Polymeric nanoparticles for molecular imaging

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 245-267

  Srikar, R ^a   Upendran, Anandhi ^b   Kannan, Raghuraman ^a,b  

^a University of Missouri   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMAGE SEGMENTATION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

CONVENTIONAL IMAGING; IMAGING APPLICATIONS; LOW CONCENTRATIONS; MULTI-MODAL IMAGING; POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES; REGION OF INTEREST; RESEARCH COMMUNITIES; X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;

POLYMERS;

2 HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE; BENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CHITOSAN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DENDRIMER; DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE; DYE; GADOLINIUM; GLYCOL; IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM; IODINATED POPPYSEED OIL; IOHEXOL; MACROGOL; MONOMER; NANOCONJUGATE; NANOMATERIAL; NANOPARTICLE; PENDETIDE; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POLYCAPROLACTONE; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; POLYGLACTIN; POLYHYDROXYETHYLASPARTAMIDE; POLYMER; POLYSORBATE 80; POLYSTYRENE; STARCH; TRIIODOBENZOIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; NANOCAPSULE;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CLASSIFICATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONJUGATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MULTIMODAL IMAGING; NANOENCAPSULATION; NANOFABRICATION; NEAR INFRARED IMAGING SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLUBILITY; SURFACE PROPERTY; WHOLE BODY IMAGING; CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC USE; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; PROCEDURES; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

CONTRAST MEDIA; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NANOCAPSULES; POLYMERS;

EID: 84898541696     PISSN: 19395116     EISSN: 19390041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1259     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Rudin M, Weissleder R. Molecular imaging in drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003, 2:123-131.
2. Willmann JK, van Bruggen N, Dinkelborg LM, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging in drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008, 7:591-607.
3. Ashton EA. Widespread functional and molecular imaging in drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007, 2:1477-1485.
4. de Vries EG, Oude Munnink TH, van Vugt MA, Nagengast WB. Toward molecular imaging-driven drug development in oncology. Cancer Discov 2011, 1:25-28.
5. Baum RP, Kulkarni HR. THERANOSTICS: from molecular imaging using Ga-68 labeled tracers and PET/CT to personalized radionuclide therapy-the bad Berka experience. Theranostics 2012, 2:437-447.
6. Mclarty K, Reilly RM. Molecular imaging as a tool for personalized and targeted anticancer therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007, 81:420-424.
7. Sandu N, Schaller B. Molecular imaging of stem cell therapy in brain tumors: a step towards personalized medicine. Arch Med Sci 2012, 8:601-605.
8. Schonberg SO, Wangler B. From molecular imaging markers to personalized image-guided therapy. Z Med Phys 2013, 23:1-2.
9. Bardhan R, Lal S, Joshi A, Halas NJ. Theranostic nanoshells: from probe design to imaging and treatment of cancer. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:936-946.
10. Caldorera-Moore ME, Liechty WB, Peppas NA. Responsive theranostic systems: integration of diagnostic imaging agents and responsive controlled release drug delivery carriers. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:1061-1070.
11. Erathodiyil N, Ying JY. Functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles for bioimaging applications. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:925-935.
12. Jokerst JV, Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging with theranostic nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2011, 44:1050-1060.
13. Lee DE, Koo H, Sun IC, Ryu JH, Kim K, Kwon IC. Multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem Soc Rev 2012, 41:2656-2672.
14. Pan Y, Du X, Zhao F, Xu B. Magnetic nanoparticles for the manipulation of proteins and cells. Chem Soc Rev 2012, 41:2912-2942.
15. Razgulin A, Ma N, Rao J. Strategies for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity: an overview and recent advances. Chem Soc Rev 2011, 40:4186-4216.
16. Moghimi SM. Recent developments in polymeric nanoparticle engineering and their applications in experimental and clinical oncology. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2006, 6:553-561.
17. Yin Q, Yap FY, Yin L, Ma L, Zhou Q, Dobrucki LW, Fan TM, Gaba RC, Cheng J. Poly(iohexol) nanoparticles as contrast agents for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2013, 135:13620-13623.
18. Galperin A, Margel D, Baniel J, Dank G, Biton H, Margel S. Radiopaque iodinated polymeric nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications. Biomaterials 2007, 28:4461-4468.
