSIS;

ANTIBODIES, NEOPLASM; ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; BLOOD CELLS; BONE MARROW EXAMINATION; CALIBRATION; COLOR; DRUG STORAGE; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FLUORESCENT DYES; FORMS AND RECORDS CONTROL; GREAT BRITAIN; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; INDICATORS AND REAGENTS; LASERS; MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL; QUALITY CONTROL; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SPECIMEN HANDLING;

EID: 84899482848     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12789     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Allan, R.W., Ansari-Lari, M.A. & Jordan, S. (2008) DRAQ5-based, no-lyse, no-wash bone marrow aspirate evaluation by flow cytometry. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 129, 706-713.
2. Al-Mawali, A., Gillis, D., Hissaria, P. & Lewis, I. (2008) Incidence, sensitivity, and specificity of leukemia-associated phenotypes in acute myeloid leukemia using specific five-color multiparameter flow cytometry. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 129, 934-945.
3. Al-Mawali, A., Gillis, D. & Lewis, I. (2009) The role of multiparameter flow cytometry for detection of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 131, 16-26.
4. Bain, B.J., Barnett, D., Linch, D., Matutes, E. & Reilly, J.T. (2002) Revised guideline on immunophenotyping in acute leukaemias and chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 24, 1-13.
5. Bakke, A.C., Purtzer, Z., Leis, J. & Huang, J. (2006) A robust ratio metric method for analysis of Zap-70 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Cytometry, 70B, 227-234.
6. Barber, L., Prince, M.H., Rossi, R. & Bertoncello, I. (1999) Fluoro-Gold: an alternative viability stain for multicolour flow cytometric analysis. Cytometry, 36, 349-354.
7. Barnett, D., Janossy, G., Lubenko, A., Matutes, E., Newland, A. & Reilly, J.T. (1999) Guideline for the flow cytometric enumeration of CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology, 21, 301-308.
8. Baumgarth, N. & Roederer, M. (2000) A practical approach to multicolour flow cytometry for immunophenotyping. Journal of Immunological Methods, 243, 77-97.
9. BD Application Note 23-8389-00 (2005) Establishing Optimum Baseline PMT Gains to Maximize Resolution on BD Biosciences Digital Flow Cytometers. http://www.bdbiosciences.com/documents/Establishing_Optimum_Baseline_PMT.pdf. Last accessed July 2012.
10. BD Technical Bulletin 23-10905-00 (2009) An introduction to compensation for multicolour assays on digital flow cytometers. http://www.bdbiosciences.com/documents/Compensation_Multicolor_TechBulletin.pdf Last accessed July 2012.
11. BD Technical Bulletin 23-11552-00 (2010) An introduction to Window Extension on digital cytometers. http://www.bdbiosciences.com/documents/techbulletin_lsr_window_ext.pdf Last accessed July 2012.
12. Béné, M.C. & Kaeda, J.S. (2009) How and why minimal residual disease studies are necessary in leukemia: a review from WP10 and WP12 of the European LeukaemiaNet. Haematologica, 94, 1135-1150.
13. Béné, M.C., Nebe, T., Bettelheim, P., Buldini, B., Bumbea, H., Kern, W., Lacombe, F., Lemez, P., Marinov, I., Matutes, E., Maynadie, M., Oelschlagel, U., Orfao, A., Schabath, R., Solenthaler, M., Tschurtschenthaler, G., Vladareanu, A.M., Zini, G., Faure, G.C. & Porwit, A. (2011) Immunophenotyping of acute leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorders:a consensus proposal of the European leukaemia net work package 10. Leukaemia, 25, 567-574.
14. Benevolo, G., Stacchini, A., Spina, M., Ferreri, A.J.M., Arras, M., Bellio, L., Botto, B., Bulian, P., Cantonetti, M., Depaoli, L., Di Renzo, N., Di Rocco, A., Evangelista, A., Franceschetti, S., Godio, L., Mannelli, F., Pavone, V., Pioltelli, P., Vitolo, U., Pogliani, E.M. & on behalf of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. (2012) Final results of a multicenter trial addressing role of CSF flow cytometric analysis in NHL patients at high risk for CNS dissemination. Blood, 120, 3222-3228.
15. Biancotto, A., Fuchs, J.C., Williams, A., Dagur, P.K. & McCoy, J.P. Jr (2011) High dimensional flow cytometry for comprehensive leukocyte immunophenotyping (CLIP) in translational research. Journal of Immunological Methods, 363, 245-261.
16. Borowitz, M.J., Devidas, M., Hunger, S.P., Bowman, W.P., Carroll, A.J., Carroll, W.L., Linda, S., Martin, P.L., Pullen, D.J., Viswanatha, D., Willman, C.L., Winick, N. & Camitta, B.M. (2008) Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relationship to other prognostic factors: a Children's Oncology Group study. Blood, 111, 5477-5485.
