메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-210

Cloud-resolving modeling of convective processes

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84895266058     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8276-4     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (78)

References (360)
  • 2
    • 9444232535 scopus 로고
    • Numerical experiments with a two-dimensional horizontal variable grid
    • Anthes RA (1970) Numerical experiments with a two-dimensional horizontal variable grid. Mon Wea Rev 98:810-822
    • (1970) Mon Wea Rev , vol.98 , pp. 810-822
    • Anthes, R.A.1
  • 3
    • 0000794753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of key microphysical parameters in three-dimensional cloud model simulations using aircraft and multiparameter radar data
    • Brown P, Swann H (1997) Evaluation of key microphysical parameters in three-dimensional cloud model simulations using aircraft and multiparameter radar data. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 123:2245-2275
    • (1997) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.123 , pp. 2245-2275
    • Brown, P.1    Swann, H.2
  • 4
    • 0021023142 scopus 로고
    • A one-dimensional simulation of the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer
    • Chen C, Cotton WR (1983) A one-dimensional simulation of the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer. Bound Layer Meteor 25:289-321
    • (1983) Bound Layer Meteor , vol.25 , pp. 289-321
    • Chen, C.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 5
    • 55349099358 scopus 로고
    • On the nonlinear impacts of stratification and wind on development of small-scale disturbances
    • Chao J (1962) On the nonlinear impacts of stratification and wind on development of small-scale disturbances. Acta Meteor Sinica 32:164-176
    • (1962) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.32 , pp. 164-176
    • Chao, J.1
  • 6
    • 0021639080 scopus 로고
    • Broadband water vapor transmission functions for atmospheric IR flux computation
    • Chou MD (1984) Broadband water vapor transmission functions for atmospheric IR flux computation. J Atmos Sci 41:1775-1778
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 1775-1778
    • Chou, M.D.1
  • 7
    • 0022846588 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric solar heating rate in the water vapor bands
    • Chou MD (1986) Atmospheric solar heating rate in the water vapor bands. J Climate Appl Meteor 25:1532-1542
    • (1986) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.25 , pp. 1532-1542
    • Chou, M.D.1
  • 8
    • 0001143015 scopus 로고
    • Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies
    • Chou MD (1990) Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by O2 and CO2 with application to climate studies. J Climate 3:209-217
    • (1990) J Climate , vol.3 , pp. 209-217
    • Chou, M.D.1
  • 9
    • 0027066440 scopus 로고
    • A solar radiation model for use in climate studies
    • Chou MD (1992) A solar radiation model for use in climate studies. J Atmos Sci 49:762-772
    • (1992) J Atmos Sci , vol.49 , pp. 762-772
    • Chou, M.D.1
  • 10
    • 0026283086 scopus 로고
    • Calculations of transmission functions in the IR CO2 and O3 Band
    • Chou MD, Kouvaris L (1991) Calculations of transmission functions in the IR CO2 and O3 Band. J Geophys Res 96:9003-9012
    • (1991) J Geophys Res , vol.96 , pp. 9003-9012
    • Chou, M.D.1    Kouvaris, L.2
  • 11
    • 0003969010 scopus 로고
    • An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in General Circulation Model
    • Chou MD, Suarez MJ (1994) An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in General Circulation Model. NASA Technical Memorandum 104606, 3
    • (1994) NASA Technical Memorandum , vol.3 , pp. 104606
    • Chou, M.D.1    Suarez, M.J.2
  • 12
    • 0001296925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone
    • Chou MD, Lee KT (1996) Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone. J Atmos Sci 53:1203-1208
    • (1996) J Atmos Sci , vol.53 , pp. 1203-1208
    • Chou, M.D.1    Lee, K.T.2
  • 13
    • 0000466175 scopus 로고
    • IR radiation parameterization in numerical climate studies
    • Chou MD, Kratz DP, Ridgway W (1991) IR radiation parameterization in numerical climate studies. J Climate 4:424-437
    • (1991) J Climate , vol.4 , pp. 424-437
    • Chou, M.D.1    Kratz, D.P.2    Ridgway, W.3
  • 14
    • 0032004380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in General Circulation and Cloud Ensemble Models
    • Chou MD, Suarez MJ, Ho CH, Yan MMH, Lee KT (1998) Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in General Circulation and Cloud Ensemble Models. J Climate 11:202-214
    • (1998) J Climate , vol.11 , pp. 202-214
    • Chou, M.D.1    Suarez, M.J.2    Ho, C.H.3    Yan, M.M.H.4    Lee, K.T.5
  • 15
    • 11644257792 scopus 로고
    • A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain following coordinate transformation
    • Clark TL (1977) A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain following coordinate transformation. J Comput Phys 24:186-215
    • (1977) J Comput Phys , vol.24 , pp. 186-215
    • Clark, T.L.1
  • 16
    • 0018697062 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations with a three-dimension cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations
    • Clark TL (1979) Numerical simulations with a three-dimension cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations. J Atmos Sci 36:2191-2215
    • (1979) J Atmos Sci , vol.36 , pp. 2191-2215
    • Clark, T.L.1
  • 17
    • 0000710599 scopus 로고
    • Multi-domain simulations of the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations: Benchmark error analysis of some nesting procedures
    • Clark TL, Hall WD (1991) Multi-domain simulations of the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations: Benchmark error analysis of some nesting procedures. J Comput Phys 92:456-481
    • (1991) J Comput Phys , vol.92 , pp. 456-481
    • Clark, T.L.1    Hall, W.D.2
  • 18
    • 0003404138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Source code documentation for the Clark-Hall cloud-scale model: Code version G3CH01
    • [Available from NCAR Information Service, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307. ]
    • Clark TL, Hall WD, Coen JL (1996) Source code documentation for the Clark-Hall cloud-scale model: Code version G3CH01. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-426 + STR, 137pp. [Available from NCAR Information Service, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307. ]
    • (1996) NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-426 + STR , pp. 137
    • Clark, T.L.1    Hall, W.D.2    Coen, J.L.3
  • 19
    • 0002154194 scopus 로고
    • Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers
    • Deardorff JW (1972) Numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers. J Atmos Sci 29:91-115
    • (1972) J Atmos Sci , vol.29 , pp. 91-115
    • Deardorff, J.W.1
  • 20
    • 0040474332 scopus 로고
    • The development of boundary-layer turbulence models for use in studying the severe storm environment
    • Boulder, NOAAERL
    • Deardorff JW (1975) The development of boundary-layer turbulence models for use in studying the severe storm environment. Proceedings of the SESAME Opening Meeting, Boulder, NOAAERL, 251-264
    • (1975) Proceedings of the SESAME Opening Meeting , pp. 251-264
    • Deardorff, J.W.1
  • 21
    • 0030470929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies with a flexible new radiation code I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model
    • Edwards JM, Slingo A (1996) Studies with a flexible new radiation code. I: Choosing a configuration for a large-scale model. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 122:689-719
    • (1996) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.122 , pp. 689-719
    • Edwards, J.M.1    Slingo, A.2
  • 22
    • 0028599606 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme Part I: Description
    • Ferrier BS (1994) A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. J Atmos Sci 51:249-280
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 249-280
    • Ferrier, B.S.1
  • 23
    • 0029542806 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations
    • Ferrier BS, Tao WK, Simpson J (1995) A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J Atmos Sci 52:1001-1033
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1001-1033
    • Ferrier, B.S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3
  • 25
    • 0000143078 scopus 로고
    • Modeling the seasonal cycle of the upper ocean
    • Garper Ph (1988) Modeling the seasonal cycle of the upper ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 18:161-180
    • (1988) J Phys Oceanogr , vol.18 , pp. 161-180
    • Garper, P.H.1
  • 26
    • 0033232464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization
    • Grabowski WW (1998) Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J Atmos Sci 55:3283-3298
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 3283-3298
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 27
    • 0030326509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE Part I: Two-dimensional Experiments
    • Grabowski WW, Wu X, Moncrieff MW (1996) Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J Atmos Sci 53:3684-3709
    • (1996) J Atmos Sci , vol.53 , pp. 3684-3709
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Wu, X.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3
  • 29
    • 0041924955 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of microphysical processes in cumulonimbus Part I: Microphysical model
    • Hu Z, He G (1988) Numerical simulation of microphysical processes in cumulonimbus. Part I: Microphysical model. Acta Meteor Sinica 2:471-488
    • (1988) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.2 , pp. 471-488
    • Hu, Z.1    He, G.2
  • 30
    • 56349144260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified explicit scheme of mixed phase cloud and precipitation
    • Hu Z, Lou X, Bao S, Wang X (1998) A simplified explicit scheme of mixed phase cloud and precipitation. Quart J Appl Meteor 9:257-264
    • (1998) Quart J Appl Meteor , vol.9 , pp. 257-264
    • Hu, Z.1    Lou, X.2    Bao, S.3    Wang, X.4
  • 31
    • 0002884359 scopus 로고
    • On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations
    • Amer Meteor Soc, Boston, MA
    • Kessler E (1969) On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Meteor Monogr 32, Amer Meteor Soc, Boston, MA
    • (1969) Meteor Monogr 32
    • Kessler, E.1
  • 32
    • 0028581204 scopus 로고
    • The simulated earth radiation budget of the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm2 and comparisons with the earth radiation budget experiment (erbe)
    • Kiehl JT, Hack JJ, Briegleb BP (1994) The simulated Earth radiation budget of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model CCM2 and comparisons with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). J Geophys Res 99:20815-20827
    • (1994) J Geophys Res , vol.99 , pp. 20815-20827
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Hack, J.J.2    Briegleb, B.P.3
  • 33
    • 84983092849 scopus 로고
    • The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics
    • Klemp JB, Wilhelmson RB (1978) The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J Atmos Sci 35:1070-1093
    • (1978) J Atmos Sci , vol.35 , pp. 1070-1093
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Wilhelmson, R.B.2
  • 34
    • 0016974376 scopus 로고
    • Ice-bearing cumulus cloud evolution: Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations
    • Koenig LR, Murray FW (1976) Ice-bearing cumulus cloud evolution: Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations. J Appl Meteor 15:747-762
    • (1976) J Appl Meteor , vol.15 , pp. 747-762
    • Koenig, L.R.1    Murray, F.W.2
  • 35
    • 0024198914 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus clouds and their interaction with the subcloud layer
    • Krueger SK (1988) Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus clouds and their interaction with the subcloud layer. J Atmos Sci 45:2221-2250
    • (1988) J Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 2221-2250
    • Krueger, S.K.1
  • 36
    • 0029104142 scopus 로고
    • Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection
    • Krueger SK, Fu Q, Liou KN, Chin HNS (1995) Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J Appl Meteor 34:281-287
    • (1995) J Appl Meteor , vol.34 , pp. 281-287
    • Krueger, S.K.1    Fu, Q.2    Liou, K.N.3    Hns, C.4
  • 37
    • 0033395171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Chou MD (1999) Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Chou, M.D.4
  • 38
    • 0038999895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Adamec D (2000) Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. J Meteor Soc Japan 78:647-659
    • (2000) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.78 , pp. 647-659
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 39
    • 0001043022 scopus 로고
    • On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection
    • Lilly DK (1962) On the numerical simulation of buoyant convection. Tellus 14:148-172
    • (1962) Tellus , vol.14 , pp. 148-172
    • Lilly, D.K.1
  • 40
    • 0002147901 scopus 로고
    • The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiment
    • White Plains, NY
    • Lilly DK (1967) The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiment. Proc IBM Sci Comput Symp Environmental Sciences, White Plains, NY
    • (1967) Proc IBM Sci Comput Symp Environmental Sciences
    • Lilly, D.K.1
  • 41
    • 0020968202 scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model
    • Lin YL, Farley RD, Orville HD (1983) Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J Climate Appl Meteor 22:1065-1092
    • (1983) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.22 , pp. 1065-1092
    • Lin, Y.L.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 42
    • 0022850416 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence
    • Lipps FB, Hemler RS (1986) Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence. J Atmos Sci 43:1796-1816
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 1796-1816
    • Lipps, F.B.1    Hemler, R.S.2
  • 43
    • 0024189439 scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of a line of towering cumulus on day 226 of GATE
    • Lipps FB, Hemler RS (1988) Numerical modeling of a line of towering cumulus on day 226 of GATE. J Atmos Sci 45:2428-2444
    • (1988) J Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 2428-2444
    • Lipps, F.B.1    Hemler, R.S.2
  • 44
    • 0026273305 scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of a midlatitude squall line: Features of the convection and vertical momentum fluxes
    • Lipps FB, Hemler RS (1991) Numerical modeling of a midlatitude squall line: Features of the convection and vertical momentum fluxes. J Atmos Sci 48:1909-1929
    • (1991) J Atmos Sci , vol.48 , pp. 1909-1929
    • Lipps, F.B.1    Hemler, R.S.2
  • 45
    • 0021638949 scopus 로고
    • Role of a parameterized ice phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model
    • Lord SJ, Willoughby HE, Piotrowicz JM (1984) Role of a parameterized ice phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model. J Atmos Sci 41:2836-2848
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 2836-2848
    • Lord, S.J.1    Willoughby, H.E.2    Piotrowicz, J.M.3
  • 46
    • 0000265493 scopus 로고
    • A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers
    • Mellor GL, Yamada T (1974) A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J Atmos Sci 31:1791-1806
    • (1974) J Atmos Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1791-1806
    • Mellor, G.L.1    Yamada, T.2
  • 47
    • 77951651595 scopus 로고
    • Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere
    • Nakajima K, Matsuno T (1988) Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere. J Meteor Soc Japan 66:309-329
    • (1988) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.66 , pp. 309-329
    • Nakajima, K.1    Matsuno, T.2
  • 48
    • 0006475071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of the radiative process in an atmospheric general circulation model
    • Nakajima T, Tsukamoto M, Tsushima Y, Numaguti A, Kimura T (2000) Modeling of the radiative process in an atmospheric general circulation model. Appl Opt 39:4869-4878
    • (2000) Appl Opt , vol.39 , pp. 4869-4878
    • Nakajima, T.1    Tsukamoto, M.2    Tsushima, Y.3    Numaguti, A.4    Kimura, T.5
  • 50
    • 0000866604 scopus 로고
    • Scale analysis of deep and shallow convection in the atmosphere
    • Ogura Y, Philips NA (1962) Scale analysis of deep and shallow convection in the atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 19:173-179
    • (1962) J Atmos Sci , vol.19 , pp. 173-179
    • Ogura, Y.1    Philips, N.A.2
  • 51
    • 0031671496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved radiative transfer calculations from information provided by bulk microphysical schemes
    • Petch JC (1998) Improved radiative transfer calculations from information provided by bulk microphysical schemes. J Atmos Sci 55:1846-1858
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 1846-1858
    • Petch, J.C.1
  • 53
    • 0019373752 scopus 로고
    • Methode de representation de la turbulence d'echelle inferieure a la maille pour un medele tri-dimensional de convection nuageuse
    • Redelsperger JL, Sommeria G (1981a) Methode de representation de la turbulence d'echelle inferieure a la maille pour un medele tri-dimensional de convection nuageuse. Bound Layer Meteor 21:509-530
