Temporal evolution of "automatic gain-scaling"

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 992-1003

  Pruszynski, J Andrew ^a   Kurtzer, Isaac ^a   Lillicrap, Timothy P ^a   Scott, Stephen H ^a,b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARM; ARTICLE; BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE; ELBOW; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LATENT PERIOD; MOTONEURON; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE STRETCHING; NERVE POTENTIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; STEADY STATE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TRICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; BIOMECHANICS; ELASTICITY; ELBOW; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HAND; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 68149169769     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: 15221598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00085.2009     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Asatryan DG, Feldman AG. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of moement or maintenance of a steady posture. I. Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint on execution of a postural task. Biophysics 10: 925-935, 1965.
2. Bawa P. Neural control of motor output: can training change it? Exercise Sport Sci Rev 30: 59-63, 2002.
3. Bedingham W, Tatton WG. Dependence of EMG responses evoked by imposed wrist displacements on pre-existing activity in the stretched muscles. Can J Neurol Sci 11: 272-280, 1984.
4. Bonnet M. Anticipatory changes of long-latency stretch responses during preparation for directional hand movements. Brain Res 280: 51-62, 1983.
5. Brown IE, Cheng EJ, Loeb GE. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. II. The effects of stimulus frequency on force-length and force-velocity relationships. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 20: 627-643, 1999.
6. Brown IE, Loeb GE. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. I. The effects of post-activation potentiation on the time course and velocity dependencies of force production. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 20: 443-456, 1999.
7. Brown IE, Loeb GE. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. III. the effects of stimulus frequency on stretch-induced force enhancement and shortening-induced force depression. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 21: 21-31, 2000a.
8. Brown IE, Loeb GE. Measured and modeled properties of mammalian skeletal muscle. IV. Dynamics of activation and deactivation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 21: 33-47, 2000b.
9. Calancie B, Bawa P. Firing patterns of human flexor carpi radialis motor units during the stretch reflex. J Neurophysiol 53: 1179-1193, 1985a.
10. Calancie B, Bawa P. Voluntary and reflexive recruitment of flexor carpi radialis motor units in Humans. J Neurophysiol 53: 1194-1200, 1985b.
11. Cannon SC, Zahalak GI. The mechanical-behavior of active human skeletal-muscle in small oscillations. J Biomechan 15: 111-121, 1982.
12. Capaday C, Stein RB. A method for simulating the reflex output of a motoneuron pool. J Neurosci Methods 21: 91-104, 1987.
13. Cathers I, O'Dwyer N, Neilson P. Variation of magnitude and timing of wrist flexor stretch reflex across the full range of voluntary activation. Exp Brain Res 157: 324-335, 2004.
14. Cole KJ, Gracco VL, Abbs JH. Autogenic and nonautogenic sensorimotor actions in the control of multiarticulate hand movements. Exp Brain Res 56: 582-585, 1984.
15. Cope TC, Clark BD. Motor-unit recruitment in the decerebrate cat-several unit properties are equally good predictors of order. J Neurophysiol 66: 1127-1138, 1991.
16. Cope TC, Sokoloff AJ. Orderly recruitment among motoneurons supplying different muscles. J Physiol 93: 81-85, 1999.
17. Crago PE, Houk JC, Hasan Z. Regulatory actions of human stretch reflex. J Neurophysiol 39: 925-935, 1976.
18. Evarts EV, Vaughn WJ. Intended arm movements in response to externally produced arm displacements in man. In: Cerebral Motor Control in Man: Long Loop Mechanisms, edited by Desmedt JE. Brussels: Krager, 1978, p. 178-192.
19. Franklin DW, Milner TE. Adaptive control of stiffness to stabilize hand position with large loads. Exp Brain Res 152: 211-220, 2003.
20. Ghez C, Shinoda Y. Spinal mechanisms of functional stretch reflex. Exp Brain Res 32: 55-68, 1978.
21. Gielen CCAM, Ramaekers L, Vanzuylen EJ. Long-latency stretch reflexes as coordinated functional-responses in man. J Physiol 407: 275-292, 1988.
22. Gomi H, Osu R. Task-dependent viscoelasticity of human multijoint arm and its spatial characteristics for interaction with environments. J Neurosci 18: 8965-8978, 1998.
23. Goodwin GM, Mcgrath GJ, Matthews PB. Tonic vibration reflex seen in acute spinal cat after treatment with Dopa. Brain Res 49: 463-466, 1973.