17. Borowitz, M.J., Craig, F.E., DiGiuseppe, J.A., Illingworth, A.J., Rosse, W., Sutherland, D.R., Wittwer, C.T. & Richards, S. (2010) Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry. Cytometry, 78B, 211-230.
18. Böttcher, S., Ritgen, M., Buske, S., Gesk, S., Klapper, W., Hoster, E., Hiddemann, W., Unterhalt, M., Dreyling, M., Siebert, R., Kneba, M., Pott, C. & EU MCL MRD Group. (2008) Minimal residual disease detection in mantle cell lymphoma: methods and significance of four-color flow cytometry compared to consensus IGH-polymerase chain reaction at initial staging and for follow-up examinations. Haematologica, 93, 551-559.
19. Brodsky, R.A., Mukhina, G.L., Li, S., Nelson, K.L., Chiurazzi, P.L., Buckley, J.T. & Borowitz, M.J. (2000) Improved detection and characterization of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria using fluorescent aerolysin. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 114, 459-466.
20. Bromberg, J.E.C., Breems, D.A., Kraan, J., Bikker, G., van der Holt, B., Sillevis Smitt, P., van den Bent, M.J., van't Veer, M. & Gratama, J.W. (2007) CSF flow cytometry greatly improves accuracy in CNS hematologic malignancies. Neurology, 68, 1674-1679.
21. Brüggemann, M., Schrauder, A., Raff, T., Pfeifer, H., Dworzak, M., Ottmann, O.G., Asnafi, V., Baruchel, A., Bassan, R., Benoit, Y., Biondi, A., Cavé, H., Dombret, H., Fielding, A.K., Foà, R., Gökbuget, N., Goldstone, A.H., Goulden, N., Henze, G., Hoelzer, D., Janka-Schaub, G.E., Macintyre, E.A., Pieters, R., Rambaldi, A., Ribera, J.M., Schmiegelow, K., Spinelli, O., Stary, J., von Stackelberg, A., Kneba, M., Schrappe, M., van Dongen, J.J., European Working Group for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (EWALL) & International Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Study Group (I-BFM-SG). (2010) Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: proceedings of the Second International Symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18-20 September 2008. Leukemia, 24, 521-535.
22. Carter, P.H., Resto-Ruiz, S., Washington, G.C., Ethridge, S., Palini, A., Vogt, R., Waxdal, M., Fleisher, T., Noguchi, P.D. & Marti, G.E. (1992) Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood lysis, three anticoagulants, and five cell preparations. Cytometry, 13, 68-74.
23. Chang, A., Benda, P.M., Wood, B.L. & Kussick, S.J. (2003) Lineage-specific identification of nonhematopoietic neoplasms by flow cytometry. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 119, 643-655.
24. Charie, L.A. & Quintana, J. (2007) Fundamentals of standardization for flow cytometric measurements. http://www.coulterflow.com/bciflow/documents/instruments/FC500/Fundamentals%20of%20Standardization%20for%20Flow%20Cytometric%20Measurements%20(A-10954A).pdf. Last accessed: March 2012.
25. Chattopadhyay, P.K., Perfetto, S.P., Yu, J. & Roederer, M. (2012) The use of quantum dot nanocrytals in multicolour flow cytometry. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 2, 334-348.
26. Coustan-Smith, E., Sancho, J., Hancock, M.L., Boyett, J.M., Behm, F.G., Raimondi, S.C., Sandlund, J.T., Rivera, G.K., Rubnitz, J.E., Ribiero, R.C., Pui, C.-H. & Campana, D. (2000) Clinical importance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, 96, 2691-2696.
27. Coustan-Smith, E., Song, G., Clark, C., Key, L., Liu, P., Mehrpooya, M., Stow, P., Su, X., Shurtleff, S., Pui, C.H., Downing, J.R. & Campana, D. (2011) New markers for minimal residual disease detection in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, 117, 6267-6276.
28. Craig, F.E. (2007) Flow cytometric evaluation of B cell lymphoid neoplasms. Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 27, 487-512.
29. Craig, F.E. & Foon, K.A. (2008) Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms. Blood, 111, 3941-3967.
30. Dean, P.N., Bagwell, C.B., Lindmo, T., Murphy, R.F. & Salzman, G.C. (1990) Data file standard for flow cytometry. Cytometry, 11, 323-332.
31. Dearden, C., Johnson, R., Pettengell, R., Devereux, S., Cwynarski, K., Whittaker, S. & McMillan, A. (2010) Guidelines for the management of mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasma (excluding cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). British Committee for standards in Haematology.
32. Diaz, D., Prieto, A., Barcenilla, H., Monserrat, J., Sanchez, M.A., Reyes, E., Hernandez-Fuentes, M.P., de la Hera, A., Ofao, A. & Alvetaz-Mon, M. (2006) Accurate apoptosis measurement requires quantification of loss of expression of surface antigens and cell fragmentation. Cytometry, 69B, 240-248.