    • (1981) Bound Layer Meteor , vol.21 , pp. 509-530
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Sommeria, G.2
  • 54
    • 0022923579 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulations of a convective storm: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution
    • Redelsperger JL, Sommeria G (1981b) Three-dimensional simulations of a convective storm: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution. J Atmos Sci 43:2619-2635
    • (1981) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 2619-2635
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Sommeria, G.2
  • 55
    • 6944247557 scopus 로고
    • Methode de representation de la turbulence associee aux precipitations dans un modele tri-dimensional de convection nuageuse
    • Redelsperger JL, Sommeria G (1982) Methode de representation de la turbulence associee aux precipitations dans un modele tri-dimensional de convection nuageuse. Bound Layer Meteor 24:231-252
    • (1982) Bound Layer Meteor , vol.24 , pp. 231-252
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Sommeria, G.2
  • 56
    • 0022923579 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulation of a convective strom: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution
    • Redelsperger JL, Sommeria G (1986) Three-dimensional simulation of a convective strom: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution. J Atmos Sci 43:2619-2635
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 2619-2635
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Sommeria, G.2
  • 58
    • 0020969548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part VIII: A model for the "seeder-feeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part VIII: A model for the "seeder-feeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands. J Atmos Sci 40:1185-1206
    • J Atmos Sci , vol.40 , pp. 1185-1206
  • 59
    • 0021505988 scopus 로고
    • The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones Part XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands
    • Rutledge SA, Hobbs RV (1984) The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Part XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J Atmos Sci 41:2949-2972
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 2949-2972
    • Rutledge, S.A.1    Hobbs, R.V.2
  • 60
    • 33746922495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a global resolving model-a multi-scale structure of tropical convections
    • Satoh M, Tomita H, Miura H, Iga S, Nasumo T (2005) Development of a global resolving model-a multi-scale structure of tropical convections. J Earth Sim 3:1-9
    • (2005) J Earth Sim , vol.3 , pp. 1-9
    • Satoh, M.1    Tomita, H.2    Miura, H.3    Iga, S.4    Nasumo, T.5
  • 61
    • 0016964026 scopus 로고
    • Some results from a simplified three-dimensional numerical model of atmospheric turbulence
    • Schemm CE, Lipps FB (1976) Some results from a simplified three-dimensional numerical model of atmospheric turbulence. J Atmos Sci 33:1021-1041
    • (1976) J Atmos Sci , vol.33 , pp. 1021-1041
    • Schemm, C.E.1    Lipps, F.B.2
  • 62
    • 0028667326 scopus 로고
    • A numerical modeling study of the geostrophic adjustment following deep convection
    • Shutts GJ, Gray MEB (1994) A numerical modeling study of the geostrophic adjustment following deep convection. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 120:1145-1178
    • (1994) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.120 , pp. 1145-1178
    • Shutts, G.J.1    Meb, G.2
  • 63
    • 0001957739 scopus 로고
    • General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I
    • Smagorinsky J (1963) General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Mon Wea Rev 91:99-164
    • (1963) The Basic Experiment. Mon Wea Rev , vol.91 , pp. 99-164
    • Smagorinsky, J.1
  • 64
    • 0016917485 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulation of turbulent process in an undisturbed trade wind boundary layer
    • Sommeria G (1976) Three-dimensional simulation of turbulent process in an undisturbed trade wind boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 33:216-241
    • (1976) J Atmos Sci , vol.33 , pp. 216-241
    • Sommeria, G.1
  • 65
    • 0019140469 scopus 로고
    • Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes
    • Soong ST, Ogura Y (1980) Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J Atmos Sci 37:2035-2050
    • (1980) J Atmos Sci , vol.37 , pp. 2035-2050
    • Soong, S.T.1    Ogura, Y.2
  • 66
    • 0019204351 scopus 로고
    • Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes
    • Soong ST, Tao WK (1980) Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes. J Atmos Sci 37:2016-2034
    • (1980) J Atmos Sci , vol.37 , pp. 2016-2034
    • Soong, S.T.1    Tao, W.K.2
  • 67
    • 0028580999 scopus 로고
    • The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model Part I: Equilibrium climate
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK, Simpson J (1994) The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J Atmos Sci 51:711-728
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 711-728
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Tao, W.K.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 68
    • 0000156343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM, Adamec D (1997) Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 125:448-462
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 448-462
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 69
    • 0032456854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM (1998) Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J Atmos Sci 55:2345-2359
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2345-2359
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 70
    • 0344022790 scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysical processes-a description of the parameterization used in the Large Eddy Model
    • JCMM Internal Report 10, Bracknell
    • Swann H (1994) Cloud microphysical processes-a description of the parameterization used in the Large Eddy Model. UK Meteorological Office, JCMM Internal Report 10, Bracknell
    • (1994) UK Meteorological Office
    • Swann, H.1
  • 71
    • 0002992680 scopus 로고
    • The goddard cumulus ensemble model part i: Model description
    • Tao WK, Simpson J (1993) The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci 4:35-72
    • (1993) Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci , vol.4 , pp. 35-72
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 72
    • 0024843895 scopus 로고
    • An ice-water saturation adjustment
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, McCumber M (1989) An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon Wea Rev 117:231-235
    • (1989) Mon Wea Rev , vol.117 , pp. 231-235
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    McCumber, M.3
  • 73
    • 0032413083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model
    • Tompkins AM, Craig GC (1998) Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 124:2073-2097
    • (1998) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.124 , pp. 2073-2097
    • Tompkins, A.M.1    Craig, G.C.2
  • 74
    • 0027075510 scopus 로고
    • A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model designed to simulate scale interaction
    • Tripoli GJ (1992) A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model designed to simulate scale interaction. Mon Wea Rev 120:1342-1359
    • (1992) Mon Wea Rev , vol.120 , pp. 1342-1359
    • Tripoli, G.J.1
  • 75
    • 0020154499 scopus 로고
    • A simulation of the development of successive cells along a cold outflow boundary
    • Wilhelmson RB, Chen CS (1982) A simulation of the development of successive cells along a cold outflow boundary. J Atmos Sci 39:1466-1483
    • (1982) J Atmos Sci , vol.39 , pp. 1466-1483
    • Wilhelmson, R.B.1    Chen, C.S.2
  • 76
    • 0032455283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model
    • Wu X, Grabowski WW, Moncrieff MW (1998) Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. J Atmos Sci 55:2693-2714
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2693-2714
    • Wu, X.1    Grabowski, W.W.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3
  • 77
    • 84895312939 scopus 로고
    • A meso-? modeling study
    • Xu H (1992) A meso-? modeling study. Comput Phys 9:731-734
    • (1992) Comput Phys , vol.9 , pp. 731-734
    • Xu, H.1
  • 78
    • 38149007466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some issues associated with growth of cloud concentration numbers
    • Xu H, Duan Y (1999) Some issues associated with growth of cloud concentration numbers. Acta Meteor Sinica 57:450-460
    • (1999) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.57 , pp. 450-460
    • Xu, H.1    Duan, Y.2
  • 79
    • 84895361680 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional meso-? modeling study: A numerical simulation of mesoscale structures associated with frontogenesis over the warm sector of a cyclone
    • Xu H, Huang S (1994) A three-dimensional meso-? modeling study: A numerical simulation of mesoscale structures associated with frontogenesis over the warm sector of a cyclone. Acta Meteor Sinica 52:165-171
    • (1994) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.52 , pp. 165-171
    • Xu, H.1    Huang, S.2
  • 80
    • 84998307049 scopus 로고
    • A numerical experiment of the interaction between cumulus convection and large-scale motion
    • Yamasaki M (1975) A numerical experiment of the interaction between cumulus convection and large-scale motion. Papers Meteor Geophys 26:63-91
    • (1975) Papers Meteor Geophys , vol.26 , pp. 63-91
    • Yamasaki, M.1
  • 82
    • 0001852742 scopus 로고
    • A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective and stratiform rainfall
    • Adler RF, Negri AJ (1988) A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective and stratiform rainfall. J Appl Meteor 27:30-51
    • (1988) J Appl Meteor , vol.27 , pp. 30-51
    • Adler, R.F.1    Negri, A.J.2
  • 83
    • 0001553107 scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line Part I: General description and water and heat budgets
    • Caniaux G, Redelsperger JL, Lafore JP (1994) A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part I: General description and water and heat budgets. J Atmos Sci 51:2046-2074
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 2046-2074
    • Caniaux, G.1    Redelsperger, J.L.2    Lafore, J.P.3
  • 84
    • 0021641206 scopus 로고
    • Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978
    • Churchill DD, Houze RA Jr (1984) Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J Atmos Sci 41:933-960
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 933-960
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 85
    • 21444454625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model
    • doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X (2005) Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • (2005) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Cui, X.2    Zhou, Y.3    Li, X.4
  • 86
    • 0000267798 scopus 로고
    • On precipitation mechanisms and their artificial modification
    • Houghton HG (1968) On precipitation mechanisms and their artificial modification. J Appl Meteor 7:851-859
    • (1968) J Appl Meteor , vol.7 , pp. 851-859
    • Houghton, H.G.1
  • 87
    • 0000869660 scopus 로고
    • A climatological study of vertical transports by cumulus-scale convection
    • Houze RA Jr (1973) A climatological study of vertical transports by cumulus-scale convection. J Atmos Sci 30:1112-1123
    • (1973) J Atmos Sci , vol.30 , pp. 1112-1123
    • Houze, R.A.J.R.1
  • 88
    • 0013076273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partition methods
    • Lang S, Tao WK, Simpson J, Ferrier B (2003) Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partition methods. J Appl Meteor 42:505-527
    • (2003) J Appl Meteor , vol.42 , pp. 505-527
    • Lang, S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3    Ferrier, B.4
  • 89
    • 0033395171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Chou MD (1999) Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Chou, M.D.4
  • 90
    • 0037095043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between tropical convection and its environment: An energetics analysis of a 2-D cloud resolving simulation
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002a) Interactions between tropical convection and its environment: An energetics analysis of a 2-D cloud resolving simulation. J Atmos Sci 59:1712-1722
    • (2002) J Atmos Sci , vol.59 , pp. 1712-1722
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 91
    • 0036795433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002b) Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 130:2481-2491
    • (2002) Mon Wea Rev , vol.130 , pp. 2481-2491
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 92
    • 0000433525 scopus 로고
    • Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation
    • Lorenz EN (1955) Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation. Tellus 7:157-167
    • (1955) Tellus , vol.7 , pp. 157-167
    • Lorenz, E.N.1
  • 93
    • 0028808370 scopus 로고
    • Classification of rain regimes by the three-dimensional properties of reflectivity fields
    • Rosenfeld D, Amitai E, Wolff DB (1995) Classification of rain regimes by the three-dimensional properties of reflectivity fields. J Appl Meteor 34:198-211
    • (1995) J Appl Meteor , vol.34 , pp. 198-211
    • Rosenfeld, D.1    Amitai, E.2    Wolff, D.B.3
  • 94
    • 0027167226 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional validation at trmm ground truth sites: Some early results from darwin, australia
    • Norman, OK
    • Steiner M, Houze RA Jr (1993) Three-dimensional validation at TRMM ground truth sites: Some early results from Darwin, Australia. 26th International Conference on Radar Meteorology, Norman, OK
    • (1993) 26th International Conference on Radar Meteorology
    • Steiner, M.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 95
    • 0029475789 scopus 로고
    • Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data
    • Steiner M, Houze RA Jr, Yuter SE (1995) Climatological characterization of three-dimensional storm structure from operational radar and rain gauge data. J Appl Meteor 34:1978-2007
    • (1995) J Appl Meteor , vol.34 , pp. 1978-2007
    • Steiner, M.1    Houze Jr., R.A.2    Yuter, S.E.3
  • 96
    • 0028580999 scopus 로고
    • The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model Part I: Equilibrium climate
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK, Simpson J (1994) The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J Atmos Sci 51:711-728
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 711-728
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Tao, W.K.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 97
    • 0024799803 scopus 로고
    • Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line
    • Tao WK, Simpson J (1989) Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line. J Atmos Sci 46:177-202
    • (1989) J Atmos Sci , vol.46 , pp. 177-202
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 98
    • 0025526905 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometeor profiles
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Lang S, McCumber M, Adler R, Penc R (1990) An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometeor profiles. J Appl Meteor 29:1232-1244
    • (1990) J Appl Meteor , vol.29 , pp. 1232-1244
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Lang, S.3    McCumber, M.4    Adler, R.5    Penc, R.6
  • 99
    • 0026313521 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a subtropical squall line over Taiwan Strait
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Soong ST (1991) Numerical simulation of a subtropical squall line over Taiwan Strait. Mon Wea Rev 119:2699-2723
    • (1991) Mon Wea Rev , vol.119 , pp. 2699-2723
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Soong, S.T.3
  • 100
    • 0027460974 scopus 로고
    • Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Sui CH, Ferrier B, Lang S, Scala J, Chou MD, Pickering K (1993) Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J Atmos Sci 50:673-690
    • (1993) J Atmos Sci , vol.50 , pp. 673-690
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Sui, C.H.3    Ferrier, B.4    Lang, S.5    Scala, J.6    Chou, M.D.7    Pickering, K.8
  • 101
    • 0006408346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical profiles of latent heat release and their retrieval for TOGA COARE convective systems using a cloud resolving model, SSM/I, and ship-borne radar data
    • Tao WK, Lang S, Simpson J, Olson WS, Johnson D, Ferrier B, Kummerow C, Adler R (2000) Vertical profiles of latent heat release and their retrieval for TOGA COARE convective systems using a cloud resolving model, SSM/I, and ship-borne radar data. J Meteor Soc Japan 78: 333-355
    • (2000) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.78 , pp. 333-355
    • Tao, W.K.1    Lang, S.2    Simpson, J.3    Olson, W.S.4    Johnson, D.5    Ferrier, B.6    Kummerow, C.7    Adler, R.8
  • 102
    • 0141527671 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning mass, heat, and moisture budgets of explicit simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components
    • Xu KM (1995) Partitioning mass, heat, and moisture budgets of explicit simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. J Atmos Sci 52:1-23
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1-23
    • Xu, K.M.1
  • 103
    • 0024880172 scopus 로고
    • Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable?
