메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 60-72

Chemical and microbiological considerations of phytosterols and their relative efficacies in functional foods for the lowering of serum cholesterol levels in humans: A review

Author keywords

Chirality; Cholesterol lowering; Efficacy; Phytosterols; Stanols

Indexed keywords


EID: 84895071863     PISSN: 17564646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.023     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (33)

References (98)
  • 1
  • 3
    • 10744221008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption
    • Altmann S.W., Davis H.R., Zhu L.J., Yao X., et al. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science 2004, 303:1201-1204.
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1201-1204
    • Altmann, S.W.1    Davis, H.R.2    Zhu, L.J.3    Yao, X.4
  • 5
    • 0027459249 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol
    • Becker M., Stabb D., von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. Journal of Pediatrics 1993, 122:292-296.
    • (1993) Journal of Pediatrics , vol.122 , pp. 292-296
    • Becker, M.1    Stabb, D.2    von Bergmann, K.3
  • 6
    • 77953699732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NPC1L1 and cholesterol transport
    • Betters J.L., Yu L. NPC1L1 and cholesterol transport. FEBS Letters 2010, 584:2740-2747.
    • (2010) FEBS Letters , vol.584 , pp. 2740-2747
    • Betters, J.L.1    Yu, L.2
  • 7
    • 84865827131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological transformations of steroidal compounds: A review
    • Bhatti H.N., Khera R.A. Biological transformations of steroidal compounds: A review. Steroids 2012, 77:1267-1290.
    • (2012) Steroids , vol.77 , pp. 1267-1290
    • Bhatti, H.N.1    Khera, R.A.2
  • 10
    • 0003922511 scopus 로고
    • Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
    • Bruice P.Y. Organic chemistry 1995, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 202. 2nd ed.
    • (1995) Organic chemistry , pp. 202
    • Bruice, P.Y.1
  • 12
    • 60949112151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism
    • Calpe-Berdiel L., Escolà-Gil J.C., Blanco-Vaca F. New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2009, 203:18-31.
    • (2009) Atherosclerosis , vol.203 , pp. 18-31
    • Calpe-Berdiel, L.1    Escolà-Gil, J.C.2    Blanco-Vaca, F.3
  • 13
    • 84862570019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover study
    • Casas-Agustench P., Serra M., Perez-Heras A., Cofán M., Pintó X., Trautwein E.A., Ros E. Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover study. British Journal of Nutrition 2013, 107:1766-1775.
    • (2013) British Journal of Nutrition , vol.107 , pp. 1766-1775
    • Casas-Agustench, P.1    Serra, M.2    Perez-Heras, A.3    Cofán, M.4    Pintó, X.5    Trautwein, E.A.6    Ros, E.7
  • 14
    • 0034795381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanism of sterol absorption
    • Chen H.C. Molecular mechanism of sterol absorption. Journal of Nutrition 2001, 131:2603-2605.
    • (2001) Journal of Nutrition , vol.131 , pp. 2603-2605
    • Chen, H.C.1
  • 15
    • 0025933626 scopus 로고
    • A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans
    • Czubayko F., Beumers B., Lammsfuss S., Lütjohann D., von Bergmann K. A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. Journal of Lipid Research 1991, 32:1861-1867.
    • (1991) Journal of Lipid Research , vol.32 , pp. 1861-1867
    • Czubayko, F.1    Beumers, B.2    Lammsfuss, S.3    Lütjohann, D.4    von Bergmann, K.5
  • 16
    • 67649287981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) an intestinal sterol transporter
    • Davis H.R., Altmann S.W. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) an intestinal sterol transporter. Biochimie et Biophysica Acta 2009, 1791:679-683.
    • (2009) Biochimie et Biophysica Acta , vol.1791 , pp. 679-683
    • Davis, H.R.1    Altmann, S.W.2
  • 17
    • 4043124013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis
    • Davis H.R., Zhu L.J., Hoos L.M., et al. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is the intestinal phytosterol and cholesterol transporter and a key modulator of whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279:33586-33592.
    • (2004) Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol.279 , pp. 33586-33592
    • Davis, H.R.1    Zhu, L.J.2    Hoos, L.M.3
  • 18
    • 79957738049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on: ''A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: Results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo controlled trials'' by Musa-Veloso, K. et al., Prostagl. Leucot. Essential Fatty Acids 2011, 85, 9-28.
