Molecular mechanisms of renal cellular nephrotoxicity due to radiocontrast media

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Michael, Ashour ^a   Faga, Teresa ^a   Pisani, Antonio ^b   Riccio, Eleonora ^b   Bramanti, Placido ^c   Sabbatini, Massimo ^b   Navarra, Michele ^d   Andreucci, Michele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MAGNA GRAECIA OF CATANZARO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^c IRCCS CENTRO NEUROLESI BONINO PULEJO   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CASPASE 3; CASPASE 9; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; ENDOTHELIN; HEME OXYGENASE 1; IODIXANOL; IOVERSOL; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN F2 ALPHA; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTOPORPHYRIN COBALT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; S6 KINASE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEIN; CYTOKINE;

APOPTOSIS; BLOOD VISCOSITY; CELL FATE; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL ORGANELLE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRESS; CELL SURVIVAL; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IN VITRO STUDY; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; KIDNEY PARENCHYMA; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LLC PK1 CELL; MDCK CELL; MEMBRANE DAMAGE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; KIDNEY; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOXICITY;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEINS; CONTRAST MEDIA; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; KIDNEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84897553090     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/249810     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Nash K., Hafeez A., Hou S., Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2002 39 5 930 936 2-s2.0-0036242067 10.1053/ajkd.2002.32766 (Pubitemid 34454211)
2. Gleeson T. G., Bulugahapitiya S., Contrast-induced nephropathy. American Journal of Roentgenology 2004 183 6 1673 1689 2-s2.0-16644390328 (Pubitemid 44210538)
3. Heyman S. N., Brezis M., Epstein F. H., Spokes K., Silva P., Rosen S., Early renal medullary hypoxic injury from radiocontrast and indomethacin. Kidney International 1991 40 4 632 642 2-s2.0-0026094370
4. Humes H. D., Hunt D. A., White M. D., Direct toxic effect of the radiocontrast agent diatrizoate on renal proximal tubule cells. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology 1987 252 2 F246 F255 2-s2.0-0023142725
5. Wallingford V. H., Decker H. G., Kruty M., X-ray contrast media. I. Iodinated acylaminobenzoic acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1952 74 17 4365 4372 2-s2.0-0000777326
6. Katzberg R. W., Urography into the 21st century: new contrast media, renal handling, imaging characteristics, and nephrotoxicity. Radiology 1997 204 2 297 312 2-s2.0-0030742750 (Pubitemid 27337471)
7. Morcos S. K., Contrast-induced nephropathy: are there differences between low osmolar and iso-osmolar iodinated contrast media? Clinical Radiology 2009 64 5 468 472 2-s2.0-63449094310 10.1016/j.crad.2008.08.019
8. Sendeski M. M., Pathophysiology of renal tissue damage by iodinated contrast media. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2011 38 5 292 299 2-s2.0-79955390319 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05503.x
9. Zager R. A., Johnson A. C. M., Hanson S. Y., Radiographic contrast media-induced tubular injury: evaluation of oxidant stress and plasma membrane integrity. Kidney International 2003 64 1 128 139 2-s2.0-0038468868 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00059.x (Pubitemid 36714165)
10. Romano G., Briguori C., Quintavalle C., Zanca C., Rivera N. V., Colombo A., Condorelli G., Contrast agents and renal cell apoptosis. European Heart Journal 2008 29 20 2569 2576 2-s2.0-54149089710 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn197
11. Laerum F., Acute damage to human endothelial cells by brief exposure to contrast media in vitro. Radiology 1983 147 3 681 684 2-s2.0-0020615370 (Pubitemid 13090097)
12. Andersen K.-J., Christensen E. I., Vik H., Effects of iodinated x-ray contrast media on renal epithelial cells in culture. Investigative Radiology 1994 29 11 955 962 2-s2.0-0028607631 10.1097/00004424-199411000-00002