33. DiGiuseppe, J.A. & Cardinali, J. (2011) Improved compensation of the fluorochrome AmCyan using cellular controls. Cytometry, 80B, 191-194.
34. Döcke, W.-D., Höflich, C., Davis, K.A., Röttgers, K., Meisel, C., Kieffer, P., Weber, S.U., Hedwig-Geissing, M., Kreuzfelder, E., Tschentscher, P., Nebe, T., Engel, A., Monneret, G., Spittler, A., Schmolke, K., Reinke, P., Volk, H.-D. & Kunz, D. (2005) Monitoring temporary immunodepression by flow cytometric measurement of monocytic HLD-DR expression: a multicenter standardised study. Clinical Chemistry, 51, 2341-2347.
35. Domingo, E., Moreno, C., Sanchez-Ibarrola, A., Panizo, C., Paramo, J.A. & Medrino, J. (2010) Enhanced sensitivity of flow Cytometry for routine assessment of minimal residual disease. Haematologica, 95, 691-692.
36. Dong, H.Y., Kung, J.X., Bhardwaj, V. & McGill, J. (2011) Flow cytometry rapidly identifies all acute promyelocytic leukemias with high specificity independent of underlying cytogenetic abnormalities. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 135, 76-84.
37. van Dongen, J.J.M., Lhermitte, L., Böttcher, S., Almeida, J., van der Velden, V.H.J., Flores-Montero, J., Rawstron, A., Asnafi, V., Lécrevisse, Q., Lucio, P., Mejstrikova, E., Szczepański, T., Kalina, T., de Tute, R., Brüggemann, M., Sedek, L., Cullen, M., Langerak, A.W., Mendonça, A., Macintyre, E., Martin-Ayuso, M., Hrusak, O., Vidriales, M.B., Orfao, A. & on behalf of the EuroFlow Consortium. (2012) EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes. Leukemia, 26, 1908-1975.
38. Dworzak, M.N., Fröschl, G., Printz, D., Zen, L.D., Gaipa, G., Ratei, R., Basso, G., Biondi, A., Ludwig, W.D. & Gadner, H. (2004) CD99 expression in T-lineage ALL: implications for flow cytometric detection of minimal residual disease. Leukemia, 18, 703-708.
39. Elghetany, M.T. & Davis, B.H. (2005) Impact of preanalytical variables on granulocytic surface antigen expression: a reveiw. Cytometry, 65B, 1-5.
40. Erber, W.N. (2010) Immunocytochemistry. In: Diagnostic Techniques in Haematological Malignancies (ed. by W.N. Erber ), pp. 28-50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN-13: 9780521111218.
41. European Leukaemia Net (ELN). (1995) WP10 Consensual recommendations on preanalytical precautions for the immunophenotyping of leukaemia and immunoproliferative disorders. http://www.leukemia-net.org/content/diagnostics/diagnostics/documents/e5821/infoboxContent5823/WP10preanayticall.pdf Last accessed July, 2012.
42. Fend, F. & Kremer, M. (2007) Diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoma and related entities in the bone marrow trephine biopsy. Pathobiology, 74, 133-143.
43. Foreman, M.A. & Gupta, R.K. (2007) Tandem dyes for flow cytometry: can we overcome quality concerns? Medical Laboratory Observations, 39, 24-32.
44. Fromm, J.R., Kussick, S.J. & Wood, B.L. (2006) Identification and purification of classical Hodgkin cells form lymph nodes by flow cytometry and flow cytometric cell sorting. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 126, 764-790.
45. Fromm, J.R., Thomas, A. & Wood, B.L. (2009) Flow cytometry can diagnose classical hodgkin lymphoma in lymph nodes with high sensitivity and specificity. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 131, 322-332.
46. General Haematology Task Force of the BCSH. (1994a) Immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of acute leukaemias. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 47, 777-781.
47. General Haematology Task Force of the BCSH. (1994b) Immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of chronic lymphoprolifearive disorders. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 47, 871-875.
48. Greig, B., Oldaker, T., Warzynski, M. & Wood, B. (2007) Bethesda 2006 International Consensus recommendations on the immunophenotypic analysis of hematolymphoid neoplasia by flow cytometry: recommendations for training and education to perform clinical flow cytometry. Cytometry 72B: S23-S33.
49. Hedge, U., Fille, A., Little, R.F., Janik, J.E., Grant, N., Steinberg, S.M., Dunleavy, K., Jaffe, E.S., Abati, A., Stetler-Stevenson, M. & Wilson, W.H. (2005) High incidence of occult leptomeningeal disease detected by flow cytometry in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system involvement: the role of flow cytometry versus cytology. Blood, 105, 496-502.