    • Demonty I., Ras R.T., Trautwein E.A. Comment on: ''A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: Results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo controlled trials'' by Musa-Veloso, K. et al., Prostagl. Leucot. Essential Fatty Acids 2011, 85, 9-28. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2011, 85:7-8.
    • (2011) Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , vol.85 , pp. 7-8
    • Demonty, I.1    Ras, R.T.2    Trautwein, E.A.3
  • 20
    • 84872676601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of plant sterols on serum triglyceride concentrations is dependent on baseline concentrations: A pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials
    • Demonty I., Ras R.T., van der Knaap H.C.M., Meijer L., Zock P.L., Geleijnse J.M., Trautwein E.A. The effect of plant sterols on serum triglyceride concentrations is dependent on baseline concentrations: A pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials. European Journal of Nutrition 2013, 52:153-160.
    • (2013) European Journal of Nutrition , vol.52 , pp. 153-160
    • Demonty, I.1    Ras, R.T.2    van der Knaap, H.C.M.3    Meijer, L.4    Zock, P.L.5    Geleijnse, J.M.6    Trautwein, E.A.7
  • 23
    • 0001268634 scopus 로고
    • Identification and quantification of neutral fecal steroids by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry: Studies of human excretion during two dietary regimens
    • Eneroth P., Hellström K., Ryhage R. Identification and quantification of neutral fecal steroids by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry: Studies of human excretion during two dietary regimens. Journal of Lipid Research 1964, 5:245-262.
    • (1964) Journal of Lipid Research , vol.5 , pp. 245-262
    • Eneroth, P.1    Hellström, K.2    Ryhage, R.3
  • 24
    • 0013837169 scopus 로고
    • Identification of two neutral metabolites of stigmasterol found in human feces
    • Eneroth P., Hellström K., Ryhage R. Identification of two neutral metabolites of stigmasterol found in human feces. Steroids 1965, 6:707-720.
    • (1965) Steroids , vol.6 , pp. 707-720
    • Eneroth, P.1    Hellström, K.2    Ryhage, R.3
  • 25
    • 84860619857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products nutrition and allergies on a request from the European Commission and a similar request from France in relation to the authorization procedure for health laims on plant sterols/stanols and lowering/reducing blood LDL-cholesterol pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006
    • European Food Safety Authority
    • European Food Safety Authority Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products nutrition and allergies on a request from the European Commission and a similar request from France in relation to the authorization procedure for health laims on plant sterols/stanols and lowering/reducing blood LDL-cholesterol pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006. ESFA Journal 2009, 1175:1-9.
    • (2009) ESFA Journal , vol.1175 , pp. 1-9
  • 27
    • 0038623980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates in rice bran using LC-MS/MS
    • Fang N., Yu S., Badger T.M. Characterization of triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates in rice bran using LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2003, 51:3260-3267.
    • (2003) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.51 , pp. 3260-3267
    • Fang, N.1    Yu, S.2    Badger, T.M.3
  • 29
    • 84856081681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inorganic nitrogen, sterols and bacterial source tracking as tools to characterize water quality and possible contamination sources in surface water
    • Furtula V., Osachoff H., Derksen G., Juahir H., Colodey A., Chambers P. Inorganic nitrogen, sterols and bacterial source tracking as tools to characterize water quality and possible contamination sources in surface water. Water Research 2012, 46:1079-1092.
    • (2012) Water Research , vol.46 , pp. 1079-1092
    • Furtula, V.1    Osachoff, H.2    Derksen, G.3    Juahir, H.4    Colodey, A.5    Chambers, P.6
  • 30
    • 43949166529 scopus 로고
    • Steroidal constituents from mature wheat straw
    • Gaspar E.M.M., Das Neves H.J.C. Steroidal constituents from mature wheat straw. Phytochemistry 1993, 34:523-527.
    • (1993) Phytochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 523-527
    • Gaspar, E.M.M.1    Das Neves, H.J.C.2
  • 31
    • 44349126634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe acts by blocking the sterol-induced internalization of NPC1L1
    • Ge L., Wang J., Qi W., Miao H.H., Cao J., Qu Y.X., Li B.L., Song B.L. The cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe acts by blocking the sterol-induced internalization of NPC1L1. Cell Metabolism 2008, 7:508-519.