    • Xu KM, Emanuel KA (1989) Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable? Mon Wea Rev 117:1471-1479
    • (1989) Mon Wea Rev , vol.117 , pp. 1471-1479
    • Xu, K.M.1    Emanuel, K.A.2
  • 104
    • 0031465893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of raindrop size distribution over the Pacific warm pool and implications for Z-R relations
    • Yuter SE, Houze RA Jr (1997) Measurements of raindrop size distribution over the Pacific warm pool and implications for Z-R relations. J Appl Meteor 36:847-867
    • (1997) J Appl Meteor , vol.36 , pp. 847-867
    • Yuter, S.E.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 105
    • 0018697062 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations with a three-dimension cloud model: Lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations
    • Clark TL (1979) Numerical simulations with a three-dimension cloud model: lateral boundary condition experiments and multicellular severe storm simulations. J Atmos Sci 36:2191-2215
    • (1979) J Atmos Sci , vol.36 , pp. 2191-2215
    • Clark, T.L.1
  • 106
    • 0001365555 scopus 로고
    • Cumulus convection in shear flow: Three-dimensional numerical experiments
    • Cotton WR, Tripoli GJ (1978) Cumulus convection in shear flow: Three-dimensional numerical experiments. J Atmos Sci 35:1503-1521
    • (1978) J Atmos Sci , vol.35 , pp. 1503-1521
    • Cotton, W.R.1    Tripoli, G.J.2
  • 107
    • 21444454625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model
    • doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X (2005) Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • (2005) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Cui, X.2    Zhou, Y.3    Li, X.4
  • 108
    • 0030326509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE Part I: Two-dimensional experiments
    • Grabowski WW, Wu X, Moncrieff MW (1996) Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J Atmos Sci 53:3684-3709
    • (1996) J Atmos Sci , vol.53 , pp. 3684-3709
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Wu, X.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3
  • 109
    • 0033232461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE Part II: Effects of resolution and the third spatial dimension
    • Grabowski WW, Wu X, Moncrieff MW, Hall WD (1998) Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part II: Effects of resolution and the third spatial dimension. J Atmos Sci 55:3264-3282
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 3264-3282
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Wu, X.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3    Hall, W.D.4
  • 110
    • 84983092849 scopus 로고
    • The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics
    • Klemp JB, Wilhelmson RB (1978) The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J Atmos Sci 35:1070-1093
    • (1978) J Atmos Sci , vol.35 , pp. 1070-1093
    • Klemp, J.B.1    Wilhelmson, R.B.2
  • 111
    • 0033395171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Chou MD (1999) Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Chou, M.D.4
  • 112
    • 0038999895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Adamec D (2000) Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. J Meteor Soc Japan 78:647-659
    • (2000) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.78 , pp. 647-659
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 113
    • 33846085653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic, cloud microphysics and rainfall responses to initial moisture perturbations in the tropical deep convective regime
    • doi:10. 1029/2005JD006968
    • Li X, Zhang S, Zhang DL (2006) Thermodynamic, cloud microphysics and rainfall responses to initial moisture perturbations in the tropical deep convective regime. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2005JD006968
    • (2006) J Geophys Res
    • Li, X.1    Zhang, S.2    Zhang, D.L.3
  • 114
    • 84981654246 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional primitive equation model of cumulonimbus convection
    • Miller MJ, Pearce RP (1974) A three-dimensional primitive equation model of cumulonimbus convection. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 100:133-154
    • (1974) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.100 , pp. 133-154
    • Miller, M.J.1    Pearce, R.P.2
  • 115
    • 84981605092 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics and simulation of tropical cumulonimbus and squall line
    • Moncrieff MW, Miller MJ (1976) The dynamics and simulation of tropical cumulonimbus and squall line. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 102:373-394
    • (1976) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.102 , pp. 373-394
    • Moncrieff, M.W.1    Miller, M.J.2
  • 117
    • 84981601635 scopus 로고
    • The effects of vertical wind shear on the evolution of convective clouds
    • Pastushkov RS (1975) The effects of vertical wind shear on the evolution of convective clouds. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 101:281-291
    • (1975) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.101 , pp. 281-291
    • Pastushkov, R.S.1
  • 118
    • 0022923579 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional simulation of a convective strom: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution
    • Redelsperger JL, Sommeria G (1986) Three-dimensional simulation of a convective strom: Sensitivity studies on subgrid parameterization and spatial resolution. J Atmos Sci 43:2619-2635
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 2619-2635
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Sommeria, G.2
  • 119
    • 0024220713 scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional simulation of a tropical squall line: Convective organization and thermodynamic vertical transport
    • Redelsperger JL, Lafore JP (1988) A three-dimensional simulation of a tropical squall line: Convective organization and thermodynamic vertical transport. J Atmos Sci 45:1334-1356
    • (1988) J Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 1334-1356
    • Redelsperger, J.L.1    Lafore, J.P.2
  • 120
    • 0024193149 scopus 로고
    • A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines
    • Rotunno R, Klemp JB, Weisman ML (1988) A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J Atmos Sci 45:463-485
    • (1988) J Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 463-485
    • Rotunno, R.1    Klemp, J.B.2    Weisman, M.L.3
  • 121
    • 0030841526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Takayabu Y, Short D (1997) Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 54:639-655
    • (1997) J Atmos Sci , vol.54 , pp. 639-655
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Takayabu, Y.3    Short, D.4
  • 122
    • 0032456854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM (1998) Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J Atmos Sci 55:2345-2359
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2345-2359
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 123
    • 31144474366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models
    • Sui CH, Li X, Yang MJ, Huang HL (2005) Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models. J Atmos Sci 62:4358-4370
    • (2005) J Atmos Sci , vol.62 , pp. 4358-4370
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Yang, M.J.3    Huang, H.L.4
  • 124
    • 0041088731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE
    • Takayabu YN, Lau KM, Sui CH (1996) Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 124:1892-1913
    • (1996) Mon Wea Rev , vol.124 , pp. 1892-1913
    • Takayabu, Y.N.1    Lau, K.M.2    Sui, C.H.3
  • 125
    • 0001463487 scopus 로고
    • The study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments
    • Tao WK, Soong ST (1986) The study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments. J Atmos Sci 43:2653-2676
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 2653-2676
    • Tao, W.K.1    Soong, S.T.2
  • 126
    • 0023528369 scopus 로고
    • Statistical properties of a cloud ensemble: A numerical study
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Soong ST (1987) Statistical properties of a cloud ensemble: A numerical study. J Atmos Sci 44:3175-3187
    • (1987) J Atmos Sci , vol.44 , pp. 3175-3187
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Soong, S.T.3
  • 127
    • 0024843895 scopus 로고
    • An ice-water saturation adjustment
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, McCumber M (1989) An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon Wea Rev 117:231-235
    • (1989) Mon Wea Rev , vol.117 , pp. 231-235
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    McCumber, M.3
  • 128
    • 0032413083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model
    • Tompkins AM, Craig GC (1998) Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 124:2073-2097
    • (1998) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.124 , pp. 2073-2097
    • Tompkins, A.M.1    Craig, G.C.2
  • 129
    • 33847634707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution, structure, cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment
    • Wang JJ, Li X, Carey L (2007) Evolution, structure, cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment. J Atmos Sci 64:360-379
    • (2007) J Atmos Sci , vol.64 , pp. 360-379
    • Wang, J.J.1    Li, X.2    Carey, L.3
  • 130
    • 0034607701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds
    • Wentz FJ, Gentemann C, Smith D, Chelton D (2000) Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature through clouds. Science 288:847-850
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 847-850
    • Wentz, F.J.1    Gentemann, C.2    Smith, D.3    Chelton, D.4
  • 131
    • 0347878735 scopus 로고
    • The life cycle of a thunderstorm in three dimensions
    • Wilhelmson RB (1974) The life cycle of a thunderstorm in three dimensions. J Atmos Sci 31: 1629-1651
    • (1974) J Atmos Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1629-1651
    • Wilhelmson, R.B.1
  • 132
    • 0032455283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model
    • Wu X, Grabowski WW, Moncrieff MW (1998) Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. J Atmos Sci 55:2693-2714
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2693-2714
    • Wu, X.1    Grabowski, W.W.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3
  • 133
    • 0030324233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Comparison with observations
    • Xu KM, Randall DA (1996) Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Comparison with observations. J Atmos Sci 53:3710-3736
    • (1996) J Atmos Sci , vol.53 , pp. 3710-3736
    • Xu, K.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 134
    • 0001108779 scopus 로고
    • Determination of Bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets
    • Yanai M, Esbensen S, Chu JH (1973) Determination of Bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J Atmos Sci 30:611-627
    • (1973) J Atmos Sci , vol.30 , pp. 611-627
    • Yanai, M.1    Esbensen, S.2    Chu, J.H.3
  • 135
    • 0037096514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical foundations for models of moist convection
    • Bannon PR (2002) Theoretical foundations for models of moist convection. J Atmos Sci 59: 1967-1982
    • (2002) J Atmos Sci , vol.59 , pp. 1967-1982
    • Bannon, P.R.1
  • 136
    • 33847035519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of surface evaporation in surface rainfall processes
    • doi:10. 1029/2005JD006876
    • Cui X, Li X (2006) Role of surface evaporation in surface rainfall processes. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2005JD006876
    • (2006) J Geophys Res
    • Cui, X.1    Li, X.2
  • 137
    • 21444454625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model
    • doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X (2005) Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005467
    • (2005) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Cui, X.2    Zhou, Y.3    Li, X.4
  • 138
    • 33745397225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Gao S, Ping F, Cui X, Li X (2006) Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime. Meteor Atmos Phys 93:37-44
    • (2006) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.93 , pp. 37-44
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Cui, X.3    Li, X.4
  • 139
    • 0002919765 scopus 로고
    • On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection
    • Kuo HL (1965) On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J Atmos Sci 22:40-63
    • (1965) J Atmos Sci , vol.22 , pp. 40-63
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 140
    • 0001545604 scopus 로고
    • Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow
    • Kuo HL (1974) Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J Atmos Sci 31:1232-1240
    • (1974) J Atmos Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1232-1240
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 141
    • 0036795433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002) Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 130:2481-2491
    • (2002) Mon Wea Rev , vol.130 , pp. 2481-2491
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 142
    • 0025592363 scopus 로고
    • A thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere
    • Ooyama KV (1990) A thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 47:2580-2593
    • (1990) J Atmos Sci , vol.47 , pp. 2580-2593
    • Ooyama, K.V.1
  • 143
    • 0035417856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic and thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere with parameterized microphysics
    • Ooyama KV (2001) A dynamic and thermodynamic foundation for modeling the moist atmosphere with parameterized microphysics. J Atmos Sci 58:2073-2102
    • (2001) J Atmos Sci , vol.58 , pp. 2073-2102
    • Ooyama, K.V.1
  • 144
    • 0030841526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Takayabu Y, Short D (1997a) Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 54:639-655
    • (1997) J Atmos Sci , vol.54 , pp. 639-655
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Takayabu, Y.3    Short, D.4
  • 145
    • 0000156343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM, Adamec D (1997b) Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 125:448-462
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 448-462
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 146
    • 0041088731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE
    • Takayabu YN, Lau KM, Sui CH (1996) Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 124:1892-1913
    • (1996) Mon Wea Rev , vol.124 , pp. 1892-1913
    • Takayabu, Y.N.1    Lau, K.M.2    Sui, C.H.3
  • 147
    • 0027098515 scopus 로고
    • TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
    • Webster PJ, Lukas R (1992) TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull Am Meteor Soc 73:1377-1416
    • (1992) Bull Am Meteor Soc , vol.73 , pp. 1377-1416
    • Webster, P.J.1    Lukas, R.2