13. Dascalu A., Peer A., Effects of radiologic contrast media on human endothelial and kidney cell lines: intracellular pH and cytotoxicity. Academic Radiology 1994 1 2 145 150 2-s2.0-0028521224
14. Andersen K. J., Vik H., Eikesdal H. P., Christensen E. I., Effects of contrast media on renal epithelial cells in culture. Acta Radiologica. Supplementum 1995 399 213 218 2-s2.0-0029439045
15. Potier M., Lagroye I., Lakhdar B., Cambar J., Idee J., Comparative cytotoxicity of low- and high-osmolar contrast media to human fibroblasts and rat mesangial cells in culture. Investigative Radiology 1997 32 10 621 626 2-s2.0-0031409401 10.1097/00004424-199710000-00007 (Pubitemid 28069144)
16. Haller C., Schick C. S., Zorn M., Kübier W., Cytotoxicity of radiocontrast agents on polarized renal epithelial cell monolayers. Cardiovascular Research 1997 33 3 655 665 2-s2.0-0031042821 10.1016/S0008- 6363(96)00264-7 (Pubitemid 27092867)
17. Hizóh I., Sträter J., Schick C. S., Kübier W., Haller C., Radiocontrast-induced DNA fragmentation of renal tubular cells in vitro: role of hypertonicity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1998 13 4 911 918 2-s2.0-0031925366 10.1093/ndt/13.4.911 (Pubitemid 28161763)
18. Hardiek K., Katholi R. E., Ramkumar V., Deitrick C., Proximal tubule cell response to radiographic contrast media. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2001 280 1 F61 F70 2-s2.0-0034997953
19. Fanning N. F., Manning B. J., Buckley J., Redmond H. P., Iodinated contrast media induce neutrophil apoptosis through a mitochondrial and caspase mediated pathway. British Journal of Radiology 2002 75 899 861 873 2-s2.0-0036860425 (Pubitemid 35446451)
20. Hizoh I., Haller C., Radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis: hypertonic versus oxidative stress. Investigative Radiology 2002 37 8 428 434 2-s2.0-0036066083 10.1097/00004424-200208000-00003 (Pubitemid 34803860)
21. Yano T., Itoh Y., Sendo T., Kubota T., Oishi R., Cyclic AMP reverses radiocontrast media-induced apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells by activating a kinase/PI3 kinase. Kidney International 2003 64 6 2052 2063 2-s2.0-0344083497 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00335.x (Pubitemid 37449539)
22. Ribeiro L., de Assunção e Silva F., Kurihara R. S., Schor N., Higa E. M. S., Evaluation of the nitric oxide production in rat renal artery smooth muscle cells culture exposed to radiocontrast agents. Kidney International 2004 65 2 589 596 2-s2.0-1642480042 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004. 00408.x (Pubitemid 38130653)
23. Heinrich M. C., Kuhlmann M. K., Grgic A., Heckmann M., Kramann B., Uder M., Cytotoxic effects of ionic high-osmolar, nonionic monomeric, and nonionic iso-osmolar dimeric iodinated contrast media on renal tubular cells in vitro. Radiology 2005 235 3 843 849 2-s2.0-18844397603 10.1148/radiol.2353040726 (Pubitemid 40695879)
24. Andreucci M., Fuiano G., Presta P., Esposito P., Faga T., Bisesti V., Procino A., Altieri V., Tozzo C., Memoli B., Michael A., Radiocontrast media cause dephosphorylation of Akt and downstream signaling targets in human renal proximal tubular cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 2006 72 10 1334 1342 2-s2.0-33750201137 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.008 (Pubitemid 44604287)
25. Andreucci M., Lucisano G., Faga T., Bertucci B., Tamburrini O., Pisani A., Sabbatini M., Salzano S., Vitale M., Fuiano G., Michael A., Differential activation of signaling pathways involved in cell death, survival and inflammation by radiocontrast media in human renal proximal tubular cells. Toxicological Sciences 2011 119 2 408 416 2-s2.0-78751688950 10.1093/toxsci/kfq332
26. Andreucci M., Faga T., Russo D., Differential activation of signaling pathways by low-osmolar and iso-osmolar radiocontrast agents in human renal tubular cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2014 115 2 281 289
27. Heinrich M., Scheer M., Heckmann M., Bautz W., Uder M., Reversibility and time-dependency of contrast medium induced inhibition of 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) conversion in renal proximal tubular cells in vitro: comparison of a monomeric and a dimeric nonionic iodinated contrast medium. Investigative Radiology 2007 42 11 732 738 2-s2.0-37349074735 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3180ebe6a2 (Pubitemid 350287202)
