The emergence of concentrated settlements in medieval Western Europe: Explanatory frameworks in the historiography

Canadian Journal of History

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 223-251

  Curtis, Daniel R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84894583184     PISSN: 00084107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3138/cjh.48.2.223     Document Type: Article

References (324)

1. For example J. Moreland, "Transformations in a Sabine Landscape, 200-1000 A. D.", in P. Attema, A. Nijboer and A. Zifferero (eds.), Papers in Italian Archaeology. Communities and Settlements from the Neolithic to the Early Medieval Period (Oxford, 2005), VI, pp. 930-34;
2. th Century A. D.", in W. Bowden, L. Lavan, and C. Machado (eds.), Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Leiden, 2004), p. 491.
3. Also further east; L. Ellis, "Terra deserta: Population, Politics, and the [Decolonization of Dacia", World Archaeology, 30(1998), pp. 220-37.
4. See the almost apocalyptic description of the post-Roman countryside in Paul the Deacon (trans. W. Foulke), History of the Lombards (Philadelphia, 1907).
5. On more general early-medieval restructuring of settlement after the Roman collapse, see R. Francovich, "Changing Structures of Settlements", in C. La Rocca (ed.), Short Oxford History of Italy: Italy in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 2002), pp. 144-67.
6. C. Higounet, "Les forêts de l'Europe occidentale du Ve siècle à l'an mil", in XIII Settimana di Studi del Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo (Spoleto, 1965), pp. 343-99;
7. C. Wickham, "European Forests in the Early Middle Ages: Landscape and Land Clearance", in Land and Power: Studies in Italian and European Social history, 400-1200 (London, 1994), pp. 121-54.
8. F. Cheyette, "The Origins of European Villages and the First European Expansion", Journal of Economic History, 37(1977), pp. 195-97;
9. G. Halsall, Settlement and Social Organization: The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 2002 [1995]), pp. 212-13.
10. J.-M. Martin, "Settlement and the Agrarian Economy", in G. Loud and A. Metcalfe (eds.), The Society of Norman Italy (Leiden, 2002), p. 18.
11. G. Volpe, Contadini, pastori e mercanti nell'Apulia tardoantica (Bari, 1996);
12. J.-M. Martin, La pouillé du VI e XIII siècle (Rome, 1993).
13. See the excellent H. Hamerow, Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North-West Europe 400-900 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 121-24.
14. C. Arnold and P. Wardle, "Early Medieval Settlement Patterns in England", Medieval Archaeology, 25(1981), pp. 145-47;
15. H. Hamerow, "Settlement Mobility and the 'Middle Saxon Shift': Rural Settlement and Settlement Patterns in Anglo-Saxon England", Anglo-Saxon England, 20(1991), p. 1.
16. Even earlier shifts have been suggested in H. Hamerow, "The Archaeology of Rural Settlement in Early Medieval Europe", Early Medieval Europe, 3(1994), pp. 167-78.
17. C. Taylor, "Polyfocal Settlement and the English Village", Medieval Archaeology, 21(1977), pp. 189-93;
18. "Aspects of Medieval Village Mobility in Medieval and Later Times", in S. Limbrey and J. Evans (eds.), The Effects of Man on the Landscape: The Lowland Zone (London, 1978), pp. 126-34.
19. Some exceptionally high population densities were found in areas of highly dispersed settlement; see C. Wickham, "Settlement Problems in Early Medieval Italy: Lucca Territory", Archeologia Medievale, 5(1978), pp. 495-503.
20. A problem highlighted in E. Zadora-Rio, "Le village des historiens et le village des archéologiques", in E. Momet (ed.), Campagnes médiévales: l'homme et son espace (Paris, 1995), pp. 145-53.
21. P. Périn, "La part du Moyen Âge dans la genèse des terroirs de la France médiévale", in M. Parisse and X. Barrai y Altet (eds.), Le roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil (Paris, 1992), pp. 225-34;
22. J.-M. Pesez, "Les naissances du village: position de la question", in Idem, pp. 223-4;
23. R. Fossier, "La naissance du village", in Idem, pp. 219-22.
24. C. Dyer, "Villages and Non-Villages in the Medieval Cotswolds", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 120(2002), pp. 11-35.
25. R. Fossier, "Villages et villageois", in Villages et villageois au Moyen Age (Paris, 1992), pp. 207-14.
26. C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Meditteranean, 400-800 (Oxford, 2005), p. 517.
27. An issue discussed in P. Harvey, "Initiative and Authority in Settlement Change", in M. Aston, D. Austin, and C. Dyer (eds.), The Rural Settlements of Medieval England: Studies Dedicated to Maurice Beresford and John Hurst (Oxford, 1989), p. 43;
28. C. Dyer, "Power and Conflict in the Medieval English Village", in D. Hooke (ed.), Medieval Villages: A Review of Current Work (Oxford, 1985), p. 32.