19. Aviv H, Bartling S, Kieslling F, Margel S. Radiopaque iodinated copolymeric nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications. Biomaterials 2009, 30:5610-5616.
20. Chaney EJ, Tang L, Tong R, Cheng J, Boppart SA. Lymphatic biodistribution of polylactide nanoparticles. Mol Imaging 2010, 9:153-162.
21. Park K, Kim JH, Nam YS, Lee S, Nam HY, Kim K, Park JH, Kim IS, Choi K, Kim SY, et al. Effect of polymer molecular weight on the tumor targeting characteristics of self-assembled glycol chitosan nanoparticles. J Control Release 2007, 122:305-314.
22. Lee C-M, Jeong H-J, Cheong S-J, Kim E-M, Kim DW, Lim ST, Sohn M-H. Prostate cancer-targeted imaging using magnetofluorescent polymeric nanoparticles functionalized with bombesin. Pharm Res 2010, 27:712-721.
23. Lee S, Ryu JH, Park K, Lee A, Lee S-Y, Youn I-C, Ahn C-H, Yoon SM, Myung S-J, Moon DH, et al. Polymeric nanoparticle-based activatable near-infrared nanosensor for protease determination in vivo. Nano Lett 2009, 9:4412-4416.
24. Kim K, Lee M, Park H, Kim J-H, Kim S, Chung H, Choi K, Kim I-S, Seong BL, Kwon IC. Cell-permeable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles for apoptosis imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2006, 128:3490-3491.
25. Veiseh O, Sun C, Gunn J, Kohler N, Gabikian P, Lee D, Bhattarai N, Ellenbogen R, Sze R, Hallahan A, et al. Optical and MRI multifunctional nanoprobe for targeting gliomas. Nano Lett 2005, 5:1003-1008.
26. Yang Z, Zheng S, Harrison WJ, Harder J, Wen X, Gelovani JG, Qiao A, Li C. Long-circulating near-infrared fluorescence core-cross-linked polymeric micelles: synthesis, characterization, and dual nuclear/optical imaging. Biomacromolecules 2007, 8:3422-3428.
27. Lee J-J, White AG, Rice DR, Smith BD. In vivo imaging using polymeric nanoparticles stained with near-infrared chemiluminescent and fluorescent squaraine catenane endoperoxide. Chem Commun 2013, 49:3016-3018.
28. Baumes JM, Gassensmith JJ, Giblin J, Lee J-J, White AG, Culligan WJ, Leevy WM, Kuno M, Smith BD. Storable, thermally activated, near-infrared chemiluminescent dyes and dye-stained microparticles for optical imaging. Nat Chem 2010, 2:1025-1030.
29. Zhang Y, Yue X, Kim B, Yao S, Bondar MV, Belfield KD. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles with fluorogenic near-IR-emitting squaraine dyes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013, 5:8710-8717.
30. Liu Y, Chen Z, Liu C, Yu D, Lu Z, Zhang N. Gadolinium-loaded polymeric nanoparticles modified with anti-VEGF as multifunctional MRI contrast agents for the diagnosis of liver cancer. Biomaterials 2011, 32:5167-5176.
31. Jeong SY, Kim HJ, Kwak BK, Lee HY, Seong H, Shin BC, Yuk SH, Hwang SJ, Cho SH. Biocompatible polyhydroxyethylaspartamide-based micelles with gadolinium for MRI contrast agents. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010, 5:1970-1976.
32. Liu T, Qian Y, Hu X, Ge Z, Liu S. Mixed polymeric micelles as multifunctional scaffold for combined magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement and targeted chemotherapeutic drug delivery. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:5020-5030.
33. Shalviri A, Foltz WD, Cai P, Rauth AM, Wu XY. Multifunctional terpolymeric MRI contrast agent with superior signal enhancement in blood and tumor. J Control Release 2013, 167:11-20.
34. Huang CH, Nwe K, Al Zaki A, Brechbiel MW, Tsourkas A. Biodegradable polydisulfide dendrimer nanoclusters as MRI contrast agents. ACS Nano 2012, 6:9416-9424.
35. Lee HY, Jee HW, Seo SM, Kwak BK, Khang G, Cho SH. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-gadolinium (DTPA-Gd)-conjugated polysuccinimide derivatives as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:700-706.
36. Li Y, Qian Y, Liu T, Zhang G, Liu S. Light-triggered concomitant enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging contrast performance and drug release rate of functionalized amphiphilic diblock copolymer micelles. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13:3877-3886.