28. Yang D., Yang D., Jia R., Ding G., Selective inhibition of the reverse mode of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger attenuates contrast-induced cell injury. American Journal of Nephrology 2013 37 264 273
29. Racusen L. C., Monteil C., Sgrignoli A., Lucskay M., Marouillat S., Rhim J. G. S., Morin J., Cell lines with extended in vitro growth potential from human renal proximal tubule: characterization, response to inducers, and comparison with established cell lines. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1997 129 3 318 329 2-s2.0-0031105408 (Pubitemid 27169434)
30. Ryan M. J., Johnson G., Kirk J., Fuerstenberg S. M., Zager R. A., Torok-Storb B., HK-2: an immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cell line from normal adult human kidney. Kidney International 1994 45 1 48 57 2-s2.0-0028010818 (Pubitemid 24045991)
31. Heyman S. N., Rosen S., Rosenberger C., Renal parenchymal hypoxia, hypoxia adaptation, and the pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008 3 1 288 296 2-s2.0-38749112993 10.2215/CJN.02600607
32. Sendeski M. M., Persson A. B., Liu Z. Z., Busch J. F., Weikert S., Persson P. B., Hippenstiel S., Patzak A., Iodinated contrast media cause endothelial damage leading to vasoconstriction of human and rat vasa recta. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2012 303 F1592 F1598
33. Li C., Jackson R. M., Reactive species mechanisms of cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2002 282 2 C227 C241 2-s2.0-0036080614 (Pubitemid 34663181)
34. Murphy M. P., How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochemical Journal 2009 417 1 1 13 2-s2.0-58249093939 10.1042/BJ20081386
35. Sendeski M., Patzak A., Pallone T. L., Cao C., Persson A. E., Persson P. B., Iodixanol, constriction of medullary descending vasa recta, and risk for contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Radiology 2009 251 3 697 704 2-s2.0-67049171046 10.1148/radiol.2513081732
36. Ozkan G., Ulusoy S., Orem A., Ersoz S., Alkanat M., Yucesan F. B., Kaynar K., Al S., Protective effect of the grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in a rat model of contrast-induced nephropathy. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 2012 35 445 453
37. Pisani A., Sabbatini M., Riccio E., Rossano R., Andreucci M., Capasso C., de Luca V., Carginale V., Bizzarri M., Borrelli A., Schiattarella A., Santangelo M., Mancini A., Effect of a recombinant manganese superoxide dismutase on prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2013 10.1007/s10157-013-0828-2
38. Tepel M., van der Giet M., Schwarzfeld C., Laufer U., Liermann D., Zidek W., Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000 343 3 180 184 2-s2.0-0034691822 10.1056/NEJM200007203430304 (Pubitemid 30489215)
39. Fishbane S., N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008 3 1 281 287 2-s2.0-38749139299 10.2215/CJN.02590607
40. ACT Investigators, Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized acetylcysteine for contrast-induced nephropathy trial (ACT). Circulation 2011 124 11 1250 1259 2-s2.0-80052770288 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA. 111.038943
41. Kongkham S., Sriwong S., Tasanarong A., Protective effect of alpha tocopherol on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats. Nefrologia 2013 33 116 123
42. Wasaki M., Sugimoto J., Shirota K., Glucose alters the susceptibility of mesangial cells to contrast media. Investigative Radiology 2001 36 7 355 362 2-s2.0-0034947653 10.1097/00004424-200107000-00001 (Pubitemid 32656257)
43. Heyman S. N., Clark B. A., Kaiser N., Spokes K., Rosen S., Brezis M., Epstein F. H., Radiocontrast agents induce endothelin release in vivo and in vitro. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1992 3 1 58 65 2-s2.0-0026889056
44. Heyman S. N., Clark B. A., Cantley L., Spokes K., Rosen S., Brezis M., Epstein F. H., Effects of ioversol versus iothalamate on endothelin release and radiocontrast nephropathy. Investigative Radiology 1993 28 4 313 318 2-s2.0-0027872366 (Pubitemid 24079685)
45. Sung J.-M., Shu G. H. F., Tsai J.-C., Huang J.-J., Radiocontrast media induced endothelin-1 mRNA expression and peptide release in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1995 94 3 77 86 2-s2.0-0029131258
46. Khamaisi M., Raz I., Shilo V., Shina A., Rosenberger C., Dahan R., Abassi Z., Meidan R., Lecht S., Heyman S. N., Diabetes and radiocontrast media increase endothelin converting enzyme-1 in the kidney. Kidney International 2008 74 1 91 100 2-s2.0-45249109079 10.1038/ki.2008.112 (Pubitemid 351841889)