29. A literature stimulated in the first instance by the classic P. Toubert, Les structures du Latium médiéval: le Latium méridional et la Sabine du IX siècle (Rome, 1973), I-II.
30. For Toubert's influence and the mass of literature on incastellamento that it stimulated, see the historiography offered in E. Hubert, "L'incastellamento dans le Latium: remarques à propos de fouilles récentes", Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 55(2000), pp. 583-99.
31. The best literature on this topic is S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900-1300 (Oxford, 1997), esp. pp. 101-54;
32. R. Fossier, "Rural Economy and Country Life", in T. Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 900-c. 1024 (Cambridge, 2000), III, pp. 27-63;
33. T. Bisson, "The Feudal Revolution", Past and Present, 142(1994), pp. 6-42;
34. C. Wickham, "Debate. The Feudal Revolution", Past and Present, 155(1997), pp. 196-208.
35. A. Verhulst, "Economic Organization", in R. McKitterick (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 700-c. 900 (Cambridge, 1995), II, pp. 495-97.
36. Described as "encellulement" in Fossier, "Villages et villageois." Idea originally conceived by Fossier, La terre et les hommes en Picardie jusqu 'à la fin du XIIIe siècle (Amiens, 1990).
37. C. Wickham, The Mountains and the City: The Tuscan Apennines in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988), p. 339.
38. M. Montanan, L'alimentazione contadina nell'alto medioevo (Naples, 1979), pp. 65-70;
39. B. Andreolli and M. Montanari, L'azienda curtense in Italia: proprièta della terra e lavoro contadino nei secoli VIII-X1 (Bologna, 1985), pp. 177-200.
40. J. Chapelot and R. Fossier, Le village et la maison au Moyen Age (Paris, 1980).
41. See C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Locai Society, 400-1000 (London, 1989).
42. P. Toubert, Dalla terra ai castelli. Paesaggi, agricoltura e poteri nell'Italia medievale (Turin, 1997);
43. A. Settia, Castelli e villaggi dell 'Italia padana: popolamento, potere e sicurezza fra IX e XIII secolo (Naples, 1984);
44. D. Andrews, "Castelli e incastellamento nell'Italia centrale", in R. Comba (ed.) Castelli storia e archeologia (Cuneo, 1981), pp. 123-36;
45. C. Molducci, "L'incastellamento dei conti Guidi nel Valdamo superiore fra X e XII secolo", in G. Vannini (ed.), Rocca Ricciarda, dai Guidi ai Ricasoli. Storia e archeologia di un castrum medievale nel Pratomagno aretino (Florence, 2009), pp. 53-69.
46. M. Cortese, "L'incastellamento nel territorio di Arezzo (secoli X-XII)", in R. Francovich and M. Ginatempo (eds.) Castelli. Storia e archeologia del potere nella Toscana medievale (Florence, 2002), pp. 67-109.
47. R. Farinelli and A. Giorgi, "Fenomeni di accentramento insediativi nella Toscana meridionale tra XII e XIII secolo: il 'secondo incastellamento' in area senese", in Francovich and Ginatempo (eds.), Castelli, pp. 239-84.
48. M. Riu, "El paper dels 'castra' en la redistribució de l'hàbitat al Comtat d'Osona", Ausa, 10(1982), p. 402.
49. J. Bolòs, Els Origens Medievals del Paisatge Cataìà. L'arqueologia del paisatge com a font per a conèixer la historia de Catalunya (Barcelona, 2004), pp. 203-19.
50. th Century", Landscape History, 30(2009), p. 31;
51. "Changes and Survival: The Territory of Lleida (Catalonia) after the Twelfth-Century Conquest", Journal of Medieval History, 27(2001), p. 232;
52. L. Bayrou and G. Castellvi, "Esquisse d'une étude des vestiges des fortifications urbaines médiévales en Roussillon", in Estudis Rossellonesos dedicats a en Pere Ponsich (Perpignan, 1987), pp. 187-22.
53. P. Freedman, The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia (Cambridge, 2004), p.
54. J. Bolòs, "El territori i els seus limits. El poblé, la parròquia i el castell a l'edat mitjana", in Territori i societal a I 'edat mitjana (Lleida, 1987), I, p. 81;
55. E. Martí, "Vilanova de la Barca (Segrià): organització del territori abans i després de l'an 1212", in Territori i societal a l'edat mitjana (Lleida, 2000), III, pp. 351-77.
56. L. Feller, "Pouvoir et société dans les Abruzzes autour l'an mil: aristocratie, incastellamento, appropriation des justices (960-1035)", Bullettino dell 'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo, 94(1988), pp. 1-72;
57. Les Abruzzes médiévales. Territoire, economie et société en Italie centrale du IXe au Xlle siècle (Rome, 1998), pp. 213-87;
58. C. Lauranson-Rosaz, L'Auvergne et ses marges (Velay, Gevaudan) du Ville au Xle siècle: la fin du monde antique? (Le Puy-en-Velay, 1987), p. 371.