    • (2008) Cell Metabolism , vol.7 , pp. 508-519
    • Ge, L.1    Wang, J.2    Qi, W.3    Miao, H.H.4    Cao, J.5    Qu, Y.X.6    Li, B.L.7    Song, B.L.8
  • 33
    • 0031141268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of steryl ester analysis for the detection of admixtures of vegetable oils
    • Gordon M.H., Miller L.A.D. Development of steryl ester analysis for the detection of admixtures of vegetable oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1997, 74:505-510.
    • (1997) Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society , vol.74 , pp. 505-510
    • Gordon, M.H.1    Miller, L.A.D.2
  • 35
    • 0029084621 scopus 로고
    • Sitostanol ester-margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    • Gylling H., Siimes M.A., Miettinen T.A. Sitostanol ester-margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research 1995, 36:1807-1812.
    • (1995) Journal of Lipid Research , vol.36 , pp. 1807-1812
    • Gylling, H.1    Siimes, M.A.2    Miettinen, T.A.3
  • 38
    • 0025963444 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption: Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol
    • Heinemann T., Küllak-Ublick G.A., Pietrück B., von Bergmann K. Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption: Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991, 40(Suppl. 1):S59-S63.
    • (1991) European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Heinemann, T.1    Küllak-Ublick, G.A.2    Pietrück, B.3    von Bergmann, K.4
  • 39
    • 0022495268 scopus 로고
    • Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia
    • Heinemann T., Leiss O., von Bergmann K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1986, 61:219-223.
    • (1986) Atherosclerosis , vol.61 , pp. 219-223
    • Heinemann, T.1    Leiss, O.2    von Bergmann, K.3
  • 40
    • 0018101646 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of absorption and metabolism of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats
    • Ikeda I., Sugano M. Comparison of absorption and metabolism of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats. Atherosclerosis 1978, 30:227-237.
    • (1978) Atherosclerosis , vol.30 , pp. 227-237
    • Ikeda, I.1    Sugano, M.2
  • 41
    • 0032406294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention
    • Ikeda I., Sugano M. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention. Current Opinion in Lipidology 1998, 9:527-531.
    • (1998) Current Opinion in Lipidology , vol.9 , pp. 527-531
    • Ikeda, I.1    Sugano, M.2
  • 43
    • 84857912309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter study of nutraceutical drinks for cholesterol (evaluating effectiveness and tolerability)
    • Karl M., Rubenstein M., Rudnick C., Brejda J. A multicenter study of nutraceutical drinks for cholesterol (evaluating effectiveness and tolerability). Journal of Clinical Lipidology 2012, 6:150-158.
    • (2012) Journal of Clinical Lipidology , vol.6 , pp. 150-158
    • Karl, M.1    Rubenstein, M.2    Rudnick, C.3    Brejda, J.4
  • 44
    • 0014578777 scopus 로고
    • Fecal neutral steroids and bile acids from germfree rats
    • Kellogg T.F., Wostmann B.S. Fecal neutral steroids and bile acids from germfree rats. Journal of Lipid Research 1966, 10:495-503.
    • (1966) Journal of Lipid Research , vol.10 , pp. 495-503
    • Kellogg, T.F.1    Wostmann, B.S.2
  • 45
    • 34548644843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple plasma membrane receptors but not NPC1L1 mediate high-affinity, ezetimibe-sensitive cholesterol uptake into the intestinal brush border membrane
    • Knöpfel M., Davies J.P., Duong P.T., et al. Multiple plasma membrane receptors but not NPC1L1 mediate high-affinity, ezetimibe-sensitive cholesterol uptake into the intestinal brush border membrane. Biochimie et Biophysica Acta 2007, 1771:1140-1147.
    • (2007) Biochimie et Biophysica Acta , vol.1771 , pp. 1140-1147
    • Knöpfel, M.1    Davies, J.P.2    Duong, P.T.3
  • 46
    • 34548620629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class B type 1 scavenger receptor is responsible for the high affinity cholesterol binding activity of intestinal brush border membrane vesicles
    • Labonté E.D., Howles P.N., Granholm N.A., et al. Class B type 1 scavenger receptor is responsible for the high affinity cholesterol binding activity of intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. Biochimie et Biophysica Acta 2007, 1771:1132-1139.