47. Wang A., Holcslaw T., Bashore T. M., Freed M. I., Miller D., Rudnick M. R., Szerlip H., Thames M. D., Davidson C. J., Shusterman N., Schwab S. J., Exacerbation of radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Kidney International 2000 57 4 1675 1680 2-s2.0-0034115616 10.1046/j.1523-1755. 2000.00012.x (Pubitemid 30207926)
48. Liss P., Carlsson P.-O., Nygren A., Palm F., Hansell P., ET-A receptor antagonist BQ123 prevents radiocontrast media-induced renal medullary hypoxia. Acta Radiologica 2003 44 1 111 117 2-s2.0-0037237333 10.1034/j.1600-0455.2003. 00011.x
49. Hansen P. B., Schnermann J., Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of adenosine in the kidney. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2003 285 4 F590 F599 2-s2.0-0141590382 (Pubitemid 37140243)
50. Erley C. M., Duda S. H., Schlepckow S., Koehler J., Huppert P. E., Strohmaier W. L., Bohle A., Risler T., Osswald H., Adenosine antagonist theophylline prevents the reduction of glomerular filtration rate after contrast media application. Kidney International 1994 45 5 1425 1431 2-s2.0-0028197346 (Pubitemid 24135030)
51. Katholi R. E., Taylor G. J., McCann W. P., Woods W. T. Jr., Womack K. A., McCoy C. D., Katholi C. R., Moses H. W., Mishkel G. J., Lucore C. L., Holloway R. M., Miller B. D., Woodruff R. C., Dove J. T., Mikell F. L., Schneider J. A., Nephrotoxicity from contrast media: attenuation with theophylline. Radiology 1995 195 1 17 22 2-s2.0-0028938497
52. Wong P. C. Y., Li Z., Guo J., Zhang A., Pathophysiology of contrast-induced nephropathy. International Journal of Cardiology 2012 158 186 192 2-s2.0-79960551840 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.115
53. Cao C., Edwards A., Sendeski M., Lee-Kwon W., Cui L., Cai C., Patzak A., Pallone T. L., Intrinsic nitric oxide and superoxide production regulates descending vasa recta contraction. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2010 299 5 F1056 F1064 2-s2.0-78349299753 10.1152/ajprenal.00070.2010
54. Pacher P., Beckman J. S., Liaudet L., Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiological Reviews 2007 87 1 315 424 2-s2.0-33846863589 10.1152/physrev.00029.2006 (Pubitemid 46217686)
55. Saito M., Itoh Y., Yano T., Sendo T., Goromaru T., Sakai N., Oishi R., Roles of intracellular Ca(2+) and cyclic AMP in mast cell histamine release induced by radiographic contrast media. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 2003 367 4 364 371 2-s2.0-0038070308 10.1007/s00210-003-0706-7 (Pubitemid 36535304)
56. Yano T., Itoh Y., Kubota T., Sendo T., Oishi R., A prostacyclin analog beraprost sodium attenuates radiocontrast media-induced LLC-PK1 cells injury. Kidney International 2004 65 5 1654 1663 2-s2.0-2342649473 10.1111/j.1523-1755. 2004.00575.x (Pubitemid 38591013)
57. Yano T., Itoh Y., Kubota T., Sendo T., Koyama T., Fujita T., Saeki K., Yuo A., Oishi R., A prostacyclin analog prevents radiocontrast nephropathy via phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein. The American Journal of Pathology 2005 166 5 1333 1342 2-s2.0-17844410943 (Pubitemid 40586505)
58. Stow L. R., Jacobs M. E., Wingo C. S., Cain B. D., Endothelin-1 gene regulation. The FASEB Journal 2011 25 1 16 28 2-s2.0-79251592532 10.1096/fj.10-161612
59. Jabbour H. N., Sales K. J., Boddy S. C., Anderson R. A., Williams A. R. W., A positive feedback loop that regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin F2 α synthesis via the F-series-prostanoid receptor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway. Endocrinology 2005 146 11 4657 4664 2-s2.0-26844436151 10.1210/en.2005-0804 (Pubitemid 41446603)
60. Kobayashi T., Matsumoto T., Kamata K., The PI3-K/Akt pathway: roles related to alterations in vasomotor responses in diabetic models. Journal of Smooth Muscle Research 2005 41 6 283 302 2-s2.0-33645226811 10.1540/jsmr.41.283
61. Itoh Y., Yano T., Sendo T., Sueyasu M., Hirano K., Kanaide H., Oishi R., Involvement of de novo ceramide synthesis in radiocontrast-induced renal tubular cell injury. Kidney International 2006 69 2 288 297 2-s2.0-33644641640 10.1038/sj.ki.5000057 (Pubitemid 43323079)
62. Liu Q., Hofmann P. A., Protein phosphatase 2A-mediated cross-talk between p38 MAPK and ERK in apoptosis of cardiac myocytes. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2004 286 6 H2204 H2212 2-s2.0-2542433090 10.1152/ajpheart.01050.2003 (Pubitemid 38685234)