59. C. Higounet, "Structures sociales, 'castra' et castelnaux dans le Sud-Ouest aquitain (xe-xiiie siècles)", in Structures féodales et féodalisme dans l'Occident méditerranéen (Xe-XIIIe siècles) (Rome, 1980), pp. 109-17.
60. B. Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries (Philadelphia, 1991), pp. 134-35.
61. G. Loud, "Southern Italy in the Tenth Century", in T. Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.900-c.1024 (Cambridge, 1999), III, p. 640.
62. C. Wickham, Il problema dell'incastellamento nell'Italia centrale: l'esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno (Florence, 1985), pp. 30-33.
63. A. Tallarico, "L'Abbazia di Montevergine nell'età normanna: formazione e sviluppo di una potenza economica e politica", Samnium, 45(1972), p. 219.
64. G. Loud, The Latin Church in Norman Italy (Cambridge, 2007), p. 30.
65. M. Durany Castrillo, San Pedro de Montes: El dominio de un monasterio benedictino en El Bierzo (Léon, 1976), pp. 95-105.
66. A. Castagnetti, L 'organizzazione del territorio rurale nel Medioevo (Turìn, 1979), esp. p. 224;
67. R. Faith, The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship (Leicester, 1997);
68. P. Harvey, A Medieval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, 1240 to 1400 (London, 1965).
69. An excellent series of maps show this in B. Roberts and S. Wrathmell, An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England (Swindon, 2000), pp. 2, 5, 15;
70. Region and Place: A Study of English Rural Settlement (London, 2002), pp. 1-10.
71. E. Bult and D. Hallewas, "Archaeological Evidence for the Early-Medieval Settlement around the Meuse and Rhine Deltas up to ca. AD 1000", in J. Besteman, J. Bos and H. Heidinga (eds.), Medieval Archaeology in the Netherlands. Studies Presented to H. H. van Regeteren Altena (Assen, 1990), pp. 71-90;
72. B. Van Bavel, Transitie en continuïteit: de bezitsverhoudingen en de plattelandseconomie in het westelijke gedeelte van Gelderse rivierengebied, ca. 1300-ca. 1570 (Hilversum, 1999), pp. 53-61.
73. J. Oudhof, "Sporen en structuren", in J. Oudhof, J. Dijkstra and A. Verhoeven (eds.), "Huis Malburg" van spoor tot spoor. Een middeleeuwse nederzetting in Kerk-Avezaath (Amersfoort 2000) 45-77;
74. J. Van Doesburg and P. Schut, Die hofstat tot Zoelen, daer dat hues op plach te staen - Een waarderend booronderzoek op de motte Aldenhaag (gemeente Buren, Gelderland) (Amersfoort 2007).
75. G. Despy, "Villes et campagnes aux IX e Xe siècles. L'exemple du pays mosan", Revue du Nord, 50(1968), pp. 145-68;
76. J. Devroey, "Mansi absi: indices de crise ou de croissance de l'économie rurale du haut Moyen Age?" Le Moyen Age, 82(1976), pp. 97-118.
77. Wickham, Mountains and the City, p. 300.
78. "Settlement Patterns in Medieval Italy. (1) Nucléation (Monte Amiata in Southern Tuscany); (2) Dispersal (the Casentino in Northern Tuscany)", in A. Mackay (ed.), Atlas of Medieval Europe (London, 1997), pp. 140-41.
79. A feature noted elsewhere in Italy; Settia, Castelli e villaggi, pp. 258-68.
80. B. Phalip, Seigneurs et bâtisseurs. La château et l'habitat seigneurial en Haute-Auvergne et Brivadois entre le Xle et le XV siècle (Clermont-FerTand, 1993);
81. J.-L. Boudartchouk, Le Cardalez de l'antiquité au XIII siècle: terroirs, hommes et pouvoirs (Lille, 1998);
82. P.-Y. Laffont, Châteaux du Vivarais. Pouvoirs et peuplement en France méridionale du haut Moyen Age au XIIIe siècle (Rennes, 2010);
83. D. Istria, Châteaux et habitats fortifiés dans le nord de la Corse (1077-1358) (Marseilles, 2000);
84. D. Mouton, "La roca de Niozelles et les mottes castrales du bassin de la Durance moyenne et ses abords" (PhD diss., L'Université Aix-Marseille, 2000);
85. F. Boutoulle, "La société laique en Bordelais et Bazadais (1075-1225) " (PhD diss., L'Université Aix-Marseille, 2001).
86. R. Durand, "Villages et seigneurie au Portugal (xe-xiiie s)", Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 30(1987), pp. 205-11.
