Effects of diurnal variations on tropical equilibrium states: A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 656-664

  Gao, Shouting ^a   Zhou, Yushu ^a   Li, Xiaofan ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS   (China)

^b OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; VAPORS;

CLOUD-RESOLVING MODELING STUDY; DIURNAL VARIATIONS; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

METEOROLOGY;

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; METEOROLOGY; VAPORS;

CLOUD; DIURNAL VARIATION; LATENT HEAT FLUX; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WATER BUDGET; WATER VAPOR; ZENITH ANGLE;

EID: 33847655089     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS3835.1     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation model. NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, Vol. 3, 85 pp. [Available from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771.]
2. Chou, M.-D., D. P. Kratz, and W. Ridgway, 1991: Infrared radiation parameterization in numerical climate models. J. Climate, 4, 424-437.
3. Chou, M.-D., M. J. Suarez, C.-H. Ho, M. M.-H. Yan, and K.-T. Lee, 1998: Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 201-214.
4. Das, S., D. Johnson, and W.-K. Tao, 1999: Single-column and cloud ensemble model simulations of TOGA COARE convective systems. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 77, 803-826.
5. Gao, S., F. Ping, X. Li, and W.-K. Tao, 2004: A convective vorticity vector associated with tropical convection: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004807.
6. Gao, S., X. Cui, Y. Zhou, and X. Li, 2005: Surface rainfall processes as simulated in a cloud resolving model. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10202, doi:10.1029/2004JD005467.
7. Gao, S., F. Ping, and X. Li, 2006a: Cloud microphysical processes associated with the diurnal variations of tropical convection: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 91, 9-16.
8. Gao, S., F. Ping, and X. Li, 2006b: Tropical heat/water quasi-equilibrium and cycle as simulated in a 2D cloud resolving model. Atmos. Res., 79, 15-29.
9. Grabowski, W. W., M. W. Moncrieff, and J. T. Kiehl, 1996a: Long-term behavior of precipitating tropical cloud system: A numerical study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1019-1042.
10. Grabowski, W., X. Wu, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1996b: Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3684-3709.
11. Gray, W. M., and R. W. Jacobson, 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171-1188.
12. Johnson, D., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, and C.-H. Sui, 2002: A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes. Part I: Modeling strategy and simulation of TOGA COARE convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3492-3518.
13. Kraus, E. B., 1963: The diurnal precipitation change over the sea. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 546-551.
14. Lacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
15. Li, X., 2004: Cloud modeling in the tropical deep convective regime. Observation, Theory, and Modeling of Atmospheric Variability, X. Zhu, Ed., World Scientific, 206-223.
16. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, and M.-D. Chou, 1999: Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3028-3042.
17. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002a: Precipitation efficiency in the tropical deep convective regime: A 2-D cloud resolving modeling study. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 80, 205-212.
18. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002b: Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2481-2491.
19. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002c: Interactions between tropical convection and its embedding environment: An energetics analysis of a 2D cloud resolving simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1712-1722.
20. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, and W.-K. Tao, 2004: Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: A 2D cloud-resolving modeling study. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 90, 245-259.
21. Liu, C., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: A numerical study of the diurnal cycle of tropical oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2329-2344.
22. Shie, C.-L., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, and C.-H. Sui, 2003: Quasi-equilibrium states in the tropics simulated by a cloud-resolving model. Part. I: Specific features and budget analysis. J. Climate, 16, 817-833.
23. Soong, S. T., and Y. Ogura, 1980: Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035-2050.
24. Soong, S. T., and W. K. Tao, 1980: Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2016-2034.
25. Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711-728.
26. Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, Y. N. Takayabu, and D. Short, 1997a: Diurnal variations in tropical oceanic cumulus convection during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 639-655.
27. Sui, C.-H., X. Li, K.-M. Lau, and D. Adamec, 1997b: Multi-scale air-sea interaction during TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 448-462.
28. Sui, C.-H., X. Li, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2345-2359.
29. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci, 4, 35-72.
30. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, and M.-D. Chou, 1996: Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the tropics and midlatitude. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2624-2651.
31. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, C.-L. Shie, B. Zhou, K.-M. Lau, and M. Moncrieff, 1999: Equilibrium states simulated by cloud-resolving models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3128-3139.
32. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, W. S. Olson, D. Johnson, B. Ferrier, C. Kummerow, and R. Alder, 2000: Vertical profiles of latent heat release and their retrieval in TOGA COARE convective systems using a cloud resolving model. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 78, 333-355.
33. Tripoli, G. J., 1992: A nonhydrostatic mesoscale model designed to simulate scale interaction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1342-1359.
34. Wang, Y., W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1996: The impacts of ocean surface fluxes on a TOGA COARE convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2100-2125.
35. Wang, Y., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, and S. Lang, 2003: The sensitivity of tropical squall lines (GATE and TOGA COARE) to surface fluxes: 3D cloud resolving simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129, 987-1007.
36. Wu, X., W. W. Grabowski, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2693-2714.
37. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Comparison with observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3710-3736.
38. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1999: A sensitivity study of radiative-convective equilibrium in the tropics with a convection-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3385-3399.