  • 148
    • 84899779267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of cloud condensate to Surface rain rate
    • Zhou Y, Cui X, Li X (2006) Contribution of cloud condensate to Surface rain rate. Prog Nat Sci 16:967-973
    • (2006) Prog Nat Sci , vol.16 , pp. 967-973
    • Zhou, Y.1    Cui, X.2    Li, X.3
  • 149
    • 0028573558 scopus 로고
    • Tropical intraseasonal oscillation, super cloud clusters, and cumulus convection schemes
    • Chao WC, Lin SJ (1994) Tropical intraseasonal oscillation, super cloud clusters, and cumulus convection schemes. J Atmos Sci 51:1282-1297
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 1282-1297
    • Chao, W.C.1    Lin, S.J.2
  • 151
    • 84895219319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Day oscillations, and ENSO: A unified view
    • day oscillations, and ENSO: A unified view. J Meteor Soc Japan 67:205-219
    • J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.67 , pp. 205-219
  • 152
    • 0026271242 scopus 로고
    • Observations of cloud cluster hierarchy over the tropical western Pacific
    • Lau KM, Nakazawa T, Sui CH (1991) Observations of cloud cluster hierarchy over the tropical western Pacific. J Geophys Res 96:3197-3208
    • (1991) J Geophys Res , vol.96 , pp. 3197-3208
    • Lau, K.M.1    Nakazawa, T.2    Sui, C.H.3
  • 153
    • 0018704635 scopus 로고
    • The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster
    • Leavy CA, Houze RA Jr (1979) The structure and evolution of convection in a tropical cloud cluster. J Atmos Sci 36:437-457
    • (1979) J Atmos Sci , vol.36 , pp. 437-457
    • Leavy, C.A.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 154
    • 0010937059 scopus 로고
    • Some results of a trade cumulus cloud investigation
    • Malkus JS (1954) Some results of a trade cumulus cloud investigation. J Meteor 11:220-237
    • (1954) J Meteor , vol.11 , pp. 220-237
    • Malkus, J.S.1
  • 155
    • 84988279073 scopus 로고
    • Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific
    • Nakazawa T (1988) Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the western Pacific. J Meteor Soc Japan 66:823-839
    • (1988) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.66 , pp. 823-839
    • Nakazawa, T.1
  • 156
    • 0001402932 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of cumulus activity and the structures of circulations in an "aqua planet" model Part I. The structure of the super cloud clusters
    • Numaguti A, Hayashi YY (1991) Behavior of cumulus activity and the structures of circulations in an "aqua planet" model. Part I. The structure of the super cloud clusters. J Meteor Soc Japan 69:541-561
    • (1991) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.69 , pp. 541-561
    • Numaguti, A.1    Hayashi, Y.Y.2
  • 157
    • 0035870804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genesis and evolution of hierarchical cloud clusters in a two-dimensional cumulus-resolving model
    • Peng L, Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK (2001) Genesis and evolution of hierarchical cloud clusters in a two-dimensional cumulus-resolving model. J Atmos Sci 58:877-895
    • (2001) J Atmos Sci , vol.58 , pp. 877-895
    • Peng, L.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 158
    • 43049162186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics, cloud microphysics, and spatial structures of tropical cloud clusters: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study
    • (in press), doi:10. 1016/j. atmosres. 2007. 11. 002
    • Ping F, Luo Z, Li X (2007) Kinematics, cloud microphysics, and spatial structures of tropical cloud clusters: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. Atmos Res (in press), doi:10. 1016/j. atmosres. 2007. 11. 002
    • (2007) Atmos Res
    • Ping, F.1    Luo, Z.2    Li, X.3
  • 159
    • 0019211349 scopus 로고
    • Downdrafts as linkages in dynamic cumulus seeding effects
    • Simpson J (1980) Downdrafts as linkages in dynamic cumulus seeding effects. J Appl Meteor 19:477-487
    • (1980) J Appl Meteor , vol.19 , pp. 477-487
    • Simpson, J.1
  • 160
    • 0002542471 scopus 로고
    • Seeding cumulus in Florida: New 1970 results
    • Simpson J, Woodley WL (1971) Seeding cumulus in Florida: New 1970 results. Science 172: 117-126
    • (1971) Science , vol.172 , pp. 117-126
    • Simpson, J.1    Woodley, W.L.2
  • 161
    • 0026496725 scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere over the western Pacific
    • Sui CH, Lau KM (1992) Multi-scale phenomena in the tropical atmosphere over the western Pacific. Mon Wea Rev 120:407-430
    • (1992) Mon Wea Rev , vol.120 , pp. 407-430
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2
  • 162
    • 0021638954 scopus 로고
    • Cloud interactions and merging: Numerical simulations
    • Tao WK, Simpson J (1984) Cloud interactions and merging: Numerical simulations. J Atmos Sci 41:2901-2917
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 2901-2917
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 163
    • 33847634707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution, structure, cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment
    • Wang JJ, Li X, Carey L (2007) Evolution, structure, cloud microphysical and surface rainfall processes of a monsoon convection during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment. J Atmos Sci 64:360-379
    • (2007) J Atmos Sci , vol.64 , pp. 360-379
    • Wang, J.J.1    Li, X.2    Carey, L.3
  • 164
    • 0029106075 scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical tropical cloud systems in an analog shallow-water model
    • Yano JI, McWilliams JC, Moncrieff MW, Emanuel RA (1995) Hierarchical tropical cloud systems in an analog shallow-water model. J Atmos Sci 52:1723-1742
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1723-1742
    • Yano, J.I.1    McWilliams, J.C.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3    Emanuel, R.A.4
  • 165
    • 0001241791 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment Part i
    • Arakawa A, Schubert WH (1974) Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part I. J Atmos Sci 31:674-701
    • (1974) J Atmos Sci , vol.31 , pp. 674-701
    • Arakawa, A.1    Schubert, W.H.2
  • 166
    • 0022831164 scopus 로고
    • A new convective adjustment scheme Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic airmass data sets
    • Betts AK, Miller MJ (1986) A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic airmass data sets. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 112:692-709
    • (1986) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.112 , pp. 692-709
    • Betts, A.K.1    Miller, M.J.2
  • 167
    • 84895249886 scopus 로고
    • Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud cluster Part III: Effects of mesoscale convective organization
    • Cheng MD, Yanni M (1989) Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud cluster. Part III: Effects of mesoscale convective organization. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1989) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Cheng, M.D.1    Yanni, M.2
  • 168
    • 0021641206 scopus 로고
    • Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978
    • Churchill DD, Houze RA Jr (1984) Development and structure of winter monsoon cloud clusters on 10 December 1978. J Atmos Sci 41:933-960
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 933-960
    • Churchill, D.D.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 169
    • 35649004866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions
    • Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X (2007) Cloud microphysical properties in tropical convective and stratiform regions. Meteor Atmos Phys 98:1-11
    • (2007) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.98 , pp. 1-11
    • Cui, X.1    Zhou, Y.2    Li, X.3
  • 170
    • 0024193181 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions
    • Fovell RG, Ogura Y (1988) Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions. J Atmos Sci 45:3846-3879
    • (1988) J Atmos Sci , vol.45 , pp. 3846-3879
    • Fovell, R.G.1    Ogura, Y.2
  • 171
    • 0029774487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes
    • Fowler LD, Randall DA, Rutledge DA (1996) Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part I: Model description and simulated microphysical processes. J Climate 9:489-529
    • (1996) J Climate , vol.9 , pp. 489-529
    • Fowler, L.D.1    Randall, D.A.2    Rutledge, D.A.3
  • 172
    • 30044442393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical heat/water vapor quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud resolving model
    • Gao S, Ping F, Li X (2006a) Tropical heat/water vapor quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud resolving model. Atmos Res 79:15-29
    • (2006) Atmos Res , vol.79 , pp. 15-29
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Li, X.3
  • 173
    • 33750471195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of ice microphysics on rainfall and thermodynamic processes in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Gao S, Ran L, Li X (2006b) Impacts of ice microphysics on rainfall and thermodynamic processes in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 134:3015-3024
    • (2006) Mon Wea Rev , vol.134 , pp. 3015-3024
    • Gao, S.1    Ran, L.2    Li, X.3
  • 174
    • 0037286738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of ice microphysics on multiscale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations
    • Grabowski WW (2003) Impact of ice microphysics on multiscale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 129:67-81
    • (2003) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.129 , pp. 67-81
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 175
    • 0035088464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale organization of tropical convection in twodimensional explicit numerical simulations
    • Grabowski WW, Moncrieff MW (2001) Large-scale organization of tropical convection in twodimensional explicit numerical simulations. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 127:445-468
    • (2001) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.127 , pp. 445-468
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2
  • 176
    • 0032586524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during phase iii of gate part iii: Effects of cloud microphysics
    • Grabowski WW, Wu X, Moncrieff MW (1999) Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part III: Effects of cloud microphysics. J Atmos Sci 56:2384-2402
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 2384-2402
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Wu, X.2    Moncrieff, M.W.3
  • 177
    • 0025657684 scopus 로고
    • A scheme for parameterization ice-cloud water content in general circulation models
    • Heymsfield AJ, Donner LJ (1990) A scheme for parameterization ice-cloud water content in general circulation models. J Atmos Sci 47:1865-1877
    • (1990) J Atmos Sci , vol.47 , pp. 1865-1877
    • Heymsfield, A.J.1    Donner, L.J.2
  • 178
    • 0019047146 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of ice phase convective cloud seeding
    • Hsie EY, Farley RD, Orville HD (1980) Numerical simulation of ice phase convective cloud seeding. J Appl Meteor 19:950-977
    • (1980) J Appl Meteor , vol.19 , pp. 950-977
    • Hsie, E.Y.1    Farley, R.D.2    Orville, H.D.3
  • 179
    • 0015037088 scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of ice deposition
    • Koenig LR (1971) Numerical modeling of ice deposition. J Atmos Sci 28:226-237
    • (1971) J Atmos Sci , vol.28 , pp. 226-237
    • Koenig, L.R.1
  • 180
    • 0029104142 scopus 로고
    • Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection
    • Krueger SK, Fu Q, Liou KN, Chin HNS (1995) Improvement of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J Appl Meteor 34:281-287
    • (1995) J Appl Meteor , vol.34 , pp. 281-287
    • Krueger, S.K.1    Fu, Q.2    Liou, K.N.3    Hns, C.4
  • 181
    • 0013076273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partition methods
    • Lang S, Tao WK, Simpson J, Ferrier B (2003) Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partition methods. J Appl Meteor 42:505-527
    • (2003) J Appl Meteor , vol.42 , pp. 505-527
    • Lang, S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3    Ferrier, B.4
  • 182
    • 33750530341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysical and precipitation responses to a large-scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X (2006) Cloud microphysical and precipitation responses to a large-scale forcing in the tropical deep convective regime, Meteor Atmos Phys 94:87-102
    • (2006) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.94 , pp. 87-102
    • Li, X.1
  • 183
    • 0033395171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Chou MD (1999) Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Chou, M.D.4
  • 184
    • 0037095043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between tropical convection and its environment: An energetics analysis of a 2-D cloud resolving simulation
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002a) Interactions between tropical convection and its environment: An energetics analysis of a 2-D cloud resolving simulation. J Atmos Sci 59:1712-1722
    • (2002) J Atmos Sci , vol.59 , pp. 1712-1722
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 185
    • 0036795433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002b) Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 130:2481-2491
    • (2002) Mon Wea Rev , vol.130 , pp. 2481-2491
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 186
    • 27144481025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK (2005) Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. Meteor Atmos Phys 90:245-259
    • (2005) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.90 , pp. 245-259
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 187
    • 0001186348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic influence of microphysics in tropical squall lines: A numerical study
    • Liu C, Moncrieff MW (1997) Dynamic influence of microphysics in tropical squall lines: A numerical study. Mon Wea Rev 125:2193-2210
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 2193-2210
    • Liu, C.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2
  • 188
    • 0001166264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992) Part I: Explicit simulation and Verification
    • Liu Y, Zhang DL, Yau MK (1997) A multiscale numerical study of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Part I: Explicit simulation and Verification. Mon Wea Rev 125:3073-3093
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 3073-3093
    • Liu, Y.1    Zhang, D.L.2    Yau, M.K.3
  • 189
    • 0021638949 scopus 로고
    • Role of a parameterized ice phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model
    • Lord SJ, Willoughby HE, Piotrowicz JM (1984) Role of a parameterized ice phase microphysics in an axisymmetric, nonhydrostatic tropical cyclone model. J Atmos Sci 41:2836-2848