87. G. Loud, "Continuity and Change in Norman Italy: The Campania during the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries", Journal of Medieval History, 22(1996), p. 322.
88. L. Feller, "L'incastellamento inachevé des Abruzzes", in R. Francovich and M. Milanese (eds.), Lo scavo archeologico di Montarrenti e i problemi dell'incastellamento medievale. Esperienze e confronto (Florence, 1990), pp. 121-36.
89. R. Comba, "La dispersione dell'habitat nell'Italia centro-settentrionale tra XII e XV secolo. Vent'anni di ricerche", Studi Storici, 25(1984), pp. 765-83;
90. "Le origini medievali dell'assetto insediativo moderno nelle campagne italiane", in Storia d'Italia. Annali (Turin, 1985), Vili, p. 386;
91. A. Settia, "Tra azienda agricola e fortezza: case forti, motte, e tombe nell'Italia settentrionale. Dati e problemi", Archeologia Medievale, 7(1980), pp. 31-54;
92. "L'esportazione di un modello urbano: torri e case forti nelle campagne del nord Italia", Società e Storia, 12(1981), pp. 273-97;
93. "Lo sviluppo di un modello: origine e funzioni delle torri private urbane nell'Italia centro-settentrionale", in Paesaggi urbani dell'Italiapadana nei secoli VIII-XIV (Bologna, 1988), pp. 157-71;
94. E. Saracco Previdi, "Grange cistercensi nel territorio maceratese: insediamenti rurali monastici dei secoli XII e XIII", Proposte e Ricerche, 7(1981), pp. 16, 22.
95. R. Francovich, "The Beginning of Hilltop Villages in Early Medieval Tuscany", in J. Davis and M. McCormick (eds.), The Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medieval Studies (London, 1998), pp. 55-82;
96. "L'incastellamento e prima dell'incastellamento", in M. Barceló and P. Toubert (eds.) L'incastellamento (Rome, 1998), pp. 13-20;
97. M. Valenti, L'insediamento altomedievale nelle campagne Toscane: paesaggi, popolamento e villaggi tra VI e Xsecolo (Florence, 2004);
98. "Villaggi e comunità nella Toscana tra VII e X secolo: la ricerca archeologica", in P. Gaietti (ed.), Edilizia residenziale tra IXe Xsecolo: storia e archeologia (Florence, 2010), p. 62;
99. R. Francovich and R. Hodges, Villa to Village (London, 2003), pp. 61-74;
100. I. Martin Viso, "Central Places and the Territorial Organization of Communities: The Occupation of Hilltop Sites in Early Medieval Northern Castile", in W. Davies, G. Halsall and A. Reynolds (eds.), People and Space in the Middle Ages, 300-J300 (Turnhout, 2006), p. 176;
101. J. Antonio Quirós Castillo, "Cambios y transformaciones en el paisaje el Apenino toscano entre la Antigüedad Tardía y la Edad Media. El castaño", Archeologia Medievale, 25(1998), pp. 177-98.
102. A. Cagnana, "Le strutture del castello", in T. Marinoni and G. Murialdo (eds.), S. Antonino: un insediamento fortificato nella Liguria bizantina (Bordighera, 2001), pp. 101-17.
103. F. Cantini, Il castello di Montarrenti. Lo scavo archeologico (1982-1987). Per la storia della formazione del villagio medievale in Toscana (sec. VII-XV) (Florence, 2003);
104. R. Francovich and R. Hodges, "Archeologia e storia del villaggio fortificato di Montarrenti (SI): un caso o un modello?" Archeologia Medievale, 16(1989), pp. 22-38;
105. G. Barker et al., "The Montarrenti Survey, 1985: Integrating Archaeological, Environmental, and Historical Fata", Archeologia Medievale, 13(1986), pp. 291-329.
106. M. Valenti, Poggio imperiale a Poggibonsi: dal villaggio di capanne al castello di pietra (Florence, 1996);
107. R. Francovich, Scarlino I: storia e territorio (Florence, 1993).
108. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages, pp. 514-18.
109. M. Costambeys, "Settlement, Taxation and the Condition of the Peasantry in Post-Roman Central Italy", Journal of Agrarian Change, 9(2009), pp. 92-119.
110. E. Zadoro-Rio, "Early Medieval Villages and Estate Centres in France (c.300-1100)", in J. Antonio Quirós Castillo (ed.), The Archaeology of Early Medieval Villages in Europe (Bilbao, 2009), pp. 77-98.
111. E. Peytremann, Archéologie de I 'habitat rural dans le nord de la France du IVe au XIIe siècle (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 2003), I, pp. 319-30;
112. A. Nice, "Goudelancourt-les-Pierrepont, Le Fossé St-Martin", Bulletin Scientifique Regional de Picardie, I-II(1998), pp. 27-28.
113. th Centuries AD in Central Europe: Structure, Function and Symbolism", Medieval Archaeology, 56(2012), pp. 60-84.
