Sensitivity of the tropical Pacific Ocean to precipitation-induced freshwater flux

Climate Dynamics

Volumn 15, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 737-750

  Yang, S ^a,b   Lau, K M ^a   Schopf, P S ^c  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b GENERAL SCIENCES CORPORATION   (United States)

^c GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRESHWATER; HEAT FLUX; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 0033394898     PISSN: 09307575     EISSN: 14320894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s003820050313     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Anderson SP, Weller RA, Lukas RB (1996) Surface buoyancy forcing and the mixed Layer of the Western Pacific Warm Pool: Observations and ID model results. J Clim 9:3056-3085
2. Ando K, McPhaden MJ (1997) Variability of surface layer hydrography in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 102: 23063-23078
3. Carton JA (1991) Effect of seasonal surface freshwater flux on sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J Geophys Res 96:12593-12598
4. Cooper NS (1988) The effect of salinity on tropical ocean models. J Phys Oceanogr 18:697-707
5. Cox MD (1984) A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech Rep 1, GFDL/Princeton University, USA
6. Cronin MF, McPhaden MJ (1988) Comparison of the upper ocean heat and freshwater balances in the western Pacific warm-fresh pool. AMS Preprint, Ninth Conf on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, 11-16 January 1998, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 157-158
7. Gill AE (1982) Atmosphere-ocean dynamics. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 662
8. Godfrey JS, Lindstrom EJ (1989) The heat budget of the equatorial western Pacific surface mixed layer. J Geophys Res 94(C6): 8007-8017
9. Haney RL (1971) Surface thermal boundary condition for ocean circulation models. J Phys Oceanogr 1:214-248
10. Hellerman S, Rosaenstein M (1983) Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates. J Phys Oceanogr 13:1093-1104
11. Hough SS (1897) On the application of harmonic analysis to the dynamical theory of the tides. Part I. On Laplace's 'oscillation of the first species', and on the dynamics of ocean currents. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser A 189:201-257
12. Huang RX (1993) Real freshwater flux as a natural boundary condition for salinity balance and thermohaline circulation forced by evaporation and precipitation. J Phys Oceanogr 23:2428-2446
13. Huffman GJ, Adler RF, Arkin P, Chang A, Ferraro R, Gruber A, Janowiak J, McNab A, Rudolf B, Schneider U (1997) The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 78:5-20
14. Jaeger L (1976) Monatskarten des Niedershlads für die ganz Erde. Ber Dtsch Wetterdienste 139, 33pp plus plates
15. Lau K-M, Sud C, Kim J-M (1996) Intercomparison of hydrologic processes in AMIP GCMs. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:2209-2227
16. Levitus S (1982) Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof Pap US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 73pp
17. Li X, Sui C, Adamec D, Lau K-M (1998) Impacts of precipitation in the upper ocean in the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE. J Geophys Res 103:5347-5359
18. Lukas R, Lindstrom E (1991) The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res 96 (suppl):343-3357
19. Miller JR (1976) The salinity effect in a mixed-layer ocean model. J Phys Oceanogr 6:29-35
20. Murtugudde R, Busalacchi AJ (1998) Salinity effects in a tropical ocean model. J Geophys Res 103:3283-3300
21. Niiler PP, Kraus EB (1977) One-dimensional models of the upper ocean. In: Kraus EB (ed) Modelling and prediction of the upper layers of the ocean. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 143-172
22. Pacanowski R, Philander SGH (1981) Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys Oceanogr 11:1443-1451
23. Price JF (1979) Observations of a rain-formed mixed layer. J. Phys Oceanogr 9:643-649
24. Reason CJC (1992) On the effect of ENSO precipitation anomalies in a global ocean GCM. Clim Dyn 8:39-47
25. Reynolds RW, Smith TM (1994) Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J Clim 7: 929-948
26. Schopf PS (1985) Modeling tropical sea surface temperature: implications of various atmospheric responses. In: Nihoul JCJ (ed) Coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 727-734
27. Schopf PS, Loughe A (1995) A reduced gravity isopycnal ocean model: Hindcasts of El Niño. Mon Weather Rev 123: 2839-2863
28. Shapiro R (1970) Smoothing, filtering and boundary effects. Rev Geophys Space Phys 8:359-387
29. Spencer RW (1993) Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-1991 and comparisons to other climatologies. J Clim 6:1301-1326
30. Vialard J, Delecluse P (1998) An OGCM study for the TOGA decade. Part II: Barrier layer formation and variability. Tech Rep 4, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France
31. Webster PJ, Lukas R (1992) TOGA COARE: The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 73: 1377-1416
32. Weller RA, Anderson SP (1996) Surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J Clim 9:1959-1990
33. Xie P, Arkin PA (1996) Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates and numerical model predictions. J Clim 9:840-858
34. You Y (1995) Salinity variability and its role in the barrier layer formation during TOGA COARE. J Phys Oceanogr 25: 2778-2807
35. Yu Z, Schopf PS (1997) Vertical eddy mixing in the tropical upper ocean: Its influence on zonal currents. J Phys Oceanogr 27: 1447-1458
36. Yu Z, Schopf PS, McCreary JP (1997) On the annual cycle of upper-ocean circulation in the eastern equatorial pacific. J Phys Oceanogr 27:309-324