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 2836-2848
    • Lord, S.J.1    Willoughby, H.E.2    Piotrowicz, J.M.3
  • 190
    • 0000433525 scopus 로고
    • Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation
    • Lorenz EN (1955) Available potential energy and the maintenance of the general circulation. Tellus 7:157-167
    • (1955) Tellus , vol.7 , pp. 157-167
    • Lorenz, E.N.1
  • 191
    • 0000860969 scopus 로고
    • Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment
    • Manabe S, Strickler RF (1964) Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment. J Atmos Sci 21:361-385
    • (1964) J Atmos Sci , vol.21 , pp. 361-385
    • Manabe, S.1    Strickler, R.F.2
  • 192
    • 0026287156 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection
    • McCumber M, Tao WK, Simpson Penc JR, Soong ST (1991) Comparison of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection. J Appl Meteor 30:985-1004
    • (1991) J Appl Meteor , vol.30 , pp. 985-1004
    • McCumber, M.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson Penc, J.R.3    Soong, S.T.4
  • 193
    • 0023556880 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of a tropical squall line with observations
    • Nicholls ME (1987) A comparison of the results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of a tropical squall line with observations. Mon Wea Rev 115:3055-3077
    • (1987) Mon Wea Rev , vol.115 , pp. 3055-3077
    • Nicholls, M.E.1
  • 194
    • 0001374594 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of the life history of a hailstorm
    • Orville HD, Kopp FJ (1977) Numerical simulation of the life history of a hailstorm. J Atmos Sci 34:1596-1618
    • (1977) J Atmos Sci , vol.34 , pp. 1596-1618
    • Orville, H.D.1    Kopp, F.J.2
  • 195
    • 34547689210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Ping F, Luo Z, Li X (2007) Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 135:2794-2802
    • (2007) Mon Wea Rev , vol.135 , pp. 2794-2802
    • Ping, F.1    Luo, Z.2    Li, X.3
  • 196
    • 0020918557 scopus 로고
    • The response of a spectral general circulation model to refinements in radiative processes
    • Ramanathan V, Pitcher EJ, Malone RC, Blackmon ML (1983) The response of a spectral general circulation model to refinements in radiative processes. J Atmos Sci 40:605-630
    • (1983) J Atmos Sci , vol.40 , pp. 605-630
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Pitcher, E.J.2    Malone, R.C.3    Blackmon, M.L.4
  • 198
    • 0023512455 scopus 로고
    • The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model
    • Slingo JM (1987) The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 113:899-927
    • (1987) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.113 , pp. 899-927
    • Slingo, J.M.1
  • 199
    • 21844458181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tendency of cloud ratio associated with the development of tropical water and ice clouds
    • Sui CH, Li X (2005) A tendency of cloud ratio associated with the development of tropical water and ice clouds. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 16:419-434
    • (2005) Terr Atmos Ocean Sci , vol.16 , pp. 419-434
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2
  • 200
    • 0028580999 scopus 로고
    • The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model Part I: Equilibrium climate
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK, Simpson J (1994) The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J Atmos Sci 51:711-728
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 711-728
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Tao, W.K.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 201
    • 34548745272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective-stratiform rainfall separation by cloud content
    • doi:10. 1029/2006JD008082
    • Sui CH, Tsay CT, LI X (2007) Convective-stratiform rainfall separation by cloud content. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2006JD008082
    • (2007) J Geophys Res
    • Sui, C.H.1    Tsay, C.T.2    Li, X.3
  • 202
    • 0024799803 scopus 로고
    • Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line
    • Tao WK, Simpson J (1989) Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line. J Atmos Sci 46:177-202
    • (1989) J Atmos Sci , vol.46 , pp. 177-202
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 203
    • 0026313521 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of a subtropical squall line over the Taiwan Strait
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Soong ST (1991) Numerical simulation of a subtropical squall line over the Taiwan Strait. Mon Wea Rev 119:2699-2723
    • (1991) Mon Wea Rev , vol.119 , pp. 2699-2723
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Soong, S.T.3
  • 204
    • 0027460974 scopus 로고
    • Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, Sui CH, Ferrier B, Lang S, Scala J, Chou MD, Pickering K (1993) Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J Atmos Sci 50:673-690
    • (1993) J Atmos Sci , vol.50 , pp. 673-690
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    Sui, C.H.3    Ferrier, B.4    Lang, S.5    Scala, J.6    Chou, M.D.7    Pickering, K.8
  • 205
    • 0003128435 scopus 로고
    • Structure and properties of synopticscale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic
    • Thompson RM Jr, Payne SW, Recker EE, Reed RJ (1979) Structure and properties of synopticscale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic. J Atmos Sci 36:53-72
    • (1979) J Atmos Sci , vol.36 , pp. 53-72
    • Thompson Jr., R.M.1    Payne, S.W.2    Recker, E.E.3    Reed, R.J.4
  • 206
    • 0028553425 scopus 로고
    • The moist available energy of a conditionally unstable atmosphere Part II: Further analysis of GATE data
    • Wang J, Randall DA (1994) The moist available energy of a conditionally unstable atmosphere. Part II: Further analysis of GATE data. J Atmos Sci 51:703-710
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 703-710
    • Wang, J.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 207
    • 0021641010 scopus 로고
    • Hurricane structure and evolution as simulated by an axisymmetric, non-hydrostatic numerical model
    • Willoughby HE, Jin HL, Lord SJ, Piotrowicz JM (1984) Hurricane structure and evolution as simulated by an axisymmetric, non-hydrostatic numerical model. J Atmos Sci 41:1169-1186
    • (1984) J Atmos Sci , vol.41 , pp. 1169-1186
    • Willoughby, H.E.1    Jin, H.L.2    Lord, S.J.3    Piotrowicz, J.M.4
  • 208
    • 0033567624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes Part II: Effects of ice microphysics on cloud-radiation interaction
    • Wu X, Hall WD, Grabowski WW, Moncrieff MW, Collins WD, Kiehl JT (1999) Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part II: Effects of ice microphysics on cloud-radiation interaction. J Atmos Sci 56:3177-3195
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3177-3195
    • Wu, X.1    Hall, W.D.2    Grabowski, W.W.3    Moncrieff, M.W.4    Collins, W.D.5    Kiehl, J.T.6
  • 209
    • 0141527671 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning mass, heat, and moisture budgets of explicit simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components
    • Xu KM (1995) Partitioning mass, heat, and moisture budgets of explicit simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. J Atmos Sci 52:1-23
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1-23
    • Xu, K.M.1
  • 210
    • 0031860283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles
    • Xu KM, Randall DA (1998) Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles. J Atmos Sci 55:896-909
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 896-909
    • Xu, K.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 211
    • 0004471054 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulations of tropical squall-line clusters: Two-dimensional model
    • Yoshizaki M (1986) Numerical simulations of tropical squall-line clusters: Two-dimensional model. J Meteor Soc Japan 64:469-491
    • (1986) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.64 , pp. 469-491
    • Yoshizaki, M.1
  • 212
    • 0000417622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models
    • Zhao Q, Carr FH (1997) A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models. Mon Wea Rev 125:1931-1953
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 1931-1953
    • Zhao, Q.1    Carr, F.H.2
  • 213
    • 0018667525 scopus 로고
    • Conditional symmetric instability-a possible explanation for frontal rainbands
    • Bennetts DA, Hoskins BJ (1979) Conditional symmetric instability-a possible explanation for frontal rainbands. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 105:945-962
    • (1979) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.105 , pp. 945-962
    • Bennetts, D.A.1    Hoskins, B.J.2
  • 214
    • 0346386326 scopus 로고
    • Semi-isotropic turbulence and helicoidal flows
    • Betchov R (1961) Semi-isotropic turbulence and helicoidal flows. Phys Fuilds 4:925-926
    • (1961) Phys Fuilds , vol.4 , pp. 925-926
    • Betchov, R.1
  • 215
    • 0029481314 scopus 로고
    • Generation of moist vorticity in extratropical cyclones
    • Cao Z, Cho H (1995) Generation of moist vorticity in extratropical cyclones. J Atmos Sci 52: 3263-3281
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 3263-3281
    • Cao, Z.1    Cho, H.2
  • 216
    • 0031860856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of moist vorticity in extratropical cyclones Part II: Sensitivity to moisture distribution
    • Cho H, Cao Z (1998) Generation of moist vorticity in extratropical cyclones. Part II: Sensitivity to moisture distribution. J Atmos Sci 55:595-610
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 595-610
    • Cho, H.1    Cao, Z.2
  • 217
    • 0018922227 scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange at polar latitudes in summer
    • Danielsen EF, Hipskind RS (1980) Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange at polar latitudes in summer. J Geophys Res 85:393-400
    • (1980) J Geophys Res , vol.85 , pp. 393-400
    • Danielsen, E.F.1    Hipskind, R.S.2
  • 218
    • 0027834454 scopus 로고
    • The influence of helicity on numerically simulated convective storms
    • Droegemeier KK, Lazarus SM (1993) The influence of helicity on numerically simulated convective storms. Mon Wea Rev 121:2005-2029
    • (1993) Mon Wea Rev , vol.121 , pp. 2005-2029
    • Droegemeier, K.K.1    Lazarus, S.M.2
  • 219
    • 0018726755 scopus 로고
    • Inertial instability and mesoscale convective systems Part I: Linear theory of inertial instability in rotating viscous fluids
    • Emanuel KA (1979) Inertial instability and mesoscale convective systems. Part I: Linear theory of inertial instability in rotating viscous fluids. J Atmos Sci 36:2425-2449
    • (1979) J Atmos Sci , vol.36 , pp. 2425-2449
    • Emanuel, K.A.1
  • 220
  • 221
    • 36349036532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A three-dimensional dynamic vorticity vector associated with tropical oceanic convection
    • doi:10. 1029/2007JD008247
    • Gao S (2007) A three-dimensional dynamic vorticity vector associated with tropical oceanic convection. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2007JD008247
    • (2007) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1
  • 222
    • 0035997672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moist potential vorticity anomaly with heat and mass forcings in torrential rain system
    • Gao S, Lei T, Zhou Y (2002) Moist potential vorticity anomaly with heat and mass forcings in torrential rain system. Chin Phys Lett 19:878-880
    • (2002) Chin Phys Lett , vol.19 , pp. 878-880
    • Gao, S.1    Lei, T.2    Zhou, Y.3
  • 223
    • 5444259165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A convective vorticity vector associated with tropical convection: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study
    • doi:10. 1029/2004JD004807
    • Gao S, Ping F, Li X, Tao WK (2004) A convective vorticity vector associated with tropical convection: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2004JD004807
    • (2004) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Li, X.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 224
    • 21444454625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modeling study of moist and dynamic vorticity vectors associated with 2D tropical convection
    • doi:10. 1029/2004JD005675
    • Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X, Tao WK (2005) A modeling study of moist and dynamic vorticity vectors associated with 2D tropical convection. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2004JD005675
    • (2005) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Cui, X.2    Zhou, Y.3    Li, X.4    Tao, W.K.5
  • 225
    • 34547885380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective and moist vorticity vectors associated with three-dimensional tropical oceanic convection during KWAJEX
    • doi:10 1029/2006JD007179
    • Gao S, Li X, Tao WK, Shie CL, Lang S (2007) Convective and moist vorticity vectors associated with three-dimensional tropical oceanic convection during KWAJEX, J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2006JD007179
    • (2007) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1    Li, X.2    Tao, W.K.3    Shie, C.L.4    Lang, S.5
  • 226
    • 0024228231 scopus 로고
    • A potential vorticity perspective of the storm of 15-16 October 1987
    • Hoskins BJ, Berrisford P (1988) A potential vorticity perspective of the storm of 15-16 October 1987. Weather 43:122-129
    • (1988) Weather , vol.43 , pp. 122-129
    • Hoskins, B.J.1    Berrisford, P.2
  • 227
    • 0036795433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002) Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 130:2481-2491
    • (2002) Mon Wea Rev , vol.130 , pp. 2481-2491
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 228
    • 0022476416 scopus 로고
    • The structure, energetics and propagation of rotating convective storms Part II: Helicity and storm stabilization
    • Lilly DK (1986) The structure, energetics and propagation of rotating convective storms. Part II: Helicity and storm stabilization. J Atmos Sci 43:126-140
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 126-140
    • Lilly, D.K.1
  • 230
    • 34548010895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated KWAJEX convective systems using a 2D and 3D cloud resolving model and their comparisons with radar observations
    • Seattle, Washington, 6-12 August
    • Shie CL, Tao WK, Simpson J (2003) Simulated KWAJEX convective systems using a 2D and 3D cloud resolving model and their comparisons with radar observations. 31st Conference on Radar Meteorology, Seattle, Washington, 6-12 August 2003
    • (2003) 31st Conference on Radar Meteorology
    • Shie, C.L.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3
  • 231
    • 51649145521 scopus 로고
    • Helicity dynamics of atmospheric flow