50. Herzenberg, L.A., Tung, J., Moore, W.A., Herzenberg, L.A. & Parks, D.R. (2006) Interpreting flow cytometry data: a guide for the perplexed. Nature Immunology, 7, 681-685.
51. Hudnall, S.D., Betancourt, E., Barnhart, E. & Patel, J. (2008) Comparative flow immunophenotypic features of the inflammatory infiltrates of Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoid hyperplasia. Cytometry, 74B, 1-8.
52. Hughes, O.R., Stewart, R., Dimmick, I. & Jones, E.A. (2009) A critical appraisal of factors affecting the accuracy of results obtained when using flow cytometry in stem cell investigations: where do you put your gates? Cytometry, 75A, 803-810.
53. Hulspas, R., Dombkowski, D., Preffer, F., Douglas, D., Kildew-Shah, B. & Gilbert, J. (2009a) Flow cytometry and the stability of phycoerythrin-tandem dye conjugates. Cytometry, 75A, 966-972.
54. Hulspas, R., O'Gorman, M.R.G., Wood, B.L., Gratama, J.W. & Sutherland, D.R. (2009b) Considerations for control of background fluorescence in clinical flow cytometry. Cytometry, 76B, 355-364.
55. International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) Expert Panel on Cytometry (1993) Recommendations of the international council for standardization in haematology for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulation of blood for blood cell counting and sizing. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 100, 371-372.
56. Ireland, R. (2011) Haematological malignancies: the rationale for integrated haematopathology services, key element of organisation and wider contribution to patient care. Histopathology, 58, 145-154.
57. Irving, J., Jesson, J., Virgo, P., Case, M., Minto, L., Eyre, L., Noel, N., Johansson, U., Macey, M., Knotts, L., Helliwell, M., Davies, P., Whitby, L., Barnett, D., Hancock, J., Goulden, N. & Lawson, S. (2009) Establishment and validation of a standard protocol for the detection of minimal residual disease in B lineage childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia by flow cytometry in a multi-center setting. Haematologica, 94, 870-874.
58. Jaiswal, J.K. & Simon, S.M. (2004) Potentials and pitfalls of fluorescent quantum dots for biological imaging. Trends in Cell Biology, 14, 497-504.
59. Johansson, U. (2007) Immunological studies of human cells. In: Flow Cytometry: Principles and Applications (ed. by M.G. Macey ), pp. 181-207. Humana Press, New York, NY. ISBN-13: 978-1588296917.
60. Johansson, U. & Macey, M.G. (2013) Tandem dyes: stability in cocktails and compensation considerations. Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry, doi: 10.1002/cytob.21154.
61. Johnson, A. & Olofsson, T. (1993) Flow cytometric clonal excess analysis of peripheral blood, routine handling, and pitfalls in interpretation. Cytometry, 14, 188-195.
62. Kalina, T., Flores-Montero, J., van der Velden, V.H.J., Martin-Ayuso, M., Böttcher, S., Ritgen, M., Almeida, J., Lhermitte, L., Asnafi, V., Mendonça, A., de Tute, R., Cullen, M., Sedek, L., Vidriales, M.B., Pérez, J.J., te Marvelde, J.G., Mejstrikova, E., Hrusak, O., Szczepański, T., van Dongen, J.J.M., Orfao, A. & on behalf of the EuroFlow Consortium. (2012) EuroFlow standardization of flow cytometer instrument settings and immunophenotyping protocols. Leukemia, 26, 1986-2010.
63. Kappelmayer, J., Gratama, J.W., Karászi, E., Menéndez, P., Ciudad, J., Rivas, R. & Orfao, A. (2000) Flow cytometric detection of intracellular myeloperoxidase, CD3 and CD79a: interaction between monoclonal antibody clones, fluorochromes and sample preparation protocols. Journal of Immunological Methods, 242, 53-65.
64. Keeney, M., Gratama, J.W., Chin-Yee, I.H. & Sutherland, D.R. (1998) Isotype control in the analysis of lymphocytes and CD34+ stem and progenitor cells by flow Cytometry- time to let go!. Cytometry, 34, 280-283.
65. Kern, W., Voskova, D., Schoch, C., Hiddemann, W., Schnittger, S. & Haferlach, T. (2004) Determination of relapse risk based on assessment of minimal residual disease during complete remission by multiparameter flow cytometry in unselected patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood, 104, 3078-3085.
66. Kraan, J., Gratama, J.W., Keeney, K. & D'Hautcourt, J.L. (2003) Setting up and calibration of a flow cytometer for multicolour immunophenoytyping. Journal of Biological Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents, 17, 223-233.
67. Kraan, J., Gratama, J.W., Haioun, C., Orfao, A., Plonquet, A., Porwit, A., Quijano, S., Stetler-Stevenson, M., Subira, D. & Wilson, W. (2008) Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid. Current Protocols in Cytometry, 45, 6.25.1-6.25.16.