    • (2007) Biochimie et Biophysica Acta , vol.1771 , pp. 1132-1139
    • Labonté, E.D.1    Howles, P.N.2    Granholm, N.A.3
  • 47
    • 84867636172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent LDL-cholesterol lowering effect by plant stanol ester consumption: Clinical evidence
    • Laitinen K., Gylling H. Dose-dependent LDL-cholesterol lowering effect by plant stanol ester consumption: Clinical evidence. Lipids in Health and Disease 2012, 11:140.
    • (2012) Lipids in Health and Disease , vol.11 , pp. 140
    • Laitinen, K.1    Gylling, H.2
  • 48
    • 23244465200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption
    • Lammert F., Wang D.Q. New insights into the genetic regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Gastroenterology 2005, 129:718-734.
    • (2005) Gastroenterology , vol.129 , pp. 718-734
    • Lammert, F.1    Wang, D.Q.2
  • 49
    • 0029035238 scopus 로고
    • Minireview - Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects
    • Ling W.H., Jones P.J.H. Minireview - Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sciences 1995, 57:195-206.
    • (1995) Life Sciences , vol.57 , pp. 195-206
    • Ling, W.H.1    Jones, P.J.H.2
  • 53
    • 33751228421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Content of gamma-oryzanol and composition of steryl ferulates in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) of European origin
    • Miller A., Engel K.H. Content of gamma-oryzanol and composition of steryl ferulates in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) of European origin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54:8127-8133.
    • (2006) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.54 , pp. 8127-8133
    • Miller, A.1    Engel, K.H.2
  • 54
    • 0030144452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of genetic modification on the content and composition of bioactive constituents in soyabean oil
    • Mounts T.L., Abidi S.L., Rennick K.A. Effect of genetic modification on the content and composition of bioactive constituents in soyabean oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1996, 73:581-586.
    • (1996) Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society , vol.73 , pp. 581-586
    • Mounts, T.L.1    Abidi, S.L.2    Rennick, K.A.3
  • 56
    • 79957736833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: Results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials
    • Musa-Veloso K., Poon T.H., Elliot J.A., Chung C. A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: Results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 2011, 85:9-28.
    • (2011) Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , vol.85 , pp. 9-28
    • Musa-Veloso, K.1    Poon, T.H.2    Elliot, J.A.3    Chung, C.4
  • 57
    • 0003669503 scopus 로고
    • Harper & Row Publishers, New York
    • Natta G., Farina M. Stereochemistry 1972, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, pp. 219-233.
    • (1972) Stereochemistry , pp. 219-233
    • Natta, G.1    Farina, M.2
  • 59
    • 0028967740 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of steryl ferulates and p-coumarate esters from corn and rice
    • Norton R.A. Quantitation of steryl ferulates and p-coumarate esters from corn and rice. Lipids 1995, 30:269-274.
    • (1995) Lipids , vol.30 , pp. 269-274
    • Norton, R.A.1
  • 61
    • 0016211614 scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of biohydrogenation of cholesterol to coprostanol by Eubacterium ATCC 21408
    • Parmentier G., Eyssen H. Mechanism of biohydrogenation of cholesterol to coprostanol by Eubacterium ATCC 21408. Biochimie et Biophysica Acta 1974, 348:279-284.
    • (1974) Biochimie et Biophysica Acta , vol.348 , pp. 279-284
    • Parmentier, G.1    Eyssen, H.2
  • 63
    • 33746660272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of cholesterol absorption by dietary plant sterols and stanols in mice is independent of the Abcg5/8 transporter
    • Plösch T., Kruit J.K., Bloks V.W., et al. Reduction of cholesterol absorption by dietary plant sterols and stanols in mice is independent of the Abcg5/8 transporter. Journal of Nutrition 2006, 136:2135-2140.
    • (2006) Journal of Nutrition , vol.136 , pp. 2135-2140
    • Plösch, T.1    Kruit, J.K.2    Bloks, V.W.3
  • 64
    • 77049170297 scopus 로고
    • The effect of dihydrocholesterol on the absorption of cholesterol by the rat
    • Rosenman R.H., Byers S.O., Friedman M. The effect of dihydrocholesterol on the absorption of cholesterol by the rat. Circulation Research 1954, 2:45-47.
