A functional-cognitive framework for attitude research

European Review of Social Psychology

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 252-287

  De Houwer, Jan ^a   Gawronski, Bertram ^b   Barnes Holmes, Dermot ^c  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Attitudes; Cognitivism; Evaluation; Functional analysis; Levels of explanation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896467589     PISSN: 10463283     EISSN: 1479277X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2014.892320     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organisational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
2. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological bulletin, 84, 888-918. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
3. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173-221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 798-844). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
5. Arkes, H. R., & Tetlock, P. E. (2004). Target article: Attributions of implicit prejudice, or "would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the implicit association test?". Psychological inquiry, 15, 257-278. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1504_01
6. Baddeley, A. (2010). Working memory. Current biology, 20, R136-R140. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.014
7. Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. (2004). Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5-22. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.5
8. Bargh, J. A. (1992). The ecology of automaticity: Toward establishing the conditions needed to produce automatic processing effects. The American Journal of Psychology, 105, 181-199. doi:10.2307/1423027
9. Barnes, D., & Roche, D. (1997). A behavior-analytic approach to behavioral reflexivity. The psychological record, 47, 543-572.
10. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
11. Barsalou, L. W. (1990). On the indistinguishability of exemplar memory and abstraction in category representation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 61-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
12. Bechtel, W. (2005). The challenge of characterizing operations in the mechanisms underlying behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 84, 313-325. doi:10.1901/jeab.2005.103-04
13. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200. doi:10.1037/h0024835
14. Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 265-289. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.2.265
15. Brehm, J. W. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384-389. doi:10.1037/h0041006
16. Chen, M. K., & Risen, J. L. (2010). How choice affects and reflects preferences: Revisiting the free-choice paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 573-594. doi:10.1037/a0020217
17. Cheng, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: A causal power theory. Psychological Review, 104, 367-405. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.367
18. Chiesa, M. (1992). Radical behaviorism and scientific frameworks: From mechanistic to relational accounts. American Psychologist, 47, 1287-1299. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.11.1287
19. Chiesa, M. (1994). Radical behaviorism: The philosophy and the science. Boston, MA: Authors' Cooperative.
20. Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. (2007). Attitude representation: Attitudes as patterns in a distributed, connectionist representational system. Social Cognition, 25, 718-735. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.718
21. Crano, W. D., & Prislin, R. (2006). Attitudes and persuasion. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 345-374. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190034
22. De Houwer, J. (2003). A structural analysis of indirect measures of attitudes. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 219-244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
23. De Houwer, J. (2007). A conceptual and theoretical analysis of evaluative conditioning. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 230-241.
24. De Houwer, J. (2009a). The propositional approach to associative learning as an alternative for association formation models. Learning & Behavior, 37, 1-20. doi:10.3758/LB.37.1.1
25. De Houwer, J. (2009b). How do people evaluate objects? A brief review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 36-48. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00162.x
26. De Houwer, J. (2011). Why the cognitive approach in psychology would profit from a functional approach and vice versa. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 202-209. doi:10.1177/1745691611400238
27. De Houwer, J. (in press). A propositional model of implicit evaluation. Social Psychology and Personality Compass.
28. De Houwer, J., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Moors, A. (2013). What is learning? On the nature and merits of a functional definition of learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 631-642. doi: 10.3758/s13423-013-0386-3
29. De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 176-193). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
30. De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2013). How to define and examine implicit processes?. In R. Proctor & J. Capaldi (Eds.), Implicit and explicit processes in the psychology of science (pp.183-198). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
31. De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 347-368. doi:10.1037/a0014211
32. De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Association learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 853-869. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.853
33. Deutsch, R., & Gawronski, B. (2009). When the method makes a difference: Antagonistic effects on "automatic evaluations" as a function of task characteristics of the measure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 101-114. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.001
34. Dunton, B. C., & Fazio, R. H. (1997). An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 316-326. doi:10.1177/0146167297233009
35. Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social Cognition, 25, 582-602. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582
36. Ebert, I. D., Steffens, M. C., von Stülpnagel, R., & Jelenec, P. (2009). How to like yourself better, or chocolate less: Changing implicit attitudes with one IAT task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1098-1104. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.008
37. Egan, L. C., Santos, L. R., & Bloom, P. (2007). The origins of cognitive dissonance: Evidence from children and monkeys. Psychological Science, 18, 978-983. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02012.x
38. Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 75-109. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60318-4
39. Fazio, R. H. (2007). Attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength. Social Cognition, 25, 603-637. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.603
40. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
41. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229
42. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.
43. Gardner, H. (1987). The mind's new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books.
44. Gawronski, B. (Ed.). (2007). What is an attitude? [Special issue]. Social Cognition, 25(5).
45. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
46. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2011). The associative-propositional evaluation model: Theory, evidence, and open questions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 59-127. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385522-0.00002-0
47. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (in press). Theory evaluation. In B. Gawronski & G. V. Bodenhausen (Eds.), Theory and explanation in social psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
48. Gawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Becker, A. P. (2007). I like it, because I like myself: Associative self-anchoring and post-decisional change of implicit evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 221-232. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.001
49. Gawronski, B., Cunningham, W. A., LeBel, E. P., & Deutsch, R. (2010). Attentional influences on affective priming: Does categorisation influence spontaneous evaluations of multiply categorisable objects?. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1008-1025. doi:10.1080/02699930903112712
50. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2008). Response interference as a mechanism underlying implicit measures: Some traps and gaps in the assessment of mental associations with experimental paradigms. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 218-225. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.24.4.218
51. Gawronski, B., & LeBel, E. P. (2008). Understanding patterns of attitude change: When implicit measures show change, but explicit measures do not. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1355-1361. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.005
52. Gawronski, B., Rydell, R. J., Vervliet, B., & De Houwer, J. (2010). Generalisation versus contextualisation in automatic evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 683-701. doi:10.1037/a0020315
53. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
54. Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean?. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 65-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
55. Hayes, S. C. (1995). Why cognitions are not causes. The Behavior Therapist, 18, 59-60.
56. Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.09.004
57. Hempel, C. G. (1970). Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science. New York: Free Press.
58. Hofmann, W., De Houwer, J., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 390-421. doi:10.1037/a0018916
59. Hughes, S., Barnes-Holmes, D., & De Houwer, J. (2011). The dominance of associative theorising in implicit attitude research: Propositional and behavioral alternatives. The Psychological Record, 61, 465-498.
60. Hume, D. (1987). A treatise of human nature (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (Original work published 1739)
61. Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Attitudes and mental and neural states of readiness: Using physiological measures to study implicit attitudes. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes (pp. 125-158). New York: Guilford Press.
62. Jacoby, J., & Sassenberg, K. (2011). Interactions do not only tell us when, but can also tell us how: Testing process hypotheses by interaction. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 180-190. doi:10.1002/ejsp.762
63. Jones, C. R., Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2009). Implicit misattribution as a mechanism underlying evaluative conditioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 933-948. doi:10.1037/a0014747
64. Kaiser, F. G., Byrka, K., & Hartig, T. (2010). Reviving Campbell's paradigm for attitude research. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 351-367. doi:10.1177/1088868310366452
65. Kant, I. (1965). Critique of pure reason. London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1781)
66. Krosnick, J. A., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2005). The measurement of attitudes. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 21-76). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
67. Maio, G. R. & Olson, J. M. (Eds.). (2000). Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
68. Lieberman, M. D., Ochsner, K. N., Gilbert, D. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Do amnesics exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction? The role of explicit memory and attention in attitude change. Psychological Science, 12, 135-140. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00323
69. Mitchell, C. J., De Houwer, J., & Lovibond, P. F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183-198. doi:10.1017/S0140525X09000855
70. Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.297
71. Olson, J. M., Vernon, P. A., Harris, J. A., & Jang, K. (2001). The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 845-860. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.845
72. Ottati, V. C., Coats, S., Mae, L., DeCoster, J., & Smith, E. R. (2010). Implicit evaluation of familiar and novel concepts presented at low levels of conscious detectability. The American Journal of Psychology, 123, 15-27.
73. Perugini, M., Richetin, J., & Zogmaister, C. (2012). The formation of implicit and explicit attitudes for neutral and valenced stimuli using the self. Learning & Motivation, 43, 135-143. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.02.002
74. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751-783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
75. Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2010). Attitude structure and change: Implications for implicit measures. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 335-352). New York: Guilford Press.
76. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
77. Pleyers, G., Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V., & Luminet, O. (2009). Evaluative conditioning may incur attentional costs. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 35, 279-285.
78. Poldrack, R. A. (2006). Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 59-63. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.004
79. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717-731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
80. Prestwich, A., Perugini, M., Hurling, R., & Richetin, J. (2010). Using the self to change implicit attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 61-71. doi:10.1002/ejsp.610
81. Quine, W. V. O., & Ullian, J. S. (1978). The web of belief (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
82. Ranganath, K. A., Smith, C. T., & Nosek, B. A. (2008). Distinguishing automatic and controlled components of attitudes from direct and indirect measurement methods. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 386-396. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.008
83. Reis, H. T. (2008). Reinvigorating the concept of situation in social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 311-329. doi:10.1177/1088868308321721
84. Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.
85. Schuldt, J., Konrath, S., & Schwarz, N. (2011). "Global warming" or "climate change"?: Whether the planet is warming depends on question wording. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75, 115-124. doi:10.1093/poq/nfq073
86. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Volume 2, pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford Press.
87. Schwarz, N. (2007). Attitude construction: Evaluation in context. Social Cognition, 25, 638-656. doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.638
88. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
89. Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. New York: Appleton-Century.
90. Smith, E. R., & Queller, S. (2001). Mental representations. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes (pp. 111-133). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
91. Sosa, E. & Tooley, M. (Eds.). (1993). Causation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
92. Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (2005). Establishing a causal chain: Why experiments are often more effective than mediational analyses in examining psychological processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 845-851. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.845
93. Sweldens, S., Van Osselaer, S., & Janiszewski, C. (2010). Evaluative conditioning procedures and the resilience of conditioned brand attitudes. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 473-489. doi:10.1086/653656
94. Teige-Mocigemba, S., & Klauer, K. C. (2013). On the controllability of evaluative-priming effects: Some limits that are none. Cognition & Emotion, 27, 632-657. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.732041
95. Vantomme, D., Geuens, M., De Houwer, J., & De Pelsmacker, P. (2005). Implicit attitudes toward green consumer behaviour. Psychologica Belgica, 45, 217-239. doi:10.5334/pb-45-4-217
96. Wilson, T. D., & Dunn, E. W. (2004). Self-knowledge: Its limits, value, and potential for improvement. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 493-518. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141954
97. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107, 101-126. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101
98. Wyer, R. S. (2007). Principles of mental representation. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed, pp. 285-307). New York: Guilford Press.
99. Zanon, R., De Houwer, J., & Gast, A. (2012). Context effects in evaluative conditioning of implicit evaluations. Learning & Motivation, 43, 155-165. doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2012.02.003