68. Kumar, S., Kimlinger, T. & Morice, W. (2010) Immunophenotyping in multiple myeloma and related plasma cell disorders. Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology, 23, 433-451.
69. Langebrake, C., Creutzig, U., Dworzak, M., Hrusak, O., Mejstrikova, E., Griesinger, F., Zimmermann, M. & Reinhardt, D. (2006) Residual disease monitoring in childhood acute myeloid leukemia by multiparameter flow cytometry: the MRD-AML-BFM Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 3686-3692.
70. Lanza, F., Healy, L. & Sutherland, D.R. (2001) Structural and functional features of the CD34 antigen: an update. Journal of Biological Regulatory and Homeostatic Agents, 15, 1-13.
71. Maecker, H. & Trotter, J. (2006) Flow cytometry controls, instrument setup, and the determination of positivity. Cytometry, 69A, 1037-1042.
72. Maecker, H.T., Frey, T., Nomura, L.E. & Trotter, J. (2004) Selecting fluorochrome conjugates for maximum sensitivity. Cytometry, 62A, 169-173.
73. Mahnke, Y.D. & Roederer, M. (2007) Optimizing a multi-colour immunophenotyping assay. Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, 27, 469-485.
74. Malcovati, L., Della Porta, M.G., Lunghi, M., Pascutto, C., Vanelli, L., Travaglino, E., Maffioli, M., Bernasconi, P., Lazzarino, M., Invernizzi, R. & Cazzola, M. (2005) Flow cytometry evaluation of erythroid and myeloid dysplasia in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia, 19, 776-783.
75. Marti, G.E., Rawstron, A., Ghia, P., Hillmen, P., Houlston, R.S., Kay, N., Schleinitz, T.A., Caporaso, N. & on behalf of the international familial CLL consortium. (2005) Diagnostic criteria for monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis. British Journal of Haematology 130: 325-332.
76. Matutes, E., Owusu-Ankomah, K., Morilla, R., Garcia Marco, J., Houlihan, A., Que, T.H. & Catovsky, D. (1994) The immunological profile of B-cell disorders and proposal of a scoring system for the diagnosis of CLL. Leukemia, 8, 1640-1645.
77. McCarthy, D.A. (2007) Fluorochromes and fluorescence. In: Flow Cytometry: Principles and Applications (ed. by M.G. Macey ), pp. 59-112. Humana Press, New York, NY. ISBN-13: 978-1588296917.
78. McCarthy, D.A. & Macey, M.G. (1996) Novel anticoagulants for flow cytometric analysis of live leucocytes in whole blood. Cytometry, 23, 196-204.
79. McCarthy, D.A., Macey, M.G., Cahill, M.R. & Newland, A.C. (1994) Effect of fixation on quantitation of the expression of leucocytes function-associated surface antigens. Cytometry, 17, 39-49.
80. McCarthy, D.A., Macey, M.G. & Allen, P.D. (2008) A simple, novel, procedure for monitoring membrane scrambling and permeability in microparticles, platelets, and leucocytes in whole blood samples. Experimantal Hematology, 36, 909-921.
81. McClain, K.L., Natkunam, Y. & Swerdlow, S.H. (2004) Atypical cellular disorders. American Society of Hematology Educational Program, 2004, 283-296.
82. Meinelt, E., Reunanen, M., Edinger, M., Jaimes, M., Stall, A., Sasaki, D. & Trotter, J. (2012) Standardizing application setup across multiple flow cytometers using BD FACSDiva™ version 6 software. BD Biosciences Technical bulletin. Available at http://www.bdbiosciences.com/documents/BD_FACSDiva_Stndrd_App_Setup_TechBulletin.pdf Last Accessed October 2013
83. Mittag, A. & Tárnok, A. (2009) Basics of standardization and calibration in cytometry-a review. Journal of Biophotonics, 2, 470-481.
84. Moreau, E.J., Matutes, E., A'Hern, R.P., Morilla, A.M., Morilla, R.M., Owusu-Ankomah, K.A., Seon, B.K. & Catovsky, D. (1997) Improvement of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia scoring system with the monoclonal antibody SN8 (CD79b). American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 108, 378-382.
85. Murphy, R.F. & Chused, T.M. (1984) A proposal for a flow cytometric data file standard. Cytometry, 5, 553-555.
86. National Cancer Action Team and the Royal College of Pathologists. (2012) Additional Best Practice Commissioning Guidance for Developing Haematology Diagnostic Services. Best Practice Guidance, Gateway reference 17241. http://pro.mountvernoncancernetwork.nhs.uk/assets/Uploads/documents/IOGHaematologicalCancers-Best-Practice-for-Diagnostic-Services-March-2012.pdf
87. Nebe-von-Caron, G., Stephens, P.J., Hewitt, C.J., Powell, J.R. & Badley, R.A. (2000) Analysis of bacterial function by multi-colour fluorescence flow cytometry and single cell sorting. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 42, 97-114.
