메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 13, 2014, Pages 4608-4617

Goal-dependent modulation of fast feedback responses in primary motor cortex

Author keywords

Feedback; Instruction; Primary motor cortex; Reflex; Single unit recording; Task goal

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARM MUSCLE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BODY POSTURE; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HAPLORHINI; KINEMATICS; MALE; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPATIAL BEHAVIOR; TASK PERFORMANCE;

EID: 84897837401     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 15292401     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4520-13.2014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (70)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 0021876231 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral potentials and electromyographic responses evoked by stretch of wrist muscles in man
    • Medline
    • Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD (1985) Cerebral potentials and electromyographic responses evoked by stretch of wrist muscles in man. Exp Brain Res 58:544-551. Medline
    • (1985) Exp Brain Res , vol.58 , pp. 544-551
    • Abbruzzese, G.1    Berardelli, A.2    Rothwell, J.C.3    Day, B.L.4    Marsden, C.D.5
  • 3
    • 0021714087 scopus 로고
    • Dependence of EMG responses evoked by imposed wrist displacements on pre-existing activity in the stretched muscles
    • Medline
    • Bedingham W, Tatton WG (1984) Dependence of EMG responses evoked by imposed wrist displacements on pre-existing activity in the stretched muscles. Can J Neurol Sci 11:272-280. Medline
    • (1984) Can J Neurol Sci , vol.11 , pp. 272-280
    • Bedingham, W.1    Tatton, W.G.2
  • 4
    • 0023226318 scopus 로고
    • A method for simulating the reflex output of a motoneuron pool
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Capaday C, Stein RB (1987) A method for simulating the reflex output of a motoneuron pool. J Neurosci Methods 21:91-104. CrossRef Medline
    • (1987) J Neurosci Methods , vol.21 , pp. 91-104
    • Capaday, C.1    Stein, R.B.2
  • 5
    • 0021287163 scopus 로고
    • Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to longlatency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey
    • Medline
    • Cheney PD, Fetz EE (1984) Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to longlatency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey. J Physiol 349:249-272. Medline
    • (1984) J Physiol , vol.349 , pp. 249-272
    • Cheney, P.D.1    Fetz, E.E.2
  • 6
    • 34447517647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal complexity and heterogeneity of single-neuron activity in premotor and motor cortex
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Churchland MM, Shenoy KV (2007) Temporal complexity and heterogeneity of single-neuron activity in premotor and motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 97:4235-4257. CrossRef Medline
    • (2007) J Neurophysiol , vol.97 , pp. 4235-4257
    • Churchland, M.M.1    Shenoy, K.V.2
  • 7
    • 78049285293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical preparatory activity: Representation of movement or first cog in a dynamical machine?
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Churchland MM, Cunningham JP, Kaufman MT, Ryu SI, Shenoy KV (2010) Cortical preparatory activity: representation of movement or first cog in a dynamical machine? Neuron 68:387-400. CrossRef Medline
    • (2010) Neuron , vol.68 , pp. 387-400
    • Churchland, M.M.1    Cunningham, J.P.2    Kaufman, M.T.3    Ryu, S.I.4    Shenoy, K.V.5
  • 9
    • 78651432548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting ready to move: Transmitted information in the corticospinal pathway during preparation for movement
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Cohen O, Sherman E, Zinger N, Perlmutter S, Prut Y (2010) Getting ready to move: transmitted information in the corticospinal pathway during preparation for movement. Curr Opin Neurobiol 20:696-703. CrossRef Medline
    • (2010) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.20 , pp. 696-703
    • Cohen, O.1    Sherman, E.2    Zinger, N.3    Perlmutter, S.4    Prut, Y.5
  • 10
    • 0018657176 scopus 로고
    • Subject instruction and long latency reflex responses to muscle stretch
    • Medline
    • Colebatch JG, Gandevia SC, McCloskey DI, Potter EK (1979) Subject instruction and long latency reflex responses to muscle stretch. J Physiol 292:527-534. Medline