114. T. Potter, "Excavations in Mazzano Romano", Papers of the British School at Rome, 40(1972), pp. 135-45;
115. A. Schäfer, "Die Wüstung Zimmern auf Gemarkung Stebbach", Oberrheinische Studien, 1(1970), pp. 357-74.
116. H. Waterbolk, "Patterns of the Peasant Landscape", Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 61(1995), pp. 17-21.
117. G. Volpe, R. De Venuto, R. Goffredo and M. Turchiano, "L'abitato altomedievale di Faragola (Ascoli Satriano)", in G. Volpe and P. Favia (eds.), V Congresso Nazionale di Archaeologia Medievale (Florence, 2009), pp. 284-90;
118. G. Volpe, G. De Felice and M. Turchiano, "Faragola (Ascoli Satriano). Una residenza aristocratica tardoantica e un villaggio altomedievale nella Valle del Carapelle: primi dati", in G. Volpe and M. Turchiano (eds.), Faragola 1. Un insediamento rurale nella Valle del Carapelle. Ricerche e studi (2010), pp. 25-56;
119. P. Favia, "Temi, approcci, metodologici, modalità e problematiche della ricerca archeologica in un paesaggio di pianura di età medievale: il caso del Tavoliere di Puglia", in N. Mancassola and F. Saggioro (eds.), Medioevo, paesaggi e metodi (Mantua, 2006), pp. 179-98.
120. S. Turner and R. Wilson-North, "South-West England: Rural Settlements in the Middle Ages", in N. Christie and P. Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement: Britain and Ireland, AD 800-1600 (Oxford 2012), p. 144.
121. J. Antonio Quirós Castillo, "Las aldeas de los historiadores y de los arqueólogos en la Alta Edad Media del norte peninsular", Revista de Estudios Medievales, 2(2007), pp. 65-86.
122. Admittedly there are methodological difficulties with recovering material for dispersed settlements as higlighted in S. Stoddart, "Un periodo oscuro nel Casentino: la validità dell'evidenza negativa", Atti e Memorie della Accademia Petrarca di Lettere Arti e Scienze, 43(1979-80), pp. 197-232.
123. P. Blickle, Kommunalismus. Skizzen einer gesellschaftlichen Organisationsform. Band 2: Europa (Munich, 2000);
124. From the Communal Reformation to the Revolution of the Common Man (Leiden, 1998), esp. p. 12;
125. T. De Moor, "The Silent Revolution: A New Perspective on the Emergence of Commons, Guilds, and other Forms of Corporate Collective Action in Western Europe", International Review of Social History, 53(2008), pp. 179-212.
126. G. Sivéry, Structures agraires et vie rurale dans le Hainaut a la fin du Moyen-Âge (Lille, 1977), pp. 275-92.
127. B. Van Bavel, Manors and Markets: Economy and Society in the Low Countries, 500-1600 (Oxford, 2010), p. 93.
128. H. Van Der Linden, Recht en territoir: een rechtshistorisch- sociografische verkenning (Assen, 1972), pp. 10-26.
129. C. Wickham, Community and Clientele in Twelfth-Century Tuscany: The Origins of the Rural Commune in the Plain of Lucca (Oxford, 1998).
130. M. Bierma, A. Clason, E. Kramer and G. De Langen (eds.), Terpen en wierden in het Fries-Groningse kustgebied (Groningen 1988).
131. J. L. Van Zanden, "The Paradox of the Marks. The Exploitation of the Commons in the Eastern Netherlands, 1250-1850", Agricultural History Review, 47(1999), pp. 125-45;
132. A. Kos, Van meenten tot marken. Een onderzoek naar de oorsprong en ontwikkeling van de Gooise marken en de gebruiksrechten op de gemene gronden van de Gooise markegenoten (1280-1568) (Hilversum, 2010).
133. T. Spek, Het Drentse esdorpenlandschap. Een historisch-geografische Studie (Utrecht, 2004), I-II.
134. A. De Wachter, "De opname van de Kempen in het hertogdom Brabant (elfde tot dertiendeveertiende eeuw). Een politiek-geografische probleemstelling", Tijdschrift van de Belgische Vereniging voor Aardrijkskundige Studies, 68(1999), pp. 111-40;
135. W. Steurs, "Seigneuries et franchises dans le duché de Brabant au moyen âge. L'exemple de Dongelberg (1217)", in Wavre 1222-1972:750me anniversaire des libertés communales (Wavre, 1973), pp. 57-93;
136. "La région entre Dommel et Peel (Brabant septentrional). Peuplement rural, géographie politique et création de villes, 1200-1400 environ", Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire, 60(1982), pp. 791-808.