24. Grey MJ, Ladouceur M, Andersen JB, Nielsen JB, Sinkjaer T. Group II muscle afferents probably contribute to the medium latency soleus stretch reflex during walking in humans. J Physiol 534: 925-933, 2001.
25. Hammond PH. Involuntary activity in biceps following the sudden application of velocity to the abducted forearm. J Physiol 127: 23P-25P, 1954.
26. Hammond PH. The influence of prior instruction to the subject on an apparently involuntary neuro-muscular response. J Physiol 132: 17P-18P, 1956.
27. Henneman E. Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science 126: 1345-1347, 1957.
28. Herrmann U, Flanders M. Directional tuning of single motor units. J Neurosci 18: 8402-8416, 1998.
29. Hodson-Tole EF, Wakeling JM. Motor unit recruitment for dynamic tasks: current understanding and future directions. J Comp Physiol B Biol Sci 179: 57-66, 2008.
30. Hof AL. EMG and muscle force - an introduction. Human Move Sci 3: 119-153, 1984.
31. Hoffer JA, Andreassen S. Regulation of soleus muscle-stiffness in pre-mammillary cats - intrinsic and reflex components. J Neurophysiol 45: 267-285, 1981.
32. Hoffer JA, Loeb GE, Sugano N, Marks WB, Odonovan MJ, Pratt CA. Cat hindlimb motoneurons during locomotion. III. Functional segregation in sartorius. J Neurophysiol 57: 554-562, 1987.
33. Houk JC. Regulation of stiffness by skeleto-motor reflexes. Annu Rev Physiol 41: 99-114, 1979.
34. Houk JC, Singer JJ, Goldman MR. Evaluation of length and force feedback to soleus muscles of decerebrate cats. J Neurophysiol 33: 784-811, 1970.
35. Hunter IW, Weiss PL, Kearney RE. Human ankle stiffness dynamics - effect of muscle fatigue. Can J Neurol Sci 9: 362, 1982.
36. Huyghues-Despointes CM, Cope TC, Nichols TR. Intrinsic properties and reflex compensation in reinnervated triceps surae muscles of the cat: effect of activation level. J Neurophysiol 90: 1537-1546, 2003.
37. Jaeger RJ, Gottlieb GL, Agarwal GC. Myoelectric responses at flexors and extensors of human wrist to step torque perturbations. J Neurophysiol 48: 388-402, 1982.
38. Joyce GC, Rack PMH. Isotonic lengthening and shortening movements of cat soleus muscle. J Physiol 204: 475-and, 1969.
39. Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM. Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
40. Kernell D, Hultborn H. Synaptic effects on recruitment gain - a mechanism of importance for the Input output relations of motoneuron pools. Brain Res 507: 176-179, 1990.
41. Kimura T, Haggard P, Gomi H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over sensorimotor cortex disrupts anticipatory reflex gain modulation for skilled action. J Neurosci 26: 9272-9281, 2006.
42. Kurtzer I, Scott SH. A multi-level approach to understanding upper limb function. Prog Brain Res 165: 347-362, 2007.
43. Kurtzer IL, Pruszynski JA, Scott SH. Long-latency reflexes of the human arm reflect an internal model of limb dynamics. Curr Biol 18: 449-453, 2008.
44. Lawrence JH, Deluca CJ. Myoelectric signal versus force relationship in different human muscles. J Appl Physiol 54: 1653-1659, 1983.
45. Lee RG, Tatton WG. Motor responses to sudden limb displacements in primates with specific CNS lesions and in human patients with motor system disorders. Can J Neurol Sci 2: 285-293, 1975.
46. Lenz FA, Tatton WG, Tasker RR. Electro-myographic response to displacement of different forelimb joints in the squirrel monkey. J Neurosci 3: 783-794, 1983.
47. Lewis GN, MacKinnon CD, Perreault EJ. The effect of task instruction on the excitability of spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways projecting to the biceps muscle. Exp Brain Res 174: 413-425, 2006.
48. Li W, Todorov E. Iterative linear quadratic regulator design for nonlinear biological movement systems. Intl Conf Inform Control Automat Robotics 1: 222-229, 2004.
49. Marsden CD, Merton PA, Morton HB. Servo action in human thumb. J Physiol 257: 1-44, 1976.
50. Matthews PB. Reflex activation of soleus muscle of decerebrate cat by vibration. Nature 209: 204-and, 1966.
51. Matthews PBC. Observations on the automatic compensation of reflex gain on varying the preexisting level of motor discharge in man. J Physiol 374: 73-90, 1986.