37. de Vries A, Custers E, Lub J, van den Bosch S, Nicolay K, Gruell H. Block-copolymer-stabilized iodinated emulsions for use as CT contrast agents. Biomaterials 2010, 31:6537-6544.
38. Pan D, Williams TA, Senpan A, Allen JS, Scott MJ, Gaffney PJ, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Detecting vascular biosignatures with a colloidal, radio-opaque polymeric nanoparticle. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131:15522-15527.
39. Mieszawska AJ, Kim Y, Gianella A, van Rooy I, Priem B, Labarre MP, Ozcan C, Cormode DP, Petrov A, Langer R, et al. Synthesis of polymer-lipid nanoparticles for image-guided delivery of dual modality therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2013, 24:1429-1434.
40. Yu J, Yaseen MA, Anvari B, Wong MS. Synthesis of near-infrared-absorbing nanoparticle-assembled capsules. Chem Mater 2007, 19:1277-1284.
41. Yaseen MA, Yu J, Jung B, Wong MS, Anvari B. Biodistribution of encapsulated indocyanine green in healthy mice. Mol Pharm 2009, 6:1321-1332.
42. Liu P, Yue C, Shi B, Gao G, Li M, Wang B, Ma Y, Cai L. Dextran based sensitive theranostic nanoparticles for near-infrared imaging and photothermal therapy in vitro. Chem Commun 2013, 49:6143-6145.
43. El-Daly SM, Gamal-Eldeen AM, Abo-Zeid MAM, Borai IH, Wafay HA, Abdel-Ghaffar A-RB. Photodynamic therapeutic activity of indocyanine green entrapped in polymeric nanoparticles. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2013, 10:173-185.
44. Manchanda R, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Nagesetti A, Mcgoron AJ. Preparation and characterization of a polymeric (PLGA) nanoparticulate drug delivery system with simultaneous incorporation of chemotherapeutic and thermo-optical agents. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010, 75:260-267.
45. Lim YT, Noh YW, Han JH, Cai QY, Yoon KH, Chung BH. Biocompatible polymer-nanoparticle-based bimodal imaging contrast agents for the labeling and tracking of dendritic cells. Small 2008, 4:1640-1645.
46. Saxena V, Sadoqi M, Shao J. Indocyanine green-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles: preparation, physicochemical characterization and in vitro release. Int J Pharm 2004, 278:293-301.
47. Tang Y, Lei T, Manchanda R, Nagesetti A, Fernandez-Fernandez A, Srinivasan S, Mcgoron AJ. Simultaneous delivery of chemotherapeutic and thermal-optical agents to cancer cells by a polymeric (PLGA) nanocarrier: an in vitro study. Pharm Res 2010, 27:2242-2253.
48. Patel RH, Wadajkar AS, Patel NL, Kavuri VC, Nguyen KT, Liu H. Multifunctionality of indocyanine green-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for enhanced optical imaging and hyperthermia intervention of cancer. J Biomed Opt 2012, 17:046003/046001-046003/046010.
49. Larush L, Magdassi S. Formation of near-infrared fluorescent nanoparticles for medical imaging. Nanomedicine 2011, 6:233-240.
50. Konan YN, Cerny R, Favet J, Berton M, Gurny R, Allemann E. Preparation and characterization of sterile sub-200nm meso-tetra(4-hydroxylphenyl)porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003, 55:115-124.
51. Konan YN, Berton M, Gurny R, Allemann E. Enhanced photodynamic activity of meso-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin by incorporation into sub-200nm nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003, 18:241-249.
52. Ricci-Junior E, Marchetti JM. Zinc(II) phthalocyanine loaded PLGA nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy use. Int J Pharm 2006, 310:187-195.
53. Cheng Z, Thorek DLJ, Tsourkas A. Porous polymersomes with encapsulated Gd-labeled dendrimers as highly efficient MRI contrast agents. Adv Funct Mater 2009, 19:3753-3759.
54. Courant T, Roullin GV, Cadiou C, Callewaert M, Andry MC, Portefaix C, Hoeffel C, de Goltstein MC, Port M, Laurent S, et al. Biocompatible nanoparticles and gadolinium complexes for MRI applications. C R Chim 2013, 16:531-539.
55. Doiron AL, Homan KA, Emelianov S, Brannon-Peppas L. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid as a carrier for imaging contrast agents. Pharm Res 2009, 26:674-682.