137. K. Leenders, "Late dorpsvorming in het Brabantse zand", Historisch Geografisch Tijdschrift, 29(2011), pp. 73-80;
138. "Vier generaties dorpen in het Brabantse zand", Noordbrabants Historisch Jaarboek, 28(2011), pp. 1-18;
139. D. Vangheluwe and T. Spek, "De laatmiddeleeuwse transitie van landbouw en landschap in de Noord-Brabantse Kempen", Historisch Geografisch Tijdschrift, 26(2008), pp. 1-23.
140. M. De Keyzer, "The Impact of Different Distributions of Power on Access Rights to the Common Wastelands: The Campine, Brecklands and Geest Compared", Journal of Institutional Economics, 9(2013), pp. 517-42.
141. B. Lyon, "Medieval real estate developments and freedom", American Historical Review, 63 (1957) p. 47.
142. P. Van Cruyningen, "State, Property Rights and Sustainability of Drained Areas along the North Sea Coast, Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries", in B. van Bavel and E. Thoen (eds.), Rural Societies and Environments at Risk. Ecology, Property Rights and Social Organisation in Fragile Areas (Middle Ages-Twentieth Century) (Tumhout, 2013), p. 184.
143. H. Van Der Linden, De cope: bijdrage tot de rechtsgeschiedenis van de openlegging der Hollands-Utrechtse laagvlakte (Assen, 1956), pp. 160-82;
144. "Het platteland in het Noordwesten met de nadruk op de occupatie circa 1000-1300", Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, 2(1982), pp. 48-82, esp. pp. 69-78;
145. P. Henderikx, "Die mittelalterliche Kultivierung der Moore im Rhein-Maas-Delta (10.-13. Jahrhundert)", Siedlungsforschung, 7(1989), pp. 67-87;
146. J. De Vries and A. Van Der Woude, The First Modem Economy: Success, Failure and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 159-65.
147. On the distinctive characteristics of these settlements; H. Van Der Linden, "De Oudhollandse veenstreek: zijn unieke - canonwaardige-plaats in de Nederlandse historie", Historisch Geografisch Tijdschrift, 27(2009), pp. 97-108.
148. Van Bavel, Manors and Markets, pp. 86-87.
149. P. Hoppenbrouwers, "Op zoek naar de 'kerels'. De dorpsgemeente in de dagen van graaf Floris V", in D. de Boer, E. Cordfunke and H. Sarfatij (eds.), Wi Florens: De Hollandse graaf Floris V in de samenleving van de dertiende eeuw (Utrecht, 1996), pp. 230-31;
150. W. Ehbrecht, "Gemeinschaft, Land und Bund im Friesland des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts", in H. van Lengen (ed.), Die Friesische Freiheit des Mittelalters: Leben und Legende (Aurich, 2003), pp. 154-60.
151. M. Allemeyer, Kein Land ohne Deich. Lebenswelten einer Kästengesellschaft in der Frühen Neuzeit (Göttingen, 2006), p. 139.
152. E. Berger and H.-F. Delaborde (eds.), Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste (Paris, 1916), I, no. 51.
153. C. Higounet, "Hospitaliers et Templiers: peuplement et exploitation rurale dans le sud-ouest de la France au Moyen Âge", Cahiers de Flaran, 6(1984), pp. 61-78.
154. P. Simon, "Les castra du Néracais et du Condomnois d'après les hommages de 1286", Revue de l'Âgenais (1984), pp. 25-34.
155. H.-J. Nitz, Die ländliche Siedlungsformen des Odenwaldes: Untersuchungen über ihre Typologie und Genese die Prinzipien der räumlichen Organisation des mittelalterlichen Siedlungsbildes (Heidelberg, 1962), pp. 83-112;
156. "The Church as Colonist: The Benedictine Abbey of Lorsch and Planned Waldhufen Colonization in the Oldenwald", Journal of Historical Geography, 9(1983), pp. 105-23.
157. F. Irsigler, "Divites und Pauperes in der Vita Meinwerci. Untersuchungen zur wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Differenzierung der Bevölkerung Westfalens im Hochmittelalter", Vierteljahrschrift fir Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 57(1970), pp. 449-99.
158. For the best general view see R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonisation and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (London, 1993).
159. G. Richter, "Kulturlandschaft und Wirtschaft", in H. Heckmann (ed.), Mecklenburg-Vorpommem. historische Landeskunde Mitteldeutschlands (Würzburg, 1989), p. 129;
160. W. Ribbe, "Die Anfänge von Berlin/Cölln als Forschungproblem", Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands, 34(1985), p. 7.
161. L. Veit, Passau: Das Hochstift. historischer Atlas von Bayern (Munich, 1978), pp. 287-8, 442-3;
162. H.-J. Nitz, "Planmäßige Siedlungsformen zwischen dem österreichischen Waldviertal und dem passauer Abteiland", Ostbairische Grenzmarken, 27(1985), p. 61.