88. NICE. (2003) Improving outcomes guidance for haematological cancers. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/NICE_HAEMATOLOGICAL_CSG.pdfLast accessed March 2012
89. Nomura, L., Maino, V.C. & Maecker, H.T. (2008) Standardisation and optimisation of multiparameter intracellular cytokine staining. Cytometry, 73A, 984-991.
90. Nowakowski, G.S., Witzig, T.E., Dingli, D., Tracz, M.J., Gertz, M.A., Lacy, M.Q., Lust, J.A., Dispenzieri, A., Greipp, P.R., Kyle, R.A. & Rajkumar, S.V. (2005) Circulating plasma cells detected by flow cytometry as a predictor of survival in 302 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood, 106, 2276-2279.
91. O'Brien, M.C. & Bolton, W.E. (1995) Comparison of cell viability probes compatible with fixation and permeabilization for combined surface and intracellular staining in flow cytometry. Cytometry, 19, 234-255.
92. Parker, A., Bain, B., Devereux, S., Gatter, K., Jack, A., Matutes, E., Rooney, N., Ross, F., Wilkins, B., Wotherspoon, A. & Ramsay, A. (2010) The British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) Best Practice in Lymphoma Diagnosis and Reporting Guidelines.
93. Parks, D.R., Roederer, M. & Moore, W.A. (2006) A new "Logicle" display method avoids deceptive effects of logarithmic scaling for low signals and compensated data. Cytometry, 69A, 541-551.
94. Pérez-Persona, E., Vidriales, M.-B., Mateo, G., García-Sanz, R., Mateos, M.-V., García de Coca, A., Galende, J., Martín-Nuñez, G., Alonso, J.M., de las Heras, N., Hernández, J.M., Martín, A., López-Berges, C., Orfao, A. & San Miguel, J.F. (2007) New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells. Blood, 110, 2586-2592.
95. Perfetto, S.P. & Roederer, M. (2007) Increased immunofluorescence sensitivity using 532 nm laser excitation. Cytometry, 71A, 73-79.
96. Perfetto, S.P., Ambrozak, D., Nguyen, R., Chattopadhyay, P. & Roederer, M. (2006a) Quality assurance for polychromatic flow cytometry. Nature Protocols, 1, 1522-1530.
97. Perfetto, S.P., Chattopadhyay, P.K., Lamoreaux, L., Nguyen, R., Ambrozak, D., Koup, R.A. & Roederer, M. (2006b) Amine reactive dues: an effective tool to discriminate live and dead cells in polychromatic flow cytometry. Journal of Immunological Methods, 313, 199-208.
98. Porwit-MacDonald, A., Björklund, E., Lucio, P., van Lochem, E.G., Mazur, J., Parreira, A., van den Beemd, M.W., van Wering, E.R., Baars, E., Gaipa, G., Biondi, A., Ciudad, J., van Dongen, J.J., San Miguel, J.F. & Orfao, A. (2000) BIOMED-1 concerted action report: flow cytometric characterization of CD7+ cell subsets in normal bone marrow as a basis for the diagnosis and follow-up of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Leukemia, 14, 816-825.
99. Proctor, I.E., McNamara, C., Rodriguez-Justo, M., Isaacson, P.G. & Ramsay, A. (2011) Importance of expert central review in the diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies in a regional cancer network. Journal of Clinical Oncology., 29, 1431-1435.
100. Quijano, S., López, A., Sancho, J.M., Panizo, C., Debén, G., Castilla, C., García-Vela, J.A., Salar, A., Alsonso-Vence, N., González-Barca, E., Peñalver, F.J., Plaza-Vila, J., Morado, M., García-Marco, J., Arias, J., Briones, J., Ferrer, S., Capote, J., Nicolás, C. & Orfao, A. (2009) Identification of leptomeningeal disease in aggressive B-cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma: improved sensitivity of flow cytometry. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 1462-1469.
101. Raja, K.R., Kovarova, L. & Hajek, R. (2010) Review of phenotypic markers used in flow cytometric analysis of MGUS and MM, and applicability of flow cytometry in other plasma cell disorders. British Journal of Haematology, 149, 334-351.
102. Ratei, R. & Karawajew, L. (2006) Multiparameter Flow cytometry MRD-detection with 9 colors, 12 parameters. Dako Cyan application note. http://www.cyto.purdue.edu/cdroms/cyto10a/sponsors/media/dako/cyanadp/multi.pdf. Last accessed July 2012
103. Ratei, R., Karawajew, L., Lacombe, F., Jagoda, K., Del Poeta, G., Kraan, J., De Santiago, M., Kappelmayer, J., Björklund, E., Ludwig, W.-D., Gratama, J. & Orfao, A. (2006) Normal lymphocytes from leukemic samples as an internal quality control for fluorescence intensity in immunophenotyping of acute leukemias. Cytometry, 70B, 1-9.