56. Crayton SH, Tsourkas A. pH-titratable superparamagnetic iron oxide for improved nanoparticle accumulation in acidic tumor microenvironments. ACS Nano 2011, 5:9592-9601.
57. Hong G-B, Zhou J-X, Yuan R-X. Folate-targeted polymeric micelles loaded with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: combined small size and high MRI sensitivity. Int J Nanomed 2012, 7:2863-2872.
58. Chiang W-H, Huang W-C, Chang C-W, Shen M-Y, Shih Z-F, Huang Y-F, Lin S-C, Chiu H-C. Functionalized polymersomes with outlayered polyelectrolyte gels for potential tumor-targeted delivery of multimodal therapies and MR imaging. J Control Release 2013, 168:280-288.
59. Santra S, Jativa SD, Kaittanis C, Normand G, Grimm J, Perez JM. Gadolinium-encapsulating iron oxide nanoprobe as activatable NMR/MRI contrast agent. ACS Nano 2012, 6:7281-7294.
60. Cierniak R. X-ray Computed Tomography in Biomedical Engineering. London: Springer-Verlag; 2011.
61. Schenkman L. Radiology. Second thoughts about CT imaging. Science 2011, 331:1002-1004.
62. Niederer PF. Chapter 1: Diagnostic Medical Imaging: X-ray projection technique, image subtraction method, direct digital x-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT). Technol Health Care 2009, 17:421-444.
63. Bonaldi VM, Garcia P, Coche EE, Sarazin L, Bret PM. Spiral X-ray computed tomography: a new modality of scanner imaging. Presse Med 1996, 25:1109-1114.
64. Dibianca FA, Zou P, Jordan LM, Laughter JS, Zeman HD, Sebes J. A variable resolution x-ray detector for computed tomography: II. Imaging theory and performance. Med Phys 2000, 27:1875-1880.
65. Siewerdsen JH, Jaffray DA. Optimization of x-ray imaging geometry (with specific application to flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography). Med Phys 2000, 27:1903-1914.
66. Wortman JA. Principles of X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Vet Med Surg 1986, 1:176-184.
67. Bravin A, Keyrilainen J, Fernandez M, Fiedler S, Nemoz C, Karjalainen-Lindsberg M-L, Tenhunen M, Virkkunen P, Leidenius M, von Smitten K, et al. High-resolution CT by diffraction-enhanced x-ray imaging: mapping of breast tissue samples and comparison with their histo-pathology. Phys Med Biol 2007, 52:2197-2211.
68. Nagarajan MB, Coan P, Huber MB, Diemoz PC, Glaser C, Wismuller A. Computer-aided diagnosis in phase contrast imaging X-ray computed tomography for quantitative characterization of ex vivo human patellar cartilage. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2013, 60:2896-2903.
69. Wernecke K, Vassallo P, Peters PE, Potter R, Luckener HG. Diagnostic imaging of mediastinal tumors. Sensitivity and specificity of sonography in comparison with computed tomography and conventional x-ray diagnosis. Radiologe 1990, 30:532-540.
70. Pellissier S, Duvoisin B, Fontolliet C, Monnier P. Magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray computed tomography in advanced cancer of the oral cavity. A comparative clinical, radiological and morphological study. J Radiol 1994, 75:577-583.
71. Crisci R, Pavone P, Passariello R, Coloni GF. Mediastinal lymphatic staging of bronchial cancer. Respective value of x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Radio-surgical comparison. Rev Mal Respir 1991, 8:205-208.
72. Rumberger JA, Johnston DL. X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Cardiol 1993, 8:1000-1013.
73. Seide K, Ritman EL. Three-dimensional dynamic x-ray-computed tomography imaging of stomach motility. Am J Physiol 1984, 247:G574-581.
74. Kleuker U, Suortti P, Weyrich W, Spanne P. Feasibility study of x-ray diffraction computed tomography for medical imaging. Phys Med Biol 1998, 43:2911-2923.
75. Rabin O, Manuel Perez J, Grimm J, Wojtkiewicz G, Weissleder R. An X-ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long-circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. Nat Mater 2006, 5:118-122.