163. B. Roberts, "The Historical Geography of Moated Homesteads: The Forest of Arden, Warwickshire", Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 88(1976-77), pp. 61-70;
164. A. Chedeville, "Un défrichement en Bretagne à la fin du Xle siècle: histoire économique et géographie féodale", in J-M. Duvosquel and E. Thoen (eds.), Peasants and Townsmen in Medieval Europe. Studia in honorem Adriaan Verhulst (Ghent, 1995), pp. 397-428;
165. R. Latouche, "Défrichement et peuplement rural dans La Maine du IXe au XIIIe siècle", Le Moyen Age, 3(1948), pp. 77-87;
166. R. Hilton, "Social Structure of Rural Warwickshire in the Middle Ages", in The English Peasantry in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1975), pp. 113-8;
167. I. Øye, "Settlement Patterns and Field Systems in Medieval Norway", Landscape History, 30(2009), p. 43.
168. J. Galloway, "Storm Flooding, Coastal Defence and Land Use around the Thames Estuary and Tidal River c. 1250-1450", Journal of Medieval History, 35(2009), pp. 171-88.
169. M. Campopiano, "Land Clearance and Water Management in the Po Valley in the Central and Late Middle Ages (Ninth-Fifteenth Centuries): The Role of Rural Communities", Journal of Medieval History (forthcoming 2013).
170. D. Waley, The Italian City-Republics (New York, 1988), pp. 84-85.
171. P. Malanima, "Urbanisation and the Italian Economy during the Last Millennium", European Review of Economic History, 9(2005), pp. 99-102.
172. S. Ciriacono, "L'economia regionale veneta in epoca moderna. Note a margine del caso bergamasco", in Venezia e la Terraferma. Economia e società (Bergamo, 1989), p. 45;
173. G. Del Torre, Venezia e la Terraferma dopo la guerra di Cambrai. Fiscalità e amministrazione (1515-1530) (Milan, 1986), pp. 199-216.
174. M. Vaini, Dal comune alla signoria. Mantova dal 1200 al 1328 (Mantua, 1986), pp. 137-64, 316-22;
175. C. Mozzarelli, Mantova e i Gonzaga dal 1382 al 1707 (Turin, 1987), pp. 53-80.
176. S. Epstein, "Cities, Regions and the Late Medieval Crisis: Sicily and Tuscany Compared", Past and Present, 130(1991), pp. 3-50;
177. "Town and Country: Economy and Institutions in Late Medieval Italy", Economic History Review, 46(1993), pp. 453-77.
178. Epstein, "Town and Country";
179. G. Tabacco, Egemonie sociali e strutture del potere nel medioevo italiano (Turin, 2000), pp. 142-67;
180. P. Jones, The Italian City-State: From Commune to Signoria, (Oxford, 2004), pp. 288-332.
181. M. Campopiano, "Rural Communities, Land Clearance and Water Management in the Po Valley in the Central and Late Middle Ages", Journal of Medieval History 39(2013), pp. 377-93.
182. D. Curtis and M. Campopiano, "Medieval Land Reclamation and the Creation of New Societies. Comparing Holland and the Po Valley, c.800-c. 1500", Journal of Historical Geography (forthcomnig 2013).
183. P. Grillo, "Comuni urbani e poteri locali nel governo del territorio in Lombardia (XII-inizi XIV secolo)", in L. Chiappa Mauri (ed.), Contado e città in dialogo. Comuni urbani e comunità rurali nella Lombardia medievale (Milan, 2003), pp. 45-46.
184. A. Castagnetti, "Primi aspetti di politica annonaria nell'Italia comunale. La bonifica della 'palus comunis Verone' (1194-1199)", Studi Medievali, 13(1974), pp. 363-481.
185. G. Chittolini, "I beni terrieri del Capitolo della cattedrale di Cremona fra il Xlll e il XIV secolo", Nuova Rivista Storica, 49(1965), pp. 218-24;
186. P. Boucheron, Water and Power in Milan, c. 1200-1500", Urban History, 28(2001), pp. 180-93.
187. V. Fumagalli, "Il paesaggio si trasforma. Colonizzazione e bonifica durante il Medioevo. L'esempio emiliano", in B. Andreolli, V. Fumagalli and M. Montanari (eds.), Le campagne italiane prima e dopo il Mille. Una società in trasformazione (Bologna, 1985), pp. 104-5;
188. G. Fantoni, L'acqua a Milano. Uso e gestione nel basso medioevo (1385-1535) (Bologna, 1990), p. 39.
189. A. Campanini (ed.), I rubricali degli statuti comunali di Reggio Emilia (secc. XIII-XVI) (Reggio Emilia, 1997), pp. 31-58;
190. A. Ceriini (ed.), Consuetudini e statuti reggiani del sec. XIII (Milan, 1933), p. 23.
191. D. Baiestracci, "La politica delle acque urbane nell'Italia comunale", Mélanges de l'Ecole Française de Rome. Moyen Age, 104(1992), p. 442.