    • Tan Z, Wu R (1994) Helicity dynamics of atmospheric flow. Adv Atmos Sci 11:175-188
    • (1994) Adv Atmos Sci , vol.11 , pp. 175-188
    • Tan, Z.1    Wu, R.2
  • 232
    • 0022266343 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of balanced vortex structure using potential vorticity
    • Thorpe AJ (1985) Diagnosis of balanced vortex structure using potential vorticity. J Atmos Sci 42:397-406
    • (1985) J Atmos Sci , vol.42 , pp. 397-406
    • Thorpe, A.J.1
  • 233
    • 0026474289 scopus 로고
    • Formation and evolution of frontal rainbands and geostrophic potential vorticity anomalies
    • Xu Q (1992) Formation and evolution of frontal rainbands and geostrophic potential vorticity anomalies. J Atmos Sci 49:629-648
    • (1992) J Atmos Sci , vol.49 , pp. 629-648
    • Xu, Q.1
  • 234
    • 41649087622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cloud-resolving modeling study of diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall
    • doi:10. 1029/2007JD008990
    • Cui X (2008) A cloud-resolving modeling study of diurnal variations of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2007JD008990
    • (2008) J Geophys Res
    • Cui, X.1
  • 235
    • 31044449494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Gao S, Ping F, Li X (2006) Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study. Meteor Atmos Phys 91:9-16
    • (2006) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.91 , pp. 9-16
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Li, X.3
  • 236
    • 0001562342 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection
    • Gray WM, Jacobson RW (1977) Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon Wea Rev 105:1171-1188
    • (1977) Mon Wea Rev , vol.105 , pp. 1171-1188
    • Gray, W.M.1    Jacobson, R.W.2
  • 237
    • 0000220093 scopus 로고
    • The diurnal precipitation change over the sea
    • Kraus EB (1963) The diurnal precipitation change over the sea. J Atmos Sci 20:546-551
    • (1963) J Atmos Sci , vol.20 , pp. 546-551
    • Kraus, E.B.1
  • 238
    • 5444230428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud modeling in the tropical deep convective regime
    • In: Zhu X (ed) World Scientific, New Jersey
    • Li X (2004) Cloud modeling in the tropical deep convective regime. In: Zhu X (ed) Observation, Theory, and Modeling of Atmospheric Variability. World Scientific, New Jersey
    • (2004) Observation, Theory, and Modeling of Atmospheric Variability
    • Li, X.1
  • 239
    • 0032465635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of the diurnal cycle of tropical oceanic convection
    • Liu C, MoncrieffMW(1998) A numerical study of the diurnal cycle of tropical oceanic convection. J Atmos Sci 55:2329-2344
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2329-2344
    • Liu, C.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2
  • 240
    • 0026277429 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle in a general circulation model
    • Randall DA, Harshvardhan, Dazlich DA (1991) Diurnal variability of the hydrologic cycle in a general circulation model. J Atmos Sci 48:40-62
    • (1991) J Atmos Sci , vol.48 , pp. 40-62
    • Randall, D.A.1    Harshvardha, N.2    Dazlich, D.A.3
  • 241
    • 0030841526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Takayabu Y, Short D (1997) Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus ensemble during TOGA COARE. J Atmos Sci 54:639-655
    • (1997) J Atmos Sci , vol.54 , pp. 639-655
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Takayabu, Y.3    Short, D.4
  • 242
    • 0032456854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM (1998) Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J Atmos Sci 55:2345-2359
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 2345-2359
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 243
    • 0024843895 scopus 로고
    • An ice-water saturation adjustment
    • Tao WK, Simpson J, McCumber M (1989) An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon Wea Rev 117:231-235
    • (1989) Mon Wea Rev , vol.117 , pp. 231-235
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2    McCumber, M.3
  • 244
  • 245
    • 0029526331 scopus 로고
    • Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles Part II: Mechanisms for cloud-radiation interactions
    • Xu KM, Randall DA (1995) Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part II: Mechanisms for cloud-radiation interactions. J Atmos Sci 52: 800-817
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 800-817
    • Xu, K.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 246
    • 0010397944 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of air and moisture flux into hailstorms on the High Plains
    • Auer AH Jr, Marwitz JD (1968) Estimates of air and moisture flux into hailstorms on the High Plains. J Appl Meteor 7:196-198
    • (1968) J Appl Meteor , vol.7 , pp. 196-198
    • Auer Jr., A.H.1    Marwitz, J.D.2
  • 247
    • 0000773884 scopus 로고
    • The water and energy budgets of the thunderstorm and their relation to thunderstorm development
    • Braham RR Jr (1952) The water and energy budgets of the thunderstorm and their relation to thunderstorm development. J Meteor 9:227-242
    • (1952) J Meteor , vol.9 , pp. 227-242
    • Braham Jr., R.R.1
  • 248
    • 0024838726 scopus 로고
    • A tropical squall line observed during the CORT 81 experiment in West Africa Part II: Water budget
    • Chong M, Hauser D (1989) A tropical squall line observed during the CORT 81 experiment in West Africa. Part II: Water budget. Mon Wea Rev 117:728-744
    • (1989) Mon Wea Rev , vol.117 , pp. 728-744
    • Chong, M.1    Hauser, D.2
  • 249
    • 0030410793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flash flood forecasting: An ingredients-based methodology
    • Doswell CA III, Brooks HE, Maddox RA (1996) Flash flood forecasting: An ingredients-based methodology. Wea Forecast 11:560-581
    • (1996) Wea Forecast , vol.11 , pp. 560-581
    • Doswell III, C.A.1    Brooks, H.E.2    Maddox, R.A.3
  • 250
    • 0001233986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors responsible for different precipitation efficiencies between midlatitude and tropical squall simulations
    • Ferrier BS, Simpson J, Tao WK (1996) Factors responsible for different precipitation efficiencies between midlatitude and tropical squall simulations. Mon Wea Rev 124:2100-2125
    • (1996) Mon Wea Rev , vol.124 , pp. 2100-2125
    • Ferrier, B.S.1    Simpson, J.2    Tao, W.K.3
  • 251
    • 0010395229 scopus 로고
    • Airflow and moisture budget beneath an Northeast Colorado hailstorm
    • Foote GB, Fankhauser JC (1973) Airflow and moisture budget beneath an Northeast Colorado hailstorm. J Appl Meteor 12:1330-1353
    • (1973) J Appl Meteor , vol.12 , pp. 1330-1353
    • Foote, G.B.1    Fankhauser, J.C.2
  • 252
    • 0020968201 scopus 로고
    • Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics
    • Gamache JF, Houze RA Jr (1983) Water budget of a mesoscale convective system in the tropics. J Atmos Sci 40:1835-1850
    • (1983) J Atmos Sci , vol.40 , pp. 1835-1850
    • Gamache, J.F.1    Houze, R.A.J.R.2
  • 253
    • 0022171660 scopus 로고
    • Structure and evolution of a severe squall line over Oklahoma
    • Heymsfield GM, Schotz S (1985) Structure and evolution of a severe squall line over Oklahoma. Mon Wea Rev 113:1563-1589
    • (1985) Mon Wea Rev , vol.113 , pp. 1563-1589
    • Heymsfield, G.M.1    Schotz, S.2
  • 254
    • 0002919765 scopus 로고
    • On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection
    • Kuo HL (1965) On formation and intensification of tropical cyclones through latent heat release by cumulus convection. J Atmos Sci 22:40-63
    • (1965) J Atmos Sci , vol.22 , pp. 40-63
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 255
    • 0001545604 scopus 로고
    • Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow
    • Kuo HL (1974) Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J Atmos Sci 31:1232-1240
    • (1974) J Atmos Sci , vol.31 , pp. 1232-1240
    • Kuo, H.L.1
  • 256
    • 0033395171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Chou MD (1999) Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J Atmos Sci 56:3028-3042
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3028-3042
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Chou, M.D.4
  • 257
    • 0036552392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation efficiency in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002) Precipitation efficiency in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. J Meteor Soc Japan 80:205-212
    • (2002) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.80 , pp. 205-212
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 258
    • 0022850416 scopus 로고
    • Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence
    • Lipps FB, Hemler RS (1986) Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence. J Atmos Sci 43:1796-1816
    • (1986) J Atmos Sci , vol.43 , pp. 1796-1816
    • Lipps, F.B.1    Hemler, R.S.2
  • 259
    • 0002636746 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of severe convective storms
    • Amer Meteor Soc, Boston, MA
    • Newton CW (1963) Dynamics of severe convective storms. Severe Local Storms Meteor Monogr, No. 27, Amer Meteor Soc, Boston, MA
    • (1963) Severe Local Storms Meteor Monogr , Issue.27
    • Newton, C.W.1
  • 260
    • 0001613285 scopus 로고
    • Circulations in large sheared cumulonimbus
    • Newton CW (1966) Circulations in large sheared cumulonimbus. Tellus 18:699-712
    • (1966) Tellus , vol.18 , pp. 699-712
    • Newton, C.W.1
  • 261
    • 31144474366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models
    • Sui CH, Li X, Yang MJ, Huang HL (2005) Estimation of oceanic precipitation efficiency in cloud models. J Atmos Sci 62:4358-4370
    • (2005) J Atmos Sci , vol.62 , pp. 4358-4370
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Yang, M.J.3    Huang, H.L.4
  • 262
    • 38349146817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the definition of precipitation efficiency
    • Sui CH, Li X, Yang MJ (2007) On the definition of precipitation efficiency. J Atmos Sci 64: 4506-4513
    • (2007) J Atmos Sci , vol.64 , pp. 4506-4513
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Yang, M.J.3
  • 263
    • 8744314558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric energy budget and large-scale precipitation efficiency of convective systems during TOGA COARE, GATE, SCSMEX, and ARM: Cloud-resolving model simulations
    • Tao WK, Johnson D, Shie CL, Simpson J (2004) The atmospheric energy budget and large-scale precipitation efficiency of convective systems during TOGA COARE, GATE, SCSMEX, and ARM: Cloud-resolving model simulations. J Atmos Sci 61:2405-2423
    • (2004) J Atmos Sci , vol.61 , pp. 2405-2423
    • Tao, W.K.1    Johnson, D.2    Shie, C.L.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 264
    • 0020434898 scopus 로고
    • The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy
    • Weisman ML, Klemp JB (1982) The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon Wea Rev 110:504-520
    • (1982) Mon Wea Rev , vol.110 , pp. 504-520
    • Weisman, M.L.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 265
    • 0001069916 scopus 로고
    • The effect of salinity on tropical ocean models
    • Cooper NS (1988) The effect of salinity on tropical ocean models. J Phys Oceanogr 18:697-707
    • (1988) J Phys Oceanogr , vol.18 , pp. 697-707
    • Cooper, N.S.1
  • 266
    • 0021566176 scopus 로고
    • Ocean-atmospheric coupling over monsoon regions
    • Gadgil S, Joseph PV, Joshi NV (1984) Ocean-atmospheric coupling over monsoon regions. Nature 312:141-143
    • (1984) Nature , vol.312 , pp. 141-143
    • Gadgil, S.1    Joseph, P.V.2    Joshi, N.V.3
  • 267
    • 33745397225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime
    • Gao S, Ping F, Cui X, Li X (2006) Short timescale air-sea coupling in the tropical deep convective regime. Meteor Atmos Phys 93:37-44
    • (2006) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.93 , pp. 37-44
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Cui, X.3    Li, X.4
  • 268
    • 0000386571 scopus 로고
    • The heat budget of the equatorial western Pacific surface mixed layer
    • Godfrey JS, Lindstrom EJ (1989) The heat budget of the equatorial western Pacific surface mixed layer. J Geophys Res 94:8007-8017
    • (1989) J Geophys Res , vol.94 , pp. 8007-8017
    • Godfrey, J.S.1    Lindstrom, E.J.2
  • 269
    • 0023507835 scopus 로고
    • Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans
    • Graham N, Barnett TP (1987) Sea surface temperature, surface wind divergence, and convection over tropical oceans. Science 238:657-659
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 657-659
    • Graham, N.1    Barnett, T.P.2
  • 270
    • 33745362823 scopus 로고
    • Structure of large-scale convective anomalies over the tropical oceans
    • Gutzler DS, Wood TM (1990) Structure of large-scale convective anomalies over the tropical oceans. J. Climate 6:2049-2062
    • (1990) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 2049-2062
    • Gutzler, D.S.1    Wood, T.M.2
  • 271
    • 0030838863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature
    • Lau KM, Wu HT, Bony S (1997) The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature. J. Climate 10:381-392
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 381-392
    • Lau, K.M.1    Wu, H.T.2    Bony, S.3
  • 272
    • 0031748144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of precipitation in the upper ocean in the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE
    • Li X, Sui CH, Adamec D, Lau KM (1998) Impacts of precipitation in the upper ocean in the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE. J Geophys Res 103:5347-5359
    • (1998) J Geophys Res , vol.103 , pp. 5347-5359
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Adamec, D.3    Lau, K.M.4
  • 273
    • 0038999895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Adamec D (2000) Effects of precipitation on ocean mixed-layer temperature and salinity as simulated in a 2-D coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. J Meteor Soc Japan 78:647-659
    • (2000) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.78 , pp. 647-659
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 274
    • 0000227467 scopus 로고
    • The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean
    • Lukas R, Lindstrom E (1991) The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 96:3343-3457
    • (1991) J Geophys Res , vol.96 , pp. 3343-3457
    • Lukas, R.1    Lindstrom, E.2
  • 275
    • 0002429727 scopus 로고
    • The salinity effect in a mixed-layer ocean model
    • Miller JR (1976) The salinity effect in a mixed-layer ocean model. J Phys Oceanogr 6:29-35
    • (1976) J Phys Oceanogr , vol.6 , pp. 29-35
    • Miller, J.R.1
  • 276
    • 0032519261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model
    • Murtugudde R, Busalacchi AJ (1998) Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model. J Geophys Res 103:3283-3300