    • (1954) Circulation Research , vol.2 , pp. 45-47
    • Rosenman, R.H.1    Byers, S.O.2    Friedman, M.3
  • 65
    • 84881133193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of phytosterols during storage of enriched margarine
    • [Epub 2013 Jul 17]
    • Rudzińska M., Przybylski R., Wasowicz E. Degradation of phytosterols during storage of enriched margarine. Food Chemistry 2013, 10. [Epub 2013 Jul 17]. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.041.
    • (2013) Food Chemistry , vol.10
    • Rudzińska, M.1    Przybylski, R.2    Wasowicz, E.3
  • 67
    • 0021931152 scopus 로고
    • The presence of 5α-sitostanol in the serum of a patient with phytosterolemia, and its biosynthesis from plant steroids in rats with bile fistula
    • Skrede B., Björkhem I., Bergesen O., Kayden H.J., Skrede S. The presence of 5α-sitostanol in the serum of a patient with phytosterolemia, and its biosynthesis from plant steroids in rats with bile fistula. Biochimie et Biophysica Acta 1985, 836:368-375.
    • (1985) Biochimie et Biophysica Acta , vol.836 , pp. 368-375
    • Skrede, B.1    Björkhem, I.2    Bergesen, O.3    Kayden, H.J.4    Skrede, S.5
  • 68
    • 67649297606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiral toxicology: It's the same thing. . . only different
    • Smith S.W. Chiral toxicology: It's the same thing. . . only different. Toxicological Sciences 2009, 110:4-30.
    • (2009) Toxicological Sciences , vol.110 , pp. 4-30
    • Smith, S.W.1
  • 70
    • 0004192250 scopus 로고
    • John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • Solomons T.W.G. Organic chemistry 1984, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 991. 3rd ed.
    • (1984) Organic chemistry , pp. 991
    • Solomons, T.W.G.1
  • 71
    • 4444248331 scopus 로고
    • β-Sitost-4-en-3-one from β-sitosterol by leaf homogenates
    • Stohs S.J., El-Olemy M.M. β-Sitost-4-en-3-one from β-sitosterol by leaf homogenates. Phytochemistry 1971, 10:2987-2990.
    • (1971) Phytochemistry , vol.10 , pp. 2987-2990
    • Stohs, S.J.1    El-Olemy, M.M.2
  • 72
    • 14344250452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterol transporters: Targets of natural sterols and new lipid lowering drugs
    • Sudhop T., Lütjohann D., von Bermann K. Sterol transporters: Targets of natural sterols and new lipid lowering drugs. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005, 105:333-341.
    • (2005) Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.105 , pp. 333-341
    • Sudhop, T.1    Lütjohann, D.2    von Bermann, K.3
  • 73
    • 0017070759 scopus 로고
    • Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats
    • Sugano M., Kamo F., Ikeda I., Morioka H. Lipid-lowering activity of phytostanols in rats. Atherosclerosis 1976, 24:301-309.
    • (1976) Atherosclerosis , vol.24 , pp. 301-309
    • Sugano, M.1    Kamo, F.2    Ikeda, I.3    Morioka, H.4
  • 74
    • 0017753145 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats
    • Sugano M., Morioka H., Ikeda I. A comparison of hypocholesterolemic activity of beta-sitosterol and beta-sitostanol in rats. Journal of Nutrition 1977, 107:2011-2019.
    • (1977) Journal of Nutrition , vol.107 , pp. 2011-2019
    • Sugano, M.1    Morioka, H.2    Ikeda, I.3
  • 75
    • 84867197436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A lipidomic analysis approach to evaluate the response to cholesterol-lowering food intake
    • Szymańska E., van Dorsten F.A., Troost J., Paliukhovich I., et al. A lipidomic analysis approach to evaluate the response to cholesterol-lowering food intake. Metabolomics 2012, 8:894-906.
    • (2012) Metabolomics , vol.8 , pp. 894-906
    • Szymańska, E.1    van Dorsten, F.A.2    Troost, J.3    Paliukhovich, I.4
  • 77
    • 83055196868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemoenzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl ferulates and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
    • Tan Z., Shahidi F. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl ferulates and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011, 138:1220-1224.
    • (2011) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.138 , pp. 1220-1224
    • Tan, Z.1    Shahidi, F.2
  • 78
    • 84873731010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant activity of phytosteryl-phenolates in different model systems
    • Tan Z., Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of phytosteryl-phenolates in different model systems. Food Chemistry 2013, 138:1220-1224.