104. Rawstron, A.C., Kennedy, B., Evans, P.A., Davies, F.E., Richards, S.J., Haynes, A.P., Russell, N.H., Hale, G., Morgan, G.J., Jack, A.S. & Hillmen, P. (2001) Quantitation of minimal disease levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using a sensitive flow cytometric assay improves the prediction of outcome and can be used to optimize therapy. Blood, 98, 29-35.
105. Rawstron, A.C., Villamor, N., Ritgen, M., Böttcher, S., Ghia, P., Zehnder, J.L., Lozanski, G., Colomer, D., Moreno, C., Geuna, M., Evans, P.A.S., Natkunam, Y., Coutre, S.E., Avery, E.D., Rassenti, L.Z., Kipps, T.J., Caligaris-Cappio, F., Kneba, M., Byrd, J.C., Hallek, M.J., Montserrat, E., Hillmen, P. & On behalf of European Research Initiative on CLL and the CLL Research Consortium. (2007) International standardized approach for flow cytometric residual disease monitoring in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia, 27, 956-964.
106. Rawstron, A.C., Orfao, A., Beksac, M., Bezdickova, L., Brooimans, R.A., Bumbea, H., Dalva, K., Fuhler, G., Gratama, J., Hose, D., Kovarova, L., Lioznov, M., Mateo, G., Morilla, R., Mylin, A.K., Omedé, P., Pellat-Deceunynck, C., Perez Andres, M., Petrucci, M., Ruggeri, M., Rymkiewicz, G., Schmitz, A., Schreder, M., Seynaeve, C., Spacek, M., de Tute, R.M., Van Valckenborgh, E., Weston-Bell, N., Owen, R.G., San Miguel, J.F., Sonneveld, P., Johnsen, H.E. & on behalf of the European Myeloma Network. (2008) Report of the European Myeloma Network on multiparametric flow cytometry in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Haematologica, 93, 431-438.
107. Richards, S.J. & Jack, A.S. (2003) The development of integrated haematopathology laboratories: a new approach to the diagnosis of leukaemia and lymphoma. Clinical Laboratory Haematology, 25, 337-342.
108. Richards, S.J., Whitby, L., Cullen, M.J., Dickinson, A.J., Granger, V., Reilly, J.T., Hillmen, P. & Barnett, D. (2009) Development and evaluation of a stabilised whole-blood preparation as a process control material for screening of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria by flow cytometry. Cytometry, 76B, 47-55.
109. Ritchie, J.L., Alexander, H.D. & Rea, I.M. (2000) Flow cytometry analysis of platelet P-selectin expression in whole blood-methodological considerations. Clinical Laboratory Haematology, 22, 359-363.
110. Roederer, M. (1997) Compensation in flow cytometry: a perspective. http:/ /www.drmr.com/compensation. Last accessed December 2013
111. Roederer, M. (2001) Spectral compensation for flow cytometry: visualization artefacts, limitations, and caveats. Cytometry, 45A, 194-205.
112. Sewell, W.A. & Smith, S.A. (2011) Polychromatic flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory. Pathology, 43, 580-591.
113. Shalekoff, S., Page-Shipp, L. & Teimessen, C.T. (1998) Effects of anticoagulants and temperature on Expression of activation markers CD11b and HLA-DR on human leucocytes. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 5, 695-702.
114. Shapiro, H.M. (ed.) (2003) Practical Flow Cytometry, 4th edn. Wiley, Holboken, NJ. ISBN: 978-0-471-41125-3.
115. Stachurski, D., Smith, B.R., Pozdnyakova, O., Andersen, M., Xiao, Z., Raza, A., Woda, B.A. & Wang, S.A. (2008) Flow cytometric analysis of myelomonocytic cells by a pattern recognition approach is sensitive and specific in diagnosing myelodysplastic syndrome and related marrow diseases: emphasis on a global evaluation and recognition of diagnostic pitfalls. Leukemia Research, 32, 215-224.
116. Stelzer, G.T., Marti, G., Hurley, A., McCoy, P., Lovett, E.J. & Schwartz, A. (1997) US-Canadian consensus recommendations on the immunophenoytpic analysis of hematologic neoplasia by flow cytometry:standardisation and validation of laboratory procedures. Cytometry, 30, 214-230.
117. Stetler-Stevenson, M. (2010) Flow cytometry. In: Diagnostic Techniques in Haematological Malignancies (ed. by W.N. Erber ), pp. 51-71. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN-13: 9780521111218.