52. Matthews PBC. The human stretch reflex and the motor cortex. Trends Neurosci 14: 87-91, 1991.
53. Mendell LM. The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 93: 3024-3026, 2005.
54. Miller AD, Brooks VB. Late muscular responses to arm perturbations persist during supraspinal dysfunctions in monkeys. Exp Brain Res 41: 146-158, 1981.
55. Milner-Brown HS, Stein RB. Relation between surface electromyogram and muscular force. J Physiol 246: 549-569, 1975.
56. Mortimer JA, Webster DD, Dukich TG. Changes in short and long latency stretch responses during the transition from posture to movement. Brain Res 229: 337-351, 1981.
57. Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Hogan N, Bizzi E. Neural, mechanical, and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans. J Neurosci 5: 2732-2743, 1985.
58. Nakazawa K, Yamamoto S, Yano H. Short-and long-latency reflex responses during different motor tasks in elbow flexor muscles. Exp Brain Res 116: 20-28, 1997.
59. Nichols TR, Houk JC. Improvement in linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex. J Neurophysiol 39: 119-142, 1976.
60. Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Burke D. The Circuitry of the Spinal Cord: Its Role in Motor Control and Movement Disorders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005.
61. Prochazka A, Clarac F, Loeb GE, Rothwell JC, Wolpaw JR. What do reflex and voluntary mean? Modern views on an ancient debate. Exp Brain Res 130: 417-432, 2000.
62. Pruszynski JA, Kurtzer I, Scott SH. Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task. J Neurophysiol 100: 224-238, 2008a.
63. Pruszynski JA, Kurtzer I, Scott SH. Task-dependency of rapid motor responses reflects the sum of fixed and flexible processes. Soc Neurosci Abstr 379.17, 2008b.
64. Rack PM, Westbury DR. The short range stiffness of active mammalian muscle and its effect on mechanical properties. J Physiol 240: 331-350, 1974.
65. Rothwell JC, Traub MM, Marsden CD. Influence of voluntary intent on the human long-latency stretch reflex. Nature 286: 496-498, 1980.
66. Ruegg DG, Krauer R, Drews H. Superposition of H-reflexes on steady contractions in man. J Physiol 427: 1-18, 1990.
67. Scott SH. Apparatus for measuring and perturbing shoulder and elbow joint positions and torques during reaching. J Neurosci Methods 89: 119-127, 1999.
68. Scott SH. Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 532-546, 2004.
69. Slot PJ, Sinkjaer T. Simulations of the alpha-motoneuron pool electromyogram reflex at different preactivation levels in man. Biol Cybern 70: 351-358, 1994.
70. Stein RB, Hunter IW, Lafontaine SR, Jones LA. Analysis of short-latency reflexes in human elbow flexor muscles. J Neurophysiol 73: 1900-1911, 1995.
71. Tatton WG, Bawa P. Input-output properties of motor unit responses in muscles stretched by imposed displacements of the monkey wrist. Exp Brain Res 37: 439-457, 1979.
72. Todorov E. Optimality principles in sensorimotor control. Nat Neurosci 7: 907-915, 2004.
73. Todorov E, Jordan MI. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat Neurosci 5: 1226-1235, 2002.
74. Toft E, Sinkjaer T, Andreassen S. Mechanical and electromyographic responses to stretch of the human anterior tibial muscle at different levels of contraction. Exp Brain Res 74: 213-219, 1989.
75. Toft E, Sinkjaer T, Andreassen S, Larsen K. Mechanical and electromyographic responses to stretch of the human ankle extensors. J Neurophysiol 65: 1402-1410, 1991.
76. Tracey DJ, Walmsley B, Brinkman J. Long-loop reflexes can be obtained in spinal monkeys. Neurosci Lett 18: 59-65, 1980.
77. Tsuji T, Rothwell JC. Long lasting effects of rTMS and associated peripheral sensory input on MEPs, SEPs and transcortical reflex excitability in humans. J Physiol 540: 367-376, 2002.
78. Van Zuylen EJ, Gielen CCAM, van der Gon JJD. Coordination and inhomogeneous activation of human arm muscles during isometric torques. J Neurophysiol 60: 1523-1548, 1988.
79. Verrier MC. Alterations in H reflex magnitude by variations in baseline EMG excitability. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 60: 492-499, 1985.