    • (2013) Food Chemistry , vol.138 , pp. 1220-1224
    • Tan, Z.1    Shahidi, F.2
  • 79
    • 84873713746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phytosteryl sinapates and vanillates: Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antioxidant capacity assessment
    • Tan Z., Shahidi F. Phytosteryl sinapates and vanillates: Chemoenzymatic synthesis and antioxidant capacity assessment. Food Chemistry 2013, 138:1438-1447.
    • (2013) Food Chemistry , vol.138 , pp. 1438-1447
    • Tan, Z.1    Shahidi, F.2
  • 80
    • 51249119935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Given the ENHANCE trial results, ezetimibe is still unproven
    • Taylor A.J. Given the ENHANCE trial results, ezetimibe is still unproven. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2008, 75:497-506.
    • (2008) Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine , vol.75 , pp. 497-506
    • Taylor, A.J.1
  • 83
    • 84895067746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Department of Agriculture. USDA commodity food oil, vegetable, soybean, refined. NDB 04669. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26.
    • United States Department of Agriculture (2013). USDA commodity food oil, vegetable, soybean, refined. NDB 04669. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 26. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list.
  • 84
    • 84895067296 scopus 로고
    • United States Food and Drug Administration. Development of new stereoisomeric drugs. Accessed 28.06.2013.
    • United States Food and Drug Administration (1992). Development of new stereoisomeric drugs. Accessed 28.06.2013. http://www.fda.gov/drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm122883.htm.
    • (1992)
  • 88
    • 2542566516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New concepts of mechanisms of intestinal cholesterol absorption
    • Wang D.Q. New concepts of mechanisms of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Annals of Hepatology 2003, 2:113-121.
    • (2003) Annals of Hepatology , vol.2 , pp. 113-121
    • Wang, D.Q.1
  • 90
    • 84883697282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from a post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchases of foods with added phytosterols in five European countries
    • Willems J.I., Blommaert M.A., Trautwein E.A. Results from a post-launch monitoring survey on consumer purchases of foods with added phytosterols in five European countries. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2013, 14(62C):48-53.
    • (2013) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.14 , Issue.62 C , pp. 48-53
    • Willems, J.I.1    Blommaert, M.A.2    Trautwein, E.A.3
  • 92
    • 84895069081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative efficacy of mixed phytosterols and phytostanols in lowering serum cholesterol in humans
    • Paper presented at the Health Ingredients Europe 2000 Conference. Frankfurt, Germany, November 21.
    • Wong, A. (2000). Relative efficacy of mixed phytosterols and phytostanols in lowering serum cholesterol in humans. Paper presented at the Health Ingredients Europe 2000 Conference. Frankfurt, Germany, November 21.
    • (2000)
    • Wong, A.1
  • 93
    • 0035454466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sterols of soap and tall oil of North American kraft pulp mills
    • Wong A. Sterols of soap and tall oil of North American kraft pulp mills. Forest Chemical Review 2001, 111(5):12-17.
    • (2001) Forest Chemical Review , vol.111 , Issue.5 , pp. 12-17
    • Wong, A.1
  • 96
    • 0035389121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of the chemical composition of crude tall oil of kraft pulp mills of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
    • Wong A., Wu S. Seasonal variation of the chemical composition of crude tall oil of kraft pulp mills of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Forest Chemical Review 2001, 111(4):10-15.
    • (2001) Forest Chemical Review , vol.111 , Issue.4 , pp. 10-15
    • Wong, A.1    Wu, S.2
  • 97
    • 0021442462 scopus 로고
    • A method for the separation of seed oil steryl esters and free sterols: Application to peanut and corn oils
    • Worthington R.E., Hitchcock H.L. A method for the separation of seed oil steryl esters and free sterols: Application to peanut and corn oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1984, 61:1085-1088.
    • (1984) Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society , vol.61 , pp. 1085-1088
    • Worthington, R.E.1    Hitchcock, H.L.2
  • 98
    • 43249085299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure and function of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein
    • Yu L. The structure and function of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein. Current Opinions in Lipidology 2008, 19:263-269.
    • (2008) Current Opinions in Lipidology , vol.19 , pp. 263-269
    • Yu, L.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.