63. 2-treated human renal proximal tubular cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2010 185 3 253 262 2-s2.0-77952294468 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.019
64. Andreucci M., Fuiano G., Presta P., Lucisano G., Leone F., Fuiano L., Bisesti V., Esposito P., Russo D., Memoli B., Faga T., Michael A., Downregulation of cell survival signalling pathways and increased cell damage in hydrogen peroxide-treated human renal proximal tubular cells by alpha-erythropoietin. Cell Proliferation 2009 42 4 554 561 2-s2.0-67649889250 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00617.x
65. Calay D., Vind-Kezunovic D., Frankart A., Lambert S., Poumay Y., Gniadecki R., Inhibition of akt signaling by exclusion from lipid rafts in normal and transformed epidermal keratinocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2010 130 4 1136 1145 2-s2.0-77949540114 10.1038/jid.2009.415
66. Kyriakis J. M., Avruch J., Mammalian MAPK signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation: a 10-year update. Physiological Reviews 2012 92 2 689 737 2-s2.0-84860165740 10.1152/physrev.00028.2011
67. Nowak D. E., Tian B., Jamaluddin M., Boldogh I., Vergara L. A., Choudhary S., Brasier A. R., RelA Ser276 phosphorylation is required for activation of a subset of NF- B-dependent genes by recruiting cyclin-dependent kinase 9/cyclin t1 complexes. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2008 28 11 3623 3638 2-s2.0-44349176408 10.1128/MCB.01152-07 (Pubitemid 351732900)
68. Quintavalle C., Brenca M., de Micco F., Fiore D., Romano S., Romano M. F., Apone F., Bianco A., Zabatta M. A., Troncone G., Briguori C., Condorelli G., In vivo and in vitro assessment of pathways involved in contrast media-induced renal cells apoptosis. Cell Death and Disease 2011 2 5, article e155 2-s2.0-79960016113 10.1038/cddis.2011.38
69. Xu X., Wu T., Ding X., Zhu J., Zou J., He J., The role of nuclear factor- B in rats of radiocontrast-media-induced nephropathy. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 2008 22 6 416 421 2-s2.0-58149234284 10.1002/jbt.20256
70. Lee H., Sheu S., Yen H., Lai W., Chang J., JNK/ATF2 pathway is involved in iodinated contrast media-induced apoptosis. American Journal of Nephrology 2010 31 2 125 133 2-s2.0-70449629781 10.1159/000259899
71. Gong X., Celsi G., Carlsson K., Norgren S., Chen M., N-acetylcysteine amide protects renal proximal tubular epithelial cells against iohexol-induced apoptosis by blocking p38 MAPK and iNOS signaling. American Journal of Nephrology 2010 31 2 178 188 2-s2.0-72049131104 10.1159/000268161
72. Gong X., Wang Q., Tang X., Wang Y., Fu D., Lu H., Wang G., Norgren S., Tetramethylpyrazine prevents contrast-induced nephropathy by inhibiting p38 MAPK and FoxO1 signaling pathways. American Journal of Nephrology 2013 37 199 207
73. Wu C. T., Sheu M. L., Tsai K. S., Weng T. I., Chiang C. K., Liu S. H., The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related unfolded protein response in the radiocontrast medium-induced renal tubular cell injury. Toxicological Sciences 2010 114 2 295 301 2-s2.0-77951614322 10.1093/toxsci/kfq006
74. Moon S. O., Kim W., Kim D. H., Sung M. J., Lee S., Kang K. P., Yi A. S., Jang K. Y., Lee S. Y., Park S. K., Angiopoietin-1 reduces iopromide-induced endothelial cell apoptosis through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/P70 S6 kinase. International Journal of Tissue Reactions 2005 27 3 115 124 2-s2.0-28444449871 (Pubitemid 41723728)
75. Yokomaku Y., Sugimoto T., Kume S., Araki S., Isshiki K., Chin-Kanasaki M., Sakaguchi M., Nitta N., Haneda M., Koya D., Uzu T., Kashiwagi A., Asialoerythropoietin prevents contrast-induced nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008 19 2 321 328 2-s2.0-39049121208 10.1681/ASN.2007040481 (Pubitemid 351246572)
76. Goodman A. I., Olszanecki R., Yang L. M., Quan S., Li M., Omura S., Stec D. E., Abraham N. G., Heme oxygenase-1 protects against radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury by regulating anti-apoptotic proteins. Kidney International 2007 72 8 945 953 2-s2.0-34948892667 10.1038/sj.ki.5002447 (Pubitemid 47530569)
77. Andreucci M., Contrast media and nephrotoxicity: a molecular conundrum. Giornale Italiano di Nefrologia 2011 28 4 355