118. Stewart, C.C. & Stewart, S.J. (1999) Four color compensation. Cytometry, 38, 161-175.
119. Stewart, J.C., Villasmil, M.L. & Frampton, M.W. (2007) Changes in fluorescence intensity of selected leukocyte surface markers following fixation. Cytometry, 71A, 379-385.
120. Sutherland, D.R., Kuek, N., Davidson, J., Barth, D., Chang, H., Yeo, E., Bamford, S., Chin-Yee, I. & Keeney, M. (2007) Diagnosing PNH with FLAER and multiparameter flow cytometry. Cytometry, 72B, 167-177.
121. Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., Thiele, J. & Vardiman, J.W. (Eds) (2008) WHO Classification of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
122. The Expert Advisory Group on Cancer to the Chief Medical Officers of England and Wales. (1995) A policy framework for commissioning cancer services. A report by the Expert Advisory Group on Cancer to the Chief Medical Officers of England and Wales. Department of Health, Crown Copyright.
123. Tzur, A., Moore, J.K., Jorgensen, P., Shapiro, H.M. & Kirschner, M.W. (2011) Optimizing optical flow cytometry for cell volume-based sorting and analysis. Public Library of Science ONE, 6, 1-9.
124. Van de Loosdrecht, A.A., Alhan, C., Béné, M.C., Della Porta, M.G., Dräger, A.M., Feuillard, J., Font, P., Germing, U., Haase, D., Homburg, C.H., Ireland, R., Jansen, J., Kern, W., Malcovati, L., te Marvelde, J.G., Mufti, G.J., Ogata, K., Orfao, A., Ossenkoppele, G.J., Porwit, A., Preijers, F.W., Richards, S.J., Schuurhuis, G.J., Subira, D., Valent, P., van der Velde, V.H.J., Vyas, P., Westra, A.H., de Witte, T.M., Wells, D.A., Loken, M.R. & Westers, T.M. (2009) Standardisation of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: report from the first European leukemianet working conference on flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica, 94, 1124-1134.
125. Wang, L., Gaigalas, A.K. & Yan, M. (2011) Quantitative fluorescence measurements with multicolor flow cytometry. Methods in Molecular Biology, 699, 53-65.
126. Wells, D.A., Benesch, M., Loken, M.R., Vallejo, C., Myerson, D., Leisenring, W.M. & Deeg, H.J. (2003) Myeloid and monocytic dyspoiesis as determined by flow cytometric scoring in myelodysplastic syndrome correlates with the IPSS and with outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood, 102, 394-403.
127. Westers, T.M., Ireland, R., Kern, W., Alhan, C., Balleisen, J.S., Bettelheim, P., Burbury, K., Cullen, M., Cutler, J.A., Della Porta, M.G., Dräger, A.M., Feuillard, J., Font, P., Germing, U., Haase, D., Johansson, U., Kordasti, S., Loken, M.R., Malcovati, L., Te Marvelde, J.G., Matarraz, S., Milne, T., Moshaver, B., Mufti, G.J., Ogata, K., Orfao, A., Porwit, A., Psarra, K., Richards, S.J., Subirá, D., Tindell, V., Vallespi, T., Valent, P., van der Velden, V.H., de Witte, T.M., Wells, D.A., Zettl, F., Béné, M.C. & van de Loosdrecht, A.A. (2012a) Standardization of flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndromes: a report from an international consortium and the European LeukemiaNet Working Group. Leukemia, 26, 1730-1741.
128. Westers, T.M., van der Velden, V.H., Alhan, C., Bekkema, R., Bijkerk, A., Brooimans, R.A., Cali, C., Dräger, A.M., de Haas, V., Homburg, C., de Jong, A., Kuiper-Kramer, P.E., Leenders, M., Lommerse, I., te Marvelde, J.G., van der Molen-Sinke, J.K., Moshaver, B., Mulder, A.B., Preijers, F.W., Schindhelm, R.K., van der Sluijs, A., van Wering, E.R., Westra, A.H., van de Loosdrecht, A.A. & Working Party on Flow Cytometry in MDS of Dutch Society of Cytometry (NVC). (2012b) Implementation of flow cytometry in the diagnostic work-up of myelodysplastic syndromes in a multicenter approach: report from the Dutch Working Party on Flow Cytometry in MDS. Leukemia Research, 36, 422-430.
129. Wood, B. (2006) 9-color and 10-color flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory. Archives of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, 130, 680-690.
130. Wood, B.L., Arroz, M., Barnett, D., DiGiuseppe, J., Greig, B., Kussick, S.J., Oldaker, T., Shenkin, M., Stone, E. & Wallace, P. (2007) 2006 Bethesda International consensus recommendations on the immunophenotypic analysis of hematolymphoid neoplasia by flow cytometry: optimal reagents and reporting for the flow cytometric diagnosis of hematopoietic neoplasia. Cytometry, 72B, S14-S22.