    • (1979) J Physiol , vol.292 , pp. 527-534
    • Colebatch, J.G.1    Gandevia, S.C.2    McCloskey, D.I.3    Potter, E.K.4
  • 11
    • 0017150430 scopus 로고
    • Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex
    • Medline
    • Crago PE, Houk JC, Hasan Z (1976) Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex. J Neurophysiol 39:925-935. Medline
    • (1976) J Neurophysiol , vol.39 , pp. 925-935
    • Crago, P.E.1    Houk, J.C.2    Hasan, Z.3
  • 12
    • 59949096242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparing for a motor perturbation: Early implication of primary motor and somatosensory cortices
    • CrossRef Medline
    • de Graaf JB, Frolov A, Fiocchi M, Nazarian B, Anton JL, Pailhous J, Bonnard M (2009) Preparing for a motor perturbation: early implication of primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Hum Brain Mapp 30:575-587. CrossRef Medline
    • (2009) Hum Brain Mapp , vol.30 , pp. 575-587
    • de Graaf, J.B.1    Frolov, A.2    Fiocchi, M.3    Nazarian, B.4    Anton, J.L.5    Pailhous, J.6    Bonnard, M.7
  • 13
    • 84855838630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task-dependent coordination of rapid bimanual motor responses
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Dimitriou M, Franklin DW, Wolpert DM (2012) Task-dependent coordination of rapid bimanual motor responses. J Neurophysiol 107:890-901. CrossRef Medline
    • (2012) J Neurophysiol , vol.107 , pp. 890-901
    • Dimitriou, M.1    Franklin, D.W.2    Wolpert, D.M.3
  • 14
    • 0017257297 scopus 로고
    • Relations of reflexes and intended movements
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Evarts EV, Granit R (1976) Relations of reflexes and intended movements. Prog Brain Res 44:1-14. CrossRef Medline
    • (1976) Prog Brain Res , vol.44 , pp. 1-14
    • Evarts, E.V.1    Granit, R.2
  • 15
    • 0017181824 scopus 로고
    • Reflex and intended responses in motor cortex pyramidal tract neurons of monkey
    • Medline
    • Evarts EV, Tanji J (1976) Reflex and intended responses in motor cortex pyramidal tract neurons of monkey. J Neurophysiol 39:1069-1080. Medline
    • (1976) J Neurophysiol , vol.39 , pp. 1069-1080
    • Evarts, E.V.1    Tanji, J.2
  • 16
    • 0000379703 scopus 로고
    • Are movement parameters recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons
    • Fetz EE (1992) Are movement parameters recognizably coded in the activity of single neurons. Behav Brain Sci 15:679-690.
    • (1992) Behav Brain Sci , vol.15 , pp. 679-690
    • Fetz, E.E.1
  • 17
    • 0017711040 scopus 로고
    • Relation of motor cortex neurons to precisely controlled and ballistic movements
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Fromm C, Evarts EV (1977) Relation of motor cortex neurons to precisely controlled and ballistic movements. Neurosci Lett 5:259-265. CrossRef Medline
    • (1977) Neurosci Lett , vol.5 , pp. 259-265
    • Fromm, C.1    Evarts, E.V.2
  • 19
    • 77049204877 scopus 로고
    • Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm
    • Medline
    • Hammond PH (1955) Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. J Physiol 127:23-25P. Medline
    • (1955) J Physiol , vol.127
    • Hammond, P.H.1
  • 20
    • 77049324491 scopus 로고
    • The influence of prior instruction to the subject on an apparently involuntary neuro-muscular response
    • Medline
    • Hammond PH (1956) The influence of prior instruction to the subject on an apparently involuntary neuro-muscular response. J Physiol 132:17-18P. Medline
    • (1956) J Physiol , vol.132
    • Hammond, P.H.1
  • 21
    • 83455258180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensing with the motor cortex
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Hatsopoulos NG, Suminski AJ (2011) Sensing with the motor cortex. Neuron 72:477-487. CrossRef Medline
    • (2011) Neuron , vol.72 , pp. 477-487
    • Hatsopoulos, N.G.1    Suminski, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 34248381729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encoding of movement fragments in the motor cortex
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Hatsopoulos NG, Xu Q, Amit Y (2007) Encoding of movement fragments in the motor cortex. J Neurosci 27:5105-5114. CrossRef Medline
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 5105-5114
    • Hatsopoulos, N.G.1    Xu, Q.2    Amit, Y.3
  • 23
    • 34147104891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of torque-related activity in primary motor cortex during a multijoint postural task