76. Kattumuri V, Katti K, Bhaskaran S, Boote EJ, Casteel SW, Fent GM, Robertson DJ, Chandrasekhar M, Kannan R, Katti KV. Gum arabic as a phytochemical construct for the stabilization of gold nanoparticles: in vivo pharmacokinetics and X-ray-contrast-imaging studies. Small 2007, 3:333-341.
77. Aydogan B, Li J, Rajh T, Chaudhary A, Chmura SJ, Pelizzari C, Wietholt C, Kurtoglu M, Redmond P. AuNP-DG: deoxyglucose-labeled gold nanoparticles as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents for cancer imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2010, 12:463-467.
78. Oh MH, Lee N, Kim H, Park SP, Piao Y, Lee J, Jun SW, Moon WK, Choi SH, Hyeon T. Large-scale synthesis of bioinert tantalum oxide nanoparticles for X-ray computed tomography imaging and bimodal image-guided sentinel lymph node mapping. J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133:5508-5515.
79. Ai K, Liu Y, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y, Lu L. Large-scale synthesis of Bi(2)S(3) nanodots as a contrast agent for in vivo X-ray computed tomography imaging. Adv Mater 2011, 23:4886-4891.
80. Boote E, Fent G, Kattumuri V, Casteel S, Katti K, Chanda N, Kannan R, Katti K, Churchill R. Gold nanoparticle contrast in a phantom and juvenile swine: models for molecular imaging of human organs using x-ray computed tomography. Acad Radiol 2010, 17:410-417.
81. Bourin M, Jolliet P, Ballereau F. An overview of the clinical pharmacokinetics of x-ray contrast media. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997, 32:180-193.
82. Christiansen C. X-ray contrast media-an overview. Toxicology 2005, 209:185-187.
83. Liu Y, Ai K, Lu L. Nanoparticulate X-ray computed tomography contrast agents: from design validation to in vivo applications. Acc Chem Res 2012, 45:1817-1827.
84. Yordanov AT, Lodder AL, Woller EK, Cloninger MJ, Patronas N, Milenic D, Brechbiel MW. Novel iodinated dendritic nanoparticles for computed tomography (CT) imaging. Nano Lett 2002, 2:595-599.
85. Weissleder R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol 2001, 19:316-317.
86. Sevick-Muraca EM, Houston JP, Gurfinkel M. Fluorescence-enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2002, 6:642-650.
87. Yaseen MA, Yu J, Wong MS, Anvari B. In-vivo fluorescence imaging of mammalian organs using charge-assembled mesocapsule constructs containing indocyanine green. Opt Express 2008, 16:20577-20587.
88. Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114:165-172.
89. Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 2011, 32:7127-7138.
90. Desmettre T, Devoisselle JM, Mordon S. Fluorescence properties and metabolic features of indocyanine green (ICG) as related to angiography. Surv Ophthalmol 2000, 45:15-27.
91. Cherrick GR, Stein SW, Leevy CM, Davidson CS. Indocyanine green: observations on its physical properties, plasma decay, and hepatic extraction. J Clin Invest 1960, 39:592-600.
92. Kohl Y, Kaiser C, Bost W, Stracke F, Fournelle M, Wischke C, Thielecke H, Lendlein A, Kratz K, Lemor R. Preparation and biological evaluation of multifunctional PLGA-nanoparticles designed for photoacoustic imaging. Nanomedicine 2011, 7:228-237.
93. Yen SK, Janczewski D, Lakshmi JL, Dolmanan SB, Tripathy S, Ho VHB, Vijayaragavan V, Hariharan A, Padmanabhan P, Bhakoo KK, et al. Design and synthesis of polymer-functionalized NIR fluorescent dyes-magnetic nanoparticles for bioimaging. ACS Nano 2013, 7:6796-6805.
94. Ding D, Li K, Qin W, Zhan R, Hu Y, Liu J, Tang BZ, Liu B. Conjugated polymer amplified far-red/near-infrared fluorescence from nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for targeted in vivo imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2013, 2:500-507.
95. Chen P, Sun S, Hu Y, Qian Z, Zheng D. Structure and solvent effect on the photostability of indolenine cyanine dyes. Dyes Pigment 1999, 41:227-231.
96. Saxena V, Sadoqi M, Shao J. Polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system for indocyanine green: biodistribution in healthy mice. Int J Pharm 2006, 308:200-204.
97. Cheng Z, Levi J, Xiong Z, Gheysens O, Keren S, Chen X, Gambhir SS. Near-infrared fluorescent deoxyglucose analogue for tumor optical imaging in cell culture and living mice. Bioconjug Chem 2006, 17:662-669.
