Implicit evaluation of familiar and novel concepts presented at low levels of conscious detectability

American Journal of Psychology

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 15-27

  Ottati, Victor C ^a   Coats, Susan ^b   Mae, Lynda ^c   Decoster, Jamie ^d   Smith, Eliot R ^e  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

^b SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

^e INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONSCIOUSNESS; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; LEARNING; PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; READING; RECOGNITION; SEMANTICS; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

ASSOCIATION LEARNING; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; CONCEPT FORMATION; CONSCIOUSNESS; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; PAIRED-ASSOCIATE LEARNING; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; READING; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SEMANTICS; SPEECH PERCEPTION; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 77951901446     PISSN: 00029556     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.1.0015     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological Science, 11, 118-124.
2. Belleza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986). Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303.
3. Castelli, L., Zogmaister, C., Smith, E. R., & Arcuri, L. (2004). On the automatic evaluation of social exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 373-387.
4. Chaiken, S., Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic information processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thought (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford.
5. Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad-Model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469-487.
6. Dagenbach, D., Horst, T. H., & Carr, T. H. (1990). Adding new information to semantic memory: How much learning is enough to produce automatic priming? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 581-591.
7. DeHouwer, J., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (1998). Affective and identity priming with episodically associated stimuli. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 145-169.
8. Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2002). Evaluative learning with delayed gratification. Impulsive and reflective processes. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wurzburg.
9. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10. Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303.
11. Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M., & Chaiken, S. (2002). The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychological Science, 13, 513-519.
12. Fazio, R. H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 204-243). New York: Guilford.
13. Fazio, R. H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of accessibility. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 153-179). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Fazio, R. H., & Houston, D. A. (1986). [Biased processing as a function of attitude accessibility]. Unpublished raw data.
15. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
16. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic evaluation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
17. Fazio, R. H., & Williams, C. J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
18. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
19. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1988). A continuum model of impression formation: From category-based to individuating processes as a function of information, motivation, and attention. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 23, 1-108.
20. Forster, K. (1998). The pros and cons of masked priming. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 27, 203-233.
21. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006a). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731.
22. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006b). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: Conceptual, empirical, and meta-theoretical issues. Reply to Albarracin, Hart, and McCulloch (2006), Kruglanski and Dechesne (2006), and Petty and Briñol (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132, 745-750.
23. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2007). Unraveling the processes underlying evaluation: Attitudes from the perspective of the APE model. Social Cognition, 25, 687-717.
24. Gawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Becker, A. P. (2007). I like it, because I like myself: Associative self-anchoring as post decisional change of implicit evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 221-232.
25. Gawronski, B., Strack, F., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2009). Attitudes and cognitive consistency: The role of associative and propositional processes. In R. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702.
27. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42.
28. Greenwald, A. G., Pickrell, J. E., & Farnham, S. D. (2002). Implicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 367-379.
29. Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93, 258-268.
30. Hermans, D., DeHouwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1994). The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 515-533.
31. Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50, 46-70.
32. Monahan, J. L. (1998). I don't know it but I like you: The influence of nonconscious affect on person perception. Human Communication Research, 24, 480-500.
33. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2001). Implicit attitude formation through classical conditioning. Psychological Science, 12, 413-417.
34. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2002). Implicit acquisition and manifestation of classically conditioned attitudes. Social Cognition, 20, 89-103.
35. Otten, S., & Wentura, D. (1999). About the impact of automaticity in the minimal group paradigm. Evidence from an affective priming task. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1049-1071.
36. Petty, R. S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.
37. Smith, E. R., Coats, S., & Walling, D. (1999). Overlapping mental representation of self, in-group, and partner: Further response time evidence and a connectionist model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 873-882.
38. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108-131.
39. Smith, E. R., & Henry, S. M. (1996). An in-group becomes part of the self: Response time evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 635-642.
40. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
41. Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal intelligence. New York: Macmillan.
42. Walther, E., & Trasselli, C. (2003). I like her, because I like myself: Self-evaluation as a source of interpersonal attitudes. Experimental Psychology, 50, 239-246.
43. Wiles, J., & Humphreys, M. S. (1993). Using artificial neural nets to model implicit and explicit memory test performance. In P. Graf & M. E. J. Mason (Eds.), Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, and neuropsychology (pp. 141-165). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.