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Herter TM, Kurtzer I, Cabel DW, Haunts KA, Scott SH (2007) Characterization of torque-related activity in primary motor cortex during a multijoint postural task. J Neurophysiol 97:2887-2899. CrossRef Medline
    • (2007) J Neurophysiol , vol.97 , pp. 2887-2899
    • Herter, T.M.1    Kurtzer, I.2    Cabel, D.W.3    Haunts, K.A.4    Scott, S.H.5
  • 24
    • 58849107245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of neural responses in primary motor cortex to transient and continuous loads during posture
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Herter TM, Korbel T, Scott SH (2009) Comparison of neural responses in primary motor cortex to transient and continuous loads during posture. J Neurophysiol 101:150-163. CrossRef Medline
    • (2009) J Neurophysiol , vol.101 , pp. 150-163
    • Herter, T.M.1    Korbel, T.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 25
    • 84896689760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical activity in the null space: Permitting preparation without movement
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Kaufman MT, Churchland MM, Ryu SI, Shenoy KV (2014) Cortical activity in the null space: permitting preparation without movement. Nat Neurosci 17:440-448. CrossRef Medline
    • (2014) Nat Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 440-448
    • Kaufman, M.T.1    Churchland, M.M.2    Ryu, S.I.3    Shenoy, K.V.4
  • 26
    • 33748478136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcranial magnetic stimulation over sensorimotor cortex disrupts anticipatory reflex gain modulation for skilled action
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Kimura T, Haggard P, Gomi H (2006) Transcranial magnetic stimulation over sensorimotor cortex disrupts anticipatory reflex gain modulation for skilled action. J Neurosci 26:9272-9281. CrossRef Medline
    • (2006) J Neurosci , vol.26 , pp. 9272-9281
    • Kimura, T.1    Haggard, P.2    Gomi, H.3
  • 27
    • 20044391116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random change in cortical load representation suggests distinct control of posture and movement
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Kurtzer I, Herter TM, Scott SH (2005) Random change in cortical load representation suggests distinct control of posture and movement. Nat Neurosci 8:498-504. CrossRef Medline
    • (2005) Nat Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 498-504
    • Kurtzer, I.1    Herter, T.M.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 28
    • 33644811564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Kurtzer I, Pruszynski JA, Herter TM, Scott SH (2006) Primate upper limb muscles exhibit activity patterns that differ from their anatomical action during a postural task. J Neurophysiol 95:493-504. CrossRef Medline
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.95 , pp. 493-504
    • Kurtzer, I.1    Pruszynski, J.A.2    Herter, T.M.3    Scott, S.H.4
  • 29
    • 0019950258 scopus 로고
    • Long latency reflexes to imposed displacements of the human wrist-dependence on duration of movement
    • Medline
    • Lee RG, Tatton WG (1982) Long latency reflexes to imposed displacements of the human wrist-dependence on duration of movement. Exp Brain Res 45:207-216. Medline
    • (1982) Exp Brain Res , vol.45 , pp. 207-216
    • Lee, R.G.1    Tatton, W.G.2
  • 30
    • 33748992846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of task instruction on the excitability of spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways projecting to the biceps muscle
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Lewis GN, MacKinnon CD, Perreault EJ (2006) The effect of task instruction on the excitability of spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways projecting to the biceps muscle. Exp Brain Res 174:413-425. CrossRef Medline
    • (2006) Exp Brain Res , vol.174 , pp. 413-425
    • Lewis, G.N.1    McKinnon, C.D.2    Perreault, E.J.3
  • 31
    • 84872183883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference distributions of primary motor cortex neurons reflect control solutions optimized for limb biomechanics
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Lillicrap TP, Scott SH (2013) Preference distributions of primary motor cortex neurons reflect control solutions optimized for limb biomechanics. Neuron 77:168-179. CrossRef Medline
    • (2013) Neuron , vol.77 , pp. 168-179