98. He C, Hu Y, Yin L, Tang C, Yin C. Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2010, 31:3657-3666.
99. Davis ME, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008, 7:771-782.
100. Nomura T, Koreeda N, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Effect of particle size and charge on the disposition of lipid carriers after intratumoral injection into tissue-isolated tumors. Pharm Res 1998, 15:128-132.
101. Johansson MK, Cook RM. Intramolecular dimers: a new design strategy for fluorescence-quenched probes. Chem Eur J 2003, 9:3466-3471.
102. Li F-Q, Su H, Wang J, Liu J-Y, Zhu Q-G, Fei Y-B, Pan Y-H, Hu J-H. Preparation and characterization of sodium ferulate entrapped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for liver targeting. Int J Pharm 2008, 349:274-282.
103. Raabe A, Nakaji P, Beck J, Kim Louis J, Hsu Frank PK, Kamerman Jonathan D, Seifert V, Spetzler RF. Prospective evaluation of surgical microscope-integrated intraoperative near-infrared indocyanine green videoangiography during aneurysm surgery. J Neurosurg 2005, 103:982-989.
104. Intes X, Ripoll J, Chen Y, Nioka S, Yodh AG, Chance B. In vivo continuous-wave optical breast imaging enhanced with indocyanine green. Med Phys 2003, 30:1039-1047.
105. Ranjan AP, Zeglam K, Mukerjee A, Thamake S, Vishwanatha JK. A sustained release formulation of chitosan modified PLCL:poloxamer blend nanoparticles loaded with optical agent for animal imaging. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:295104/295101-295104/295109, S295104/295101-S295104/295102.
106. Gamal-Eldeen AM, El-Daly SM, Borai IH, Wafay HA, Abdel-Ghaffar A-RB. Photodynamic therapeutic effect of indocyanine green entrapped in polymeric nanoparticles and their anti-EGFR-conjugate in skin cancer in CD1 mice. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther in press.
107. Kim TH, Chen Y, Mount CW, Gombotz WR, Li X, Pun SH. Evaluation of temperature-sensitive, indocyanine green-encapsulating micelles for noninvasive near-infrared tumor imaging. Pharm Res 2010, 27:1900-1913.
108. Pandey RK, Sumlin AB, Constantine S, Aoudia M, Potter WR, Bellnier DA, Henderson BW, Rodgers MA, Smith KM, Dougherty TJ. Alkyl ether analogs of chlorophyll-a derivatives: part 1. synthesis, photophysical properties and photodynamic efficacy. Photochem Photobiol 1996, 64:194-204.
109. Allen CM, Sharman WM, Van Lier JE. Current status of phthalocyanines in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 2001, 5:161-169.
110. Allemann E, Rousseau J, Brasseur N, Kudrevich SV, Lewis K, Van Lier JE. Photodynamic therapy of tumors with hexadecafluoro zinc phthalocyanine formulated in PEG-coated poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles. Int J Cancer 1996, 66:821-824.
111. Troyan SL, Kianzad V, Gibbs-Strauss SL, Gioux S, Matsui A, Oketokoun R, Ngo L, Khamene A, Azar F, Frangioni JV. The FLARE intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging system: a first-in-human clinical trial in breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping. Ann Surg Oncol 2009, 16:2943-2952.
112. Zhu D, Liu F, Ma L, Liu D, Wang Z. Nanoparticle-based systems for t1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Int J Mol Sci 2013, 14:10591-10607.
113. Lee N, Hyeon T. Designed synthesis of uniformly sized iron oxide nanoparticles for efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Chem Soc Rev 2012, 41:2575-2589.
114. Wang YX. Superparamagnetic iron oxide based MRI contrast agents: current status of clinical application. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2011, 1:35-40.
115. Stephen ZR, Kievit FM, Zhang M. Magnetite nanoparticles for medical MR imaging. Mater Today 2011, 14:330-338.
116. Khemtong C, Kessinger CW, Gao J. Polymeric nanomedicine for cancer MR imaging and drug delivery. Chem Commun 2009:3497-3510.
117. Muthiah M, Park IK, Cho CS. Surface modification of iron oxide nanoparticles by biocompatible polymers for tissue imaging and targeting. Biotechnol Adv 2013, 8:1224-1236.