    • (1998) J Geophys Res , vol.103 , pp. 3283-3300
    • Murtugudde, R.1    Busalacchi, A.J.2
  • 278
    • 0000156343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM, Adamec D (1997) Multi-scale air-sea interactions during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 125:448-462
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 448-462
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3    Adamec, D.4
  • 279
    • 0032523589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective absorption of solar radiation and upper ocean temperature in the equatorial western Pacific
    • Sui CH, Li X, Lau KM (1998) Selective absorption of solar radiation and upper ocean temperature in the equatorial western Pacific. J Geophys Res 103:10313-10321
    • (1998) J Geophys Res , vol.103 , pp. 10313-10321
    • Sui, C.H.1    Li, X.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 280
    • 0032443482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An OGCM study for the TOGA decade Part I: Role of salinity in the physics of the western Pacific fresh pool
    • Vialard J, Delecluse P (1998a) An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part I: Role of salinity in the physics of the western Pacific fresh pool. J Phys Oceanogr 28:1071-1088
    • (1998) J Phys Oceanogr , vol.28 , pp. 1071-1088
    • Vialard, J.1    Delecluse, P.2
  • 281
    • 0032439692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An OGCM study for the TOGA decade Part II: Barrier layer formation and variability
    • Vialard J, Delecluse P (1998b) An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier layer formation and variability. J Phys Oceanogr 28:1089-1106
    • (1998) J Phys Oceanogr , vol.28 , pp. 1089-1106
    • Vialard, J.1    Delecluse, P.2
  • 282
    • 0029753668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation and limiting mechanisms for very high sea surface temperature: Linking the dynamics and thermodynamics
    • Waliser DE (1996) Formation and limiting mechanisms for very high sea surface temperature: Linking the dynamics and thermodynamics. J. Climate 9:161-188
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 161-188
    • Waliser, D.E.1
  • 283
    • 0027845837 scopus 로고
    • Convective cloud systems and warm pool sea surface temperatures: Coupled interactions and self-regulation
    • Waliser DE, Graham NE (1993) Convective cloud systems and warm pool sea surface temperatures: Coupled interactions and self-regulation. J Geophys Res 98:12881-12893
    • (1993) J Geophys Res , vol.98 , pp. 12881-12893
    • Waliser, D.E.1    Graham, N.E.2
  • 284
    • 0028575159 scopus 로고
    • Role of hydrological processes in ocean-atmosphere interactions
    • Webster PJ (1994) Role of hydrological processes in ocean-atmosphere interactions. Rev Geophys 32:427-476
    • (1994) Rev Geophys , vol.32 , pp. 427-476
    • Webster, P.J.1
  • 285
    • 0033394898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the tropical pacific ocean to precipitation induced freshwater flux
    • Yang S, Lau KM, Schopf PS (1999) Sensitivity of the tropical Pacific Ocean to precipitation induced freshwater flux. Clim Dyn 15:737-750
    • (1999) Clim Dyn , vol.15 , pp. 737-750
    • Yang, S.1    Lau, K.M.2    Schopf, P.S.3
  • 286
    • 0027849785 scopus 로고
    • Large-scale variability of atmospheric deep convection in relation to sea surface temperature in the Tropics
    • Zhang C (1993) Large-scale variability of atmospheric deep convection in relation to sea surface temperature in the Tropics. J. Climate 6:1898-1912
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1898-1912
    • Zhang, C.1
  • 287
    • 55349094883 scopus 로고
    • A nonlinear analysis of development of thermal convection in a stratified atmosphere
    • Chao J (1961) A nonlinear analysis of development of thermal convection in a stratified atmosphere. Acta Meteor Sinica 31:191-204
    • (1961) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.31 , pp. 191-204
    • Chao, J.1
  • 288
    • 84895243647 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development
    • Chao J, Chen L (1964) Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development. Acta Meteor Sinica 34:94-102
    • (1964) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.34 , pp. 94-102
    • Chao, J.1    Chen, L.2
  • 289
    • 42549106903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature on tropical equilibrium states: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Cui X, Gao S (2008) Effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature on tropical equilibrium states: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. Prog Nat Sci 18:179-182
    • (2008) Prog Nat Sci , vol.18 , pp. 179-182
    • Cui, X.1    Gao, S.2
  • 290
    • 0023504046 scopus 로고
    • The two-dimensional dynamics of West African squall lines
    • Dudhia J, Moncrieff MW, So DWK (1987) The two-dimensional dynamics of West African squall lines. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 113:121-146
    • (1987) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.113 , pp. 121-146
    • Dudhia, J.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2    Dwk, S.3
  • 291
    • 42649121048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cloud-resolving modeling study of cloud radiative effects on tropical equilibrium states
    • doi:10. 1029/2007JD009177
    • Gao S (2008) A cloud-resolving modeling study of cloud radiative effects on tropical equilibrium states. J Geophys Res, doi:10. 1029/2007JD009177
    • (2008) J Geophys Res
    • Gao, S.1
  • 292
    • 30044442393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical heat/water vapor quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud resolving model
    • Gao S, Ping F, Li X (2006) Tropical heat/water vapor quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud resolving model. Atmos Res 79:15-29
    • (2006) Atmos Res , vol.79 , pp. 15-29
    • Gao, S.1    Ping, F.2    Li, X.3
  • 293
    • 33847655089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of diurnal variations on tropical equilibrium states: A twodimensional cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Gao S, Zhou Y, Li X (2007) Effects of diurnal variations on tropical equilibrium states: A twodimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. J Atmos Sci 64:656-664
    • (2007) J Atmos Sci , vol.64 , pp. 656-664
    • Gao, S.1    Zhou, Y.2    Li, X.3
  • 294
    • 0030424565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term behaviour of precipitating tropical cloud systems: A numerical study
    • Grabowski WW, Moncrieff MW, Kiehl JT (1996) Long-term behaviour of precipitating tropical cloud systems: A numerical study. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 122:1019-1042
    • (1996) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.122 , pp. 1019-1042
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Moncrieff, M.W.2    Kiehl, J.T.3
  • 295
    • 0027837535 scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective equilibrium with explicit two-dimensional moist convection
    • Held IM, Hemler RS (1993) Radiative-convective equilibrium with explicit two-dimensional moist convection. J Atmos Sci 50:3909-3927
    • (1993) J Atmos Sci , vol.50 , pp. 3909-3927
    • Held, I.M.1    Hemler, R.S.2
  • 296
    • 0027388491 scopus 로고
    • Predictability of mesoscale rainfall in the tropics
    • Islam S, Bras RL, Emanuel KA (1993) Predictability of mesoscale rainfall in the tropics. J Appl Meteor 32:297-310
    • (1993) J Appl Meteor , vol.32 , pp. 297-310
    • Islam, S.1    Bras, R.L.2    Emanuel, K.A.3
  • 297
    • 0027881086 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary study of the tropical water cycle using the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model
    • Lau KM, Sui CH, Tao WK (1993) A preliminary study of the tropical water cycle using the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Bull Am Meteor Soc 74:1313-1321
    • (1993) Bull Am Meteor Soc , vol.74 , pp. 1313-1321
    • Lau, K.M.1    Sui, C.H.2    Tao, W.K.3
  • 298
    • 0028592859 scopus 로고
    • An inquiry into the cirrus cloud thermostat effect for tropical sea surface temperature
    • Lau KM, Sui CH, Chou MD, Tao WK (1994) An inquiry into the cirrus cloud thermostat effect for tropical sea surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 21:1157-1160
    • (1994) Geophys Res Lett , vol.21 , pp. 1157-1160
    • Lau, K.M.1    Sui, C.H.2    Chou, M.D.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 299
    • 84895314417 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic analysis of development of an anvil cumulonimbus cloud
    • Li X, Chao J, Hu Y (1964) A dynamic analysis of development of an anvil cumulonimbus cloud. Acta Meteor Sinica 34:225-232
    • (1964) Acta Meteor Sinica , vol.34 , pp. 225-232
    • Li, X.1    Chao, J.2    Hu, Y.3
  • 300
    • 77951651595 scopus 로고
    • Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere
    • Nakajima K, Matsuno T (1988) Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere. J Meteor Soc Japan 66:309-329
    • (1988) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.66 , pp. 309-329
    • Nakajima, K.1    Matsuno, T.2
  • 301
    • 34547689210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Ping F, Luo Z, Li X (2007) Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 135:2794-2802
    • (2007) Mon Wea Rev , vol.135 , pp. 2794-2802
    • Ping, F.1    Luo, Z.2    Li, X.3
  • 302
    • 0026293941 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino
    • Ramanathan V, Collins W (1991) Thermodynamic regulation of ocean warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Nino. Nature 351:27-32
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 27-32
    • Ramanathan, V.1    Collins, W.2
  • 304
    • 0030357287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moist convective scaling: Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulations
    • Robe FR, Emanuel KA (1996) Moist convective scaling: Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulations. J Atmos Sci 53:3265-3275
    • (1996) J Atmos Sci , vol.53 , pp. 3265-3275
    • Robe, F.R.1    Emanuel, K.A.2
  • 305
    • 0028580999 scopus 로고
    • The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model Part I: Equilibrium climate
    • Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK, Simpson J (1994) The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J Atmos Sci 51:711-728
    • (1994) J Atmos Sci , vol.51 , pp. 711-728
    • Sui, C.H.1    Lau, K.M.2    Tao, W.K.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 306
    • 0029472096 scopus 로고
    • The effects of melting processes on the development of a tropical and a midlatitude squall line
    • Tao WK, Scala J, Ferrier B, Simpson J (1995) The effects of melting processes on the development of a tropical and a midlatitude squall line. J Atmos Sci 52:1934-1948
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1934-1948
    • Tao, W.K.1    Scala, J.2    Ferrier, B.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 309
    • 0032413083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model
    • Tompkins AM, Craig GC (1998) Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloudensemble model. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 124:2073-2097
    • (1998) Quart J Roy Meteor Soc , vol.124 , pp. 2073-2097
    • Tompkins, A.M.1    Craig, G.C.2
  • 310
    • 0031860283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles
    • Xu KM, Randall DA (1998) Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles. J Atmos Sci 55:896-909
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 896-909
    • Xu, K.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 311
    • 0033208554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A sensitivity study of radiative-convective equilibrium in the tropics with a convection-resolving model
    • Xu KM, Randall DA (1999) A sensitivity study of radiative-convective equilibrium in the tropics with a convection-resolving model. J Atmos Sci 56:3385-3399
    • (1999) J Atmos Sci , vol.56 , pp. 3385-3399
    • Xu, K.M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 312
    • 0026287155 scopus 로고
    • Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model
    • Adler RF, Yeh HYM, Prasad N, Tao WK, Simpson J (1991) Microwave simulations of a tropical rainfall system with a three-dimensional cloud model. J Appl Meteor 30:924-953
    • (1991) J Appl Meteor , vol.30 , pp. 924-953
    • Adler, R.F.1    Yeh, H.Y.M.2    Prasad, N.3    Tao, W.K.4    Simpson, J.5
  • 313
    • 0031399677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special sensor microwave imager derived global rainfall estimates for climatological applications
    • Ferraro R (1997) Special sensor microwave imager derived global rainfall estimates for climatological applications. J Geophys Res 102:16715-16735
    • (1997) J Geophys Res , vol.102 , pp. 16715-16735
    • Ferraro, R.1
  • 314
    • 0029542806 scopus 로고
    • A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations
    • Ferrier BS, Tao WK, Simpson J (1995) A double-moment multiple-phase four-class bulk ice scheme. Part II: Simulations of convective storms in different large-scale environments and comparisons with other bulk parameterizations. J Atmos Sci 52:1001-1033
    • (1995) J Atmos Sci , vol.52 , pp. 1001-1033
    • Ferrier, B.S.1    Tao, W.K.2    Simpson, J.3
  • 316
    • 84895257655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scanning microwave spectrometer
    • Scanning Microwave Spectrometer. J Appl Meteor 19:986-996
    • J Appl Meteor , vol.19 , pp. 986-996
  • 317
    • 0026298553 scopus 로고
    • Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the special sensor microwave imager
    • Grody N (1991) Classification of snow cover and precipitation using the special sensor microwave imager. J Geophys Res 96:7423-7435
    • (1991) J Geophys Res , vol.96 , pp. 7423-7435
    • Grody, N.1
  • 319
    • 0001551495 scopus 로고
    • A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: Model description and preliminary results
    • Hall WD (1980) A detailed microphysical model within a two-dimensional dynamic framework: Model description and preliminary results. J Atmos Sci 37:2486-2507
    • (1980) J Atmos Sci , vol.37 , pp. 2486-2507
    • Hall, W.D.1
  • 320
    • 84895247827 scopus 로고
    • Millimeter wave moisture sounding: The effect of clouds
    • Isaacs RG, Deblonde G (1987) Millimeter wave moisture sounding: The effect of clouds. Radio Sci 14:793-802
    • (1987) Radio Sci , vol.14 , pp. 793-802
    • Isaacs, R.G.1    Deblonde, G.2
  • 321
    • 0020969827 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of clear sky moisture profiles using the 183 GHz water vapor line
    • Kakar RK (1983) Retrieval of clear sky moisture profiles using the 183 GHz water vapor line. J Climate Appl Meteor 22:1282-1289
    • (1983) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.22 , pp. 1282-1289
    • Kakar, R.K.1
  • 322
    • 0021466436 scopus 로고
    • A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry
    • Kakar RK, Lambrightsen BH (1984) A statistical correlation method for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture profiles by microwave radiometry. J Climate Appl Meteor 23:1110-1114
    • (1984) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.23 , pp. 1110-1114
    • Kakar, R.K.1    Lambrightsen, B.H.2
  • 323
    • 0022232445 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of atmospheric moisture content from microwave radiometric measurements during CCOPE
    • Lambrightsen BH, Kakar RK (1985) Estimation of atmospheric moisture content from microwave radiometric measurements during CCOPE. J Climate Appl Meteor 24:266-274
    • (1985) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.24 , pp. 266-274
    • Lambrightsen, B.H.1    Kakar, R.K.2
  • 324
    • 84895278946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of cloud and precipitation microphysics on AMSU measurements as simulated using cloud resolving model outputs
    • Madison, WI, October 15-18
    • Li X, Weng F (2001) Effects of cloud and precipitation microphysics on AMSU measurements as simulated using cloud resolving model outputs. 11th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Madison, WI, October 15-18, 2001
    • (2001) 11th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography
    • Li, X.1    Weng, F.2
  • 325
    • 84895390155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward direct uses of satellite cloudy radiances in NWP models Part II: Radiance simulations at microwave frequencies
    • Long Beach, CA, February 9-13
    • Li X, Weng F (2003) Toward direct uses of satellite cloudy radiances in NWP models. Part II: Radiance simulations at microwave frequencies. 12th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Long Beach, CA, February 9-13, 2003
    • (2003) 12th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography
    • Li, X.1    Weng, F.2
  • 326
    • 0036693124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A microwave polarimetric two-stream radiative transfer model
    • Liu Q, Weng F (2002) A microwave polarimetric two-stream radiative transfer model. J Atmos Sci 59:2396-2402
    • (2002) J Atmos Sci , vol.59 , pp. 2396-2402
    • Liu, Q.1    Weng, F.2
  • 327
    • 0000460180 scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies Part I: Model description
    • Mugnai A, Smith EA (1988) Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies. Part I: Model description. J Appl Meteor 27:1055-1073
    • (1988) J Appl Meteor , vol.27 , pp. 1055-1073
    • Mugnai, A.1    Smith, E.A.2
  • 328
    • 0027505189 scopus 로고
    • Foundation for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements Part II: Emission-source and generalized weighting-function properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model
    • Mugnai A, Smith EA, Tropoli GJ (1993) Foundation for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part II: Emission-source and generalized weighting-function properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model. J Appl Meteor 32:17-39
    • (1993) J Appl Meteor , vol.32 , pp. 17-39
    • Mugnai, A.1    Smith, E.A.2    Tropoli, G.J.3
  • 329
    • 0001221825 scopus 로고
    • Simulations of the effects of water vapor, cloud liquid water, and ice on AMSU moisture channel brightness temperatures
    • Muller BM, Fuelberg HE, Xiang X (1994) Simulations of the effects of water vapor, cloud liquid water, and ice on AMSU moisture channel brightness temperatures. J Appl Meteor 33:1133-1154
    • (1994) J Appl Meteor , vol.33 , pp. 1133-1154
    • Muller, B.M.1    Fuelberg, H.E.2    Xiang, X.3
  • 330
    • 0020330363 scopus 로고
    • A method for estimation of atmospheric water vapor profiles by microwave radiometry
    • Rosenkranz PW, Komichak MJ, Staelin DH (1982) A method for estimation of atmospheric water vapor profiles by microwave radiometry. J Climate Appl Meteor 21:1364-1370
    • (1982) J Climate Appl Meteor , vol.21 , pp. 1364-1370
    • Rosenkranz, P.W.1    Komichak, M.J.2    Staelin, D.H.3
  • 331
    • 0018470262 scopus 로고
    • A passive technique for profiling atmospheric water vapor
    • Schaerer G, Wilheit TT (1979) A passive technique for profiling atmospheric water vapor. Radio Sci 14:371-375
    • (1979) Radio Sci , vol.14 , pp. 371-375
    • Schaerer, G.1    Wilheit, T.T.2
  • 332
    • 0000460180 scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies Part II: Results and analysis
    • Smith EA, Mugnai A (1988) Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies. Part II: Results and analysis. J Appl Meteor 27:1074-1091
    • (1988) J Appl Meteor , vol.27 , pp. 1074-1091
    • Smith, E.A.1    Mugnai, A.2
  • 333
    • 0343677723 scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies Part III: Influence of large ice particles
    • Smith EA, Mugnai A (1989) Radiative transfer to space through a precipitation cloud at multiple microwave frequencies. Part III: Influence of large ice particles. J Meteor Soc Japan 67:739-755
    • (1989) J Meteor Soc Japan , vol.67 , pp. 739-755
    • Smith, E.A.1    Mugnai, A.2
  • 334
    • 0027067303 scopus 로고
    • Foundation for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements Part I: Brightnesstemperature properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model
    • Smith EA, Mugnai A, Cooper HJ, Tropoli GJ, Xiang X (1992) Foundation for statistical-physical precipitation retrieval from passive microwave satellite measurements. Part I: Brightnesstemperature properties of a time-dependent cloud-radiation model. J Appl Meteor 31:506-531
    • (1992) J Appl Meteor , vol.31 , pp. 506-531
    • Smith, E.A.1    Mugnai, A.2    Cooper, H.J.3    Tropoli, G.J.4    Xiang, X.5
  • 335
    • 0000563611 scopus 로고
    • Global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements: Method and results 1979-1984
    • Spencer R, Christy J, Grody N (1990) Global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements: Method and results 1979-1984. J Climate 3:1111-1128
    • (1990) J Climate , vol.3 , pp. 1111-1128
    • Spencer, R.1    Christy, J.2    Grody, N.3
  • 337
    • 0028585663 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of cloud liquid water using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I)
    • Weng F, Grody N (1994) Retrieval of cloud liquid water using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). J Geophys Res 99:25535-25551
    • (1994) J Geophys Res , vol.99 , pp. 25535-25551
    • Weng, F.1    Grody, N.2
  • 338
    • 0034085189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using a microwave imaging radiometer
    • Weng F, Grody N (2000) Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using a microwave imaging radiometer. J Atmos Sci 57:1069-1081
    • (2000) J Atmos Sci , vol.57 , pp. 1069-1081
    • Weng, F.1    Grody, N.2
  • 339
    • 0022853303 scopus 로고
    • New algorithms for microwave measurements of ocean winds application to SEASAT and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager
    • Wentz F, Mattox L, Peteherych S (1986) New algorithms for microwave measurements of ocean winds application to SEASAT and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. J Geophys Res 91:2289-2307
    • (1986) J Geophys Res , vol.91 , pp. 2289-2307
    • Wentz, F.1    Mattox, L.2    Peteherych, S.3
  • 340
    • 0025573141 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm for retrieving water vapor profiles in clear and cloudy atmospheres from 183 GHz radiometric measurements: Simulation studies
    • Wilheit TT (1990) An algorithm for retrieving water vapor profiles in clear and cloudy atmospheres from 183 GHz radiometric measurements: Simulation studies. J Appl Meteor 29:508-515
    • (1990) J Appl Meteor , vol.29 , pp. 508-515
    • Wilheit, T.T.1
  • 341
    • 0021640372 scopus 로고
    • Microwave radiances from precipitating clouds containing aspherical ice, combined phase, and liquid hydrometeors
    • Wu R, Weinman JA (1984) Microwave radiances from precipitating clouds containing aspherical ice, combined phase, and liquid hydrometeors. J Geophys Res 89:7170-7178
    • (1984) J Geophys Res , vol.89 , pp. 7170-7178
    • Wu, R.1    Weinman, J.A.2
  • 342
    • 0001390335 scopus 로고
    • Aircraft microwave observations and simulations of deep convection from 18 to 183 GHz Part II: Model results
    • Yeh HYM, Prasad N, Mack RA, Adler RF (1990) Aircraft microwave observations and simulations of deep convection from 18 to 183 GHz. Part II: Model results. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 7:377-391
    • (1990) J Atmos Oceanic Technol , vol.7 , pp. 377-391
    • Yeh, H.Y.M.1    Prasad, N.2    Mack, R.A.3    Adler, R.F.4
  • 343
    • 0022098207 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval of thermal and microphysical variables in observed convective storms Part 1: Model development and preliminary testing
    • Ziegler CL (1985) Retrieval of thermal and microphysical variables in observed convective storms. Part 1: Model development and preliminary testing. J Atmos Sci 42:1487-1509
    • (1985) J Atmos Sci , vol.42 , pp. 1487-1509
    • Ziegler, C.L.1
  • 344
    • 0033232464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization
    • Grabowski WW (1998) Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J Atmos Sci 55:3283-3298
    • (1998) J Atmos Sci , vol.55 , pp. 3283-3298
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 345
    • 0035334760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloudresolving convection parameterization (CRCP)
    • Grabowski WW (2001) Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloudresolving convection parameterization (CRCP). J Atmos Sci 58:978-997
    • (2001) J Atmos Sci , vol.58 , pp. 978-997
    • Grabowski, W.W.1
  • 346
    • 0000588399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRCP: A cloud resolving convection parameterization for modeling the tropical convecting atmosphere
    • GrabowskiWW, Smolarkiewicz PK (1999) CRCP: A cloud resolving convection parameterization for modeling the tropical convecting atmosphere. Physica D 133:171-178
    • (1999) Physica D , vol.133 , pp. 171-178
    • Grabowski, W.W.1    Smolarkiewicz, P.K.2
  • 347
    • 0035883283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cloud resolving model as a cloud parameterization in the NCAR Community Climate Model: Preliminary results
    • Khairoutdinov M, Randall DA (2001) A cloud resolving model as a cloud parameterization in the NCAR Community Climate Model: Preliminary results. Geophys Res Lett 28:3617-3620
    • (2001) Geophys Res Lett , vol.28 , pp. 3617-3620
    • Khairoutdinov, M.1    Randall, D.A.2
  • 348
    • 20044395922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulations of the atmospheric general circulations using a cloud-resolving model as a superparameterization of physical processes
    • Khairoutdinov M, Randall DA, DeMott C (2005) Simulations of the atmospheric general circulations using a cloud-resolving model as a superparameterization of physical processes. J Atmos Sci 62:2136-2154
    • (2005) J Atmos Sci , vol.62 , pp. 2136-2154
    • Khairoutdinov, M.1    Randall, D.A.2    Demott, C.3
  • 349
    • 24044524610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An operational cloud verification system and its application to validate cloud simulations in the operational models
    • Norfolk, Virginia, 20-24 September
    • Li X, Weng F (2004) An operational cloud verification system and its application to validate cloud simulations in the operational models, 13th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Norfolk, Virginia, 20-24 September 2004
    • (2004) 13th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography
    • Li, X.1    Weng, F.2
  • 350
    • 0036795433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM (2002) Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon Wea Rev 130:2481-2491
    • (2002) Mon Wea Rev , vol.130 , pp. 2481-2491
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3
  • 351
    • 27144481025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study
    • Li X, Sui CH, Lau KM, Tao WK (2005) Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. Meteor Atmos Phys 90:245-259
    • (2005) Meteor Atmos Phys , vol.90 , pp. 245-259
    • Li, X.1    Sui, C.H.2    Lau, K.M.3    Tao, W.K.4
  • 353
    • 28144442423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A climate sensitivity test using a global cloud resolving model under an aqua planet condition
    • doi:10. 1029/2005GL023672
    • Miura H, Tomita H, Nasuno T, Iga S, SatohM(2005) A climate sensitivity test using a global cloud resolving model under an aqua planet condition. Geophys Res Lett, doi:10. 1029/2005GL023672
    • (2005) Geophys Res Lett
    • Miura, H.1    Tomita, H.2    Nasuno, T.3    Iga, S.4    Satoh, M.5
  • 354
    • 0006475071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling of the radiative process in an atmospheric general circulation model
    • Nakajima T, Tsukamoto M, Tsushima Y, Numaguti A, Kimura T (2000) Modeling of the radiative process in an atmospheric general circulation model. Appl Opt 39:4869-4878
    • (2000) Appl Opt , vol.39 , pp. 4869-4878
    • Nakajima, T.1    Tsukamoto, M.2    Tsushima, Y.3    Numaguti, A.4    Kimura, T.5
  • 356
    • 33746922495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a global resolving model-a multi-scale structure of tropical convections
    • Satoh M, Tomita H, Miura H, Iga S, Nasumo T (2005) Development of a global resolving model-a multi-scale structure of tropical convections. J Earth Sim 3:1-9
    • (2005) J Earth Sim , vol.3 , pp. 1-9
    • Satoh, M.1    Tomita, H.2    Miura, H.3    Iga, S.4    Nasumo, T.5
  • 357
    • 0041088731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE
    • Takayabu YN, Lau KM, Sui CH (1996) Observation of a quasi-2-day wave during TOGA COARE. Mon Wea Rev 124:1892-1913
    • (1996) Mon Wea Rev , vol.124 , pp. 1892-1913
    • Takayabu, Y.N.1    Lau, K.M.2    Sui, C.H.3
  • 358
    • 0002992680 scopus 로고
    • The goddard cumulus ensemble model part i: Model description
    • Tao WK, Simpson J (1993) The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci 4:35-72
    • (1993) Terr Atmos Oceanic Sci , vol.4 , pp. 35-72
    • Tao, W.K.1    Simpson, J.2
  • 359
    • 22944464732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global cloud-resolving simulation: Preliminary results from an aqua planetary experiment
    • doi:-10. 1029/2005GL022459
    • Tomita H, Miura H, Iga S, Nasuno T, Satoh M (2005) A global cloud-resolving simulation: Preliminary results from an aqua planetary experiment. Geophys Res Lett, doi:-10. 1029/2005GL022459
    • (2005) Geophys Res Lett
    • Tomita, H.1    Miura, H.2    Iga, S.3    Nasuno, T.4    Satoh, M.5
  • 360
    • 0000417622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models
    • Zhao Q, Carr FH (1997) A prognostic cloud scheme for operational NWP models. Mon Wea Rev 125:1931-1953
    • (1997) Mon Wea Rev , vol.125 , pp. 1931-1953
    • Zhao, Q.1    Carr, F.H.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.