    • Lillicrap, T.P.1    Scott, S.H.2
  • 32
    • 0034034188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortical potentials precede long-latency EMG activity evoked by imposed displacements of the human wrist
    • CrossRef Medline
    • McKinnon CD, Verrier MC, Tatton WG (2000) Motor cortical potentials precede long-latency EMG activity evoked by imposed displacements of the human wrist. Exp Brain Res 131:477-490. CrossRef Medline
    • (2000) Exp Brain Res , vol.131 , pp. 477-490
    • McKinnon, C.D.1    Verrier, M.C.2    Tatton, W.G.3
  • 33
    • 0017100934 scopus 로고
    • Stretch reflex and servo action in a variety of human muscles
    • Medline
    • Marsden CD, Merton PA, Morton HB (1976) Stretch reflex and servo action in a variety of human muscles. J Physiol 259:531-560. Medline
    • (1976) J Physiol , vol.259 , pp. 531-560
    • Marsden, C.D.1    Merton, P.A.2    Morton, H.B.3
  • 34
    • 0022713276 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the automatic compensation of reflex gain on varying the pre-existing level of motor discharge in man
    • Medline
    • Matthews PB (1986) Observations on the automatic compensation of reflex gain on varying the pre-existing level of motor discharge in man. J Physiol 374:73-90. Medline
    • (1986) J Physiol , vol.374 , pp. 73-90
    • Matthews, P.B.1
  • 35
    • 84893135864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid online selection between multiple motor plans
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Nashed JY, Crevecoeur F, Scott SH (2014) Rapid online selection between multiple motor plans. J Neurosci 34:1769-1780. CrossRef Medline
    • (2014) J Neurosci , vol.34 , pp. 1769-1780
    • Nashed, J.Y.1    Crevecoeur, F.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 36
    • 84871889089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid feedback corrections during a bimanual postural task
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Omrani M, Diedrichsen J, Scott SH (2013) Rapid feedback corrections during a bimanual postural task. J Neurophysiol 109:147-161. CrossRef Medline
    • (2013) J Neurophysiol , vol.109 , pp. 147-161
    • Omrani, M.1    Diedrichsen, J.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 37
    • 0026498027 scopus 로고
    • Primary motor cortical responses to perturbations of prehension in the monkey
    • Medline
    • Picard N, Smith AM (1992) Primary motor cortical responses to perturbations of prehension in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 68:1882-1894. Medline
    • (1992) J Neurophysiol , vol.68 , pp. 1882-1894
    • Picard, N.1    Smith, A.M.2
  • 39
    • 84862889127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal feedback control and the longlatency stretch response
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Pruszynski JA, Scott SH (2012) Optimal feedback control and the longlatency stretch response. Exp Brain Res 218:341-359. CrossRef Medline
    • (2012) Exp Brain Res , vol.218 , pp. 341-359
    • Pruszynski, J.A.1    Scott, S.H.2
  • 40
    • 55249127512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Pruszynski JA, Kurtzer I, Scott SH (2008) Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task. J Neurophysiol 100: 224-238. CrossRef Medline
    • (2008) J Neurophysiol , vol.100 , pp. 224-238
    • Pruszynski, J.A.1    Kurtzer, I.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 42
    • 80054992456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Pruszynski JA, Kurtzer I, Nashed JY, Omrani M, Brouwer B, Scott SH (2011a) Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control. Nature 478:387-390. CrossRef Medline
    • (2011) Nature , vol.478 , pp. 387-390
    • Pruszynski, J.A.1    Kurtzer, I.2    Nashed, J.Y.3    Omrani, M.4    Brouwer, B.5    Scott, S.H.6
  • 43
    • 79959950842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The long-latency reflex is composed of at least two functionally independent processes
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Pruszynski JA, Kurtzer I, Scott SH (2011b) The long-latency reflex is composed of at least two functionally independent processes. J Neurophysiol 106:449-459. CrossRef Medline
    • (2011) J Neurophysiol , vol.106 , pp. 449-459
    • Pruszynski, J.A.1    Kurtzer, I.2    Scott, S.H.3
  • 44
    • 0000518176 scopus 로고
    • Implications of neural networks for how we think about brain function
    • Robinson DA (1992) Implications of neural networks for how we think about brain function. Behav Brain Sci 15:644-655.