118. Thomas R, Park IK, Jeong YY. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and therapy of cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013, 14:15910-15930.
119. Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer JP, Itty Ipe B, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV. Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 2007, 25:1165-1170.
120. Huang CH, Tsourkas A. Gd-based macromolecules and nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agents for molecular imaging. Curr Top Med Chem 2013, 13:411-421.
121. Lee SM, Song Y, Hong BJ, Macrenaris KW, Mastarone DJ, O'halloran TV, Meade TJ, Nguyen ST. Modular polymer-caged nanobins as a theranostic platform with enhanced magnetic resonance relaxivity and pH-responsive drug release. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010, 49:9960-9964.
122. Zhang HW, Wang LQ, Xiang QF, Zhong Q, Chen LM, Xu CX, Xiang XH, Xu B, Meng F, Wan YQ. Specific lipase-responsive polymer-coated gadolinium nanoparticles for MR imaging of early acute pancreatitis. Biomaterials 2013, 35:356-367.
123. Broz P, Ben-Haim N, Santini F, Marsch S, Scheffler K, Meier W, Hunziker P. Polymer vesicles loaded with precipitated gadolinium nanoparticles: a novel target-specific contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Nanomed 2009, 2:43-48.
124. Xing R, Zhang F, Xie J, Aronova M, Zhang G, Guo N, Huang X, Sun X, Liu G, Bryant LH, et al. Polyaspartic acid coated manganese oxide nanoparticles for efficient liver MRI. Nanoscale 2011, 3:4943-4945.
125. Pan D, Caurther SD, Senpan A, Schmieder AH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Revisiting an old friend manganese-based MRI contrast agents. Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011, 3:162-173.
126. Frey NA, Peng S, Cheng K, Sun S. Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, functionalization, and applications in bioimaging and magnetic energy storage. Chem Soc Rev 2009, 38:2532-2542.
127. Peng XH, Qian X, Mao H, Wang AY, Chen ZG, Nie S, Shin DM. Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tumor imaging and therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2008, 3:311-321.
128. Huang H, Li Y, Li C, Wang Y, Sun Y, Wang J. A novel anti-VEGF targeting and MRI-visible smart drug delivery system for specific diagnosis and therapy of liver cancer. Macromol Biosci 2013, 13:1358-1368.
129. Yoon HY, Saravanakumar G, Heo R, Choi SH, Song IC, Han MH, Kim K, Park JH, Choi K, Kwon IC, et al. Hydrotropic magnetic micelles for combined magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy. J Control Release 2012, 160:692-698.
130. Yang X, Grailer JJ, Rowland IJ, Javadi A, Hurley SA, Matson VZ, Steeber DA, Gong S. Multifunctional stable and pH-responsive polymer vesicles formed by heterofunctional triblock copolymer for targeted anticancer drug delivery and ultrasensitive MR imaging. ACS Nano 2010, 4:6805-6817.
131. Yang X, Grailer JJ, Rowland IJ, Javadi A, Hurley SA, Steeber DA, Gong S. Multifunctional SPIO/DOX-loaded wormlike polymer vesicles for cancer therapy and MR imaging. Biomaterials 2010, 31:9065-9073.
132. Yallapu MM, Othman SF, Curtis ET, Gupta BK, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC. Multi-functional magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2011, 32:1890-1905.
133. Srikar R, Yarin AL, Megaridis CM, Bazilevsky AV, Kelley E. Desorption-limited mechanism of release from polymer nanofibers. Langmuir 2008, 24:965-974.
134. Gandhi M, Srikar R, Yarin AL, Megaridis CM, Gemeinhart RA. Mechanistic examination of protein release from polymer nanofibers. Mol Pharm 2009, 6:641-647.
135. Govender T, Stolnik S, Garnett MC, Illum L, Davis SS. PLGA nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation: drug loading and release studies of a water soluble drug. J Control Release 1999, 57:171-185.
136. Mu L, Feng SS. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS. J Control Release 2003, 86:33-48.
137. Chacon M, Molpeceres J, Berges L, Guzman M, Aberturas MR. Stability and freeze-drying of cyclosporine loaded poly(D, L lactide-glycolide) carriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 1999, 8:99-107.
138. Abdelwahed W, Degobert G, Stainmesse S, Fessi H. Freeze-drying of nanoparticles: formulation, process and storage considerations. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2006, 58:1688-1713.