    • (1992) Behav Brain Sci , vol.15 , pp. 644-655
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 45
    • 0019312023 scopus 로고
    • Influence of voluntary intent on the human long-latency stretch reflex
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Rothwell JC, Traub MM, Marsden CD (1980) Influence of voluntary intent on the human long-latency stretch reflex. Nature 286:496-498. CrossRef Medline
    • (1980) Nature , vol.286 , pp. 496-498
    • Rothwell, J.C.1    Traub, M.M.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 46
    • 0032802494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apparatus for measuring and perturbing shoulder and elbow joint positions and torques during reaching
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Scott SH (1999) Apparatus for measuring and perturbing shoulder and elbow joint positions and torques during reaching. J Neurosci Methods 89:119-127. CrossRef Medline
    • (1999) J Neurosci Methods , vol.89 , pp. 119-127
    • Scott, S.H.1
  • 47
    • 3042755702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Scott SH (2004) Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:532-546. CrossRef Medline
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 532-546
    • Scott, S.H.1
  • 48
    • 84867919577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and planning
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Scott SH (2012) The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and planning. Trends Cogn Sci 16:541-549. CrossRef Medline
    • (2012) Trends Cogn Sci , vol.16 , pp. 541-549
    • Scott, S.H.1
  • 49
    • 24944449407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor cortex neural correlates of output kinematics and kinetics during isometric-force and armreaching tasks
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Sergio LE, Hamel-Pâquet C, Kalaska JF (2005) Motor cortex neural correlates of output kinematics and kinetics during isometric-force and armreaching tasks. J Neurophysiol 94:2353-2378. CrossRef Medline
    • (2005) J Neurophysiol , vol.94 , pp. 2353-2378
    • Sergio, L.E.1    Hamel-Pâquet, C.2    Kalaska, J.F.3
  • 50
    • 0036333633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromyographic responses to an unexpected load in fast voluntary movements: Descending regulation of segmental reflexes
    • Medline
    • Shapiro MB, Gottlieb GL, Moore CG, Corcos DM (2002) Electromyographic responses to an unexpected load in fast voluntary movements: descending regulation of segmental reflexes. J Neurophysiol 88:1059-1063. Medline
    • (2002) J Neurophysiol , vol.88 , pp. 1059-1063
    • Shapiro, M.B.1    Gottlieb, G.L.2    Moore, C.G.3    Corcos, D.M.4
  • 51
    • 70350339791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The differential role of motor cortex in stretch reflex modulation induced by changes in environmental mechanics and verbal instruction
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Shemmell J, An JH, Perreault EJ (2009) The differential role of motor cortex in stretch reflex modulation induced by changes in environmental mechanics and verbal instruction. J Neurosci 29:13255-13263. CrossRef Medline
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 13255-13263
    • Shemmell, J.1    An, J.H.2    Perreault, E.J.3
  • 52
    • 77956181281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Shemmell J, Krutky MA, Perreault EJ (2010) Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability. Clin Neurophysiol 121:1680-1689. CrossRef Medline
    • (2010) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.121 , pp. 1680-1689
    • Shemmell, J.1    Krutky, M.A.2    Perreault, E.J.3
  • 53
    • 84880310601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical control of arm movements: A dynamical systems perspective
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Shenoy KV, Sahani M, Churchland MM (2013) Cortical control of arm movements: a dynamical systems perspective. Annu Rev Neurosci 36: 337-359. CrossRef Medline
    • (2013) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.36 , pp. 337-359
    • Shenoy, K.V.1    Sahani, M.2    Churchland, M.M.3
  • 54
    • 77953290834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical mechanisms underlying stretch reflex adaptation to intention: A combined EEG-TMS study
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Spieser L, Meziane HB, Bonnard M (2010) Cortical mechanisms underlying stretch reflex adaptation to intention: a combined EEG-TMS study. Neuroimage 52:316-325. CrossRef Medline
    • (2010) Neuroimage , vol.52 , pp. 316-325
    • Spieser, L.1    Meziane, H.B.2    Bonnard, M.3
  • 55
    • 0021037773 scopus 로고
    • The influence of motor preparation on the response of cerebellar neurons to limb displacements
    • Medline
    • Strick PL (1983) The influence of motor preparation on the response of cerebellar neurons to limb displacements. J Neurosci 3:2007-2020. Medline
    • (1983) J Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 2007-2020
    • Strick, P.L.1
  • 56
    • 0017189442 scopus 로고
    • Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement
    • Medline
    • Tanji J, Evarts EV (1976) Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. J Neurophysiol 39:1062-1068. Medline
    • (1976) J Neurophysiol , vol.39 , pp. 1062-1068
    • Tanji, J.1    Evarts, E.V.2
  • 57
    • 0036423298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic mechanisms of TMS
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Terao Y, Ugawa Y (2002) Basic mechanisms of TMS. J Clin Neurophysiol 19:322-343. CrossRef Medline
    • (2002) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.19 , pp. 322-343
    • Terao, Y.1    Ugawa, Y.2
  • 58
    • 0030463179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptual and motor processing stages identified in the activity of macaque frontal eye field neurons during visual search
    • Medline
    • Thompson KG, Hanes DP, Bichot NP, Schall JD (1996) Perceptual and motor processing stages identified in the activity of macaque frontal eye field neurons during visual search. J Neurophysiol 76:4040-4055. Medline
    • (1996) J Neurophysiol , vol.76 , pp. 4040-4055
    • Thompson, K.G.1    Hanes, D.P.2    Bichot, N.P.3    Schall, J.D.4
  • 59
    • 0034029092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: A model
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Todorov E (2000) Direct cortical control of muscle activation in voluntary arm movements: a model. Nat Neurosci 3:391-398. CrossRef Medline
    • (2000) Nat Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 391-398
    • Todorov, E.1
  • 60
    • 0017107156 scopus 로고
    • Dual nature of the precentral responses to limb perturbations revealed by cerebellar cooling
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Vilis T, Hore J, Meyer-Lohmann J, Brooks VB (1976) Dual nature of the precentral responses to limb perturbations revealed by cerebellar cooling. Brain Res 117:336-340. CrossRef Medline
    • (1976) Brain Res , vol.117 , pp. 336-340
    • Vilis, T.1    Hore, J.2    Meyer-Lohmann, J.3    Brooks, V.B.4
  • 61
    • 0033152605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans
    • CrossRef Medline
    • Werhahn KJ, Kunesch E, Noachtar S, Benecke R, Classen J (1999) Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans. J Physiol 517:591-597. CrossRef Medline
    • (1999) J Physiol , vol.517 , pp. 591-597
    • Werhahn, K.J.1    Kunesch, E.2    Noachtar, S.3    Benecke, R.4    Classen, J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.