192. Monumenta Historica ad provincias parmensem et Placentia pertinentia (Parma, 1860), p. 382.
193. R. Zupko and R. Laures, Straws in the Wind. Medieval Urban Environmental Law. The Case of Northern Italy (Boulder, 1996), p. 69.
194. G. Porro Lambertenghi (ed.), "Statuti delle strade e delle acque del contado di Milano fatti nel 1346", Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, 7(1869), pp. 415-20.
195. F. Menant, "Les chartes de franchises de l'Italie communale", in M. Bourin and P. Martin (eds.), Pour anthropologie du prélè vement seigneurial dans les campagnes médiévales (Xle-XIVe). Réalités et représentations paysannes (Paris, 2004), pp. 239-69.
196. G. Astill, "The Long and the Short: Rural Settlement in Medieval England", in R. Goddard, M. Muller and J. Langdon (eds.), Survival and Discord in Medieval Society: Essays in Honour of Christopher Dyer (Tumhout, 2010), p. 12.
197. Basic definition provided in C. Taylor, "Archaeology and the Origins of Open-Field Agriculture", in T. Rowley (ed.), The Origins of Open Field Agriculture (London, 1981), p. 13.
198. S. Oosthuizen, "Medieval Field Systems and Settlement Nucléation: Common or Separate Origins?", in N. Higham (ed.), The Landscapes of Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2010), p. 131.
199. A sceptical view on the link between open-field proliferation and demographic pressure is found in C. Lewis, R. Mitchell-Fox and C. Dyer, Village, Hamlet and Field: Changing Medieval Settlements in Central England (London, 1997), pp. 213-16.
200. S. Oosthuizen, "New Light on the Origins of Open-Field Farming?" Medieval Archaeology, 49(2005), pp. 165-93.
201. C. Higounet, Défrichements et Villeneuves du Bassin Parisien (Xle-XIVe siècles) (Paris, 1990).
202. R. Hoffman, "Medieval Origins of the Common Fields", in W. Parker and E. Jones (eds.), European Peasants and their Markets (Princeton, 1975), pp. 23-71.
203. Holdings could be divided with strict equality; for example see R. Hilton, The Economic Development of some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (Oxford, 1947), pp. 153-55;
204. D. Roden, "Field Systems of the Chiltera Hills and their Environs", in A. Baker and R. Butlin (eds.), Studies of Field Systems in the British Isles (Cambridge, 1973), p. 349.
205. C. Dahlman, The Open Field System and Beyond (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 111-14;
206. H. Fox, "Some Ecological Dimensions of Medieval Field systems", in K. Biddick (ed.), Archaeological Approaches to Medieval Europe (Kalamazoo, 1984), pp. 119-58.
207. A. Heston and D. Kumar, "The Persistence of Land Fragmentation in Peasant Agriculture: An Analysis of South Asian Cases", Explorations in Economic History, 20(1983), pp. 199-220;
208. S. Simmons, "Land Fragmentation in Developing Countries: The Optimal Choice and Policy Implications", Explorations in Economic History, 25(1988), pp. 254-62;
209. N. Sengupta, "Fragmented Landholding, Productivity, and Resilience Management", Environment and Development Economics, 11(2006), pp. 507-32;
210. T. Nguyen, E. Cheng and C. Findlay, "Land Fragmentation and Farm Productivity in China in the 1990's", China Economic Review, 7(1996), pp. 169-80.
211. On the definition of the "common fields" see J. Thirsk, "The Common Fields", Past and Present, 29(1964), p. 3.
212. On this variation across Western Europe; H. Hildebrandt, "Systems of Agriculture in Central Europe up to the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries", in D. Hooke (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Settlements (Oxford, 1998), pp. 287-88.
213. J. Pretty, "Sustainable Agriculture in the Middle Ages on the English Manor", Agricultural History Review, 38(1990), pp. 1-19;
214. B. Campbell, "Ecology versus Economics in late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Century English Agriculture", in D. Sweeney (ed.), Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Technology, Practice, and Representation (Philadelphia, 1995), pp. 76-108.
215. W. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England. A Study of Village By-Laws (London, 1972), pp. 27-40.
216. W. Rösener, Bauern im Mittelalter (Munich, 1985), p. 151.
217. D. Curtis, "Tine De Moor's 'Silent Revolution'. Reconsidering her Theoretical Framework for Explaining the Emergence of Institutions for Collective Management of Resources", International Journal of the Commons, 7(2013), p. 213.
218. Examples of more formal councils include the Dorfgenossenschaft in Germany and the bystämman in Sweden. On these, see respectively W. Rösener, Peasants in the Middle Ages (Chicago, 1992), p. 46
219. and V. Moberg, A History of the Swedish People (New York, 1973), I, p. 40.
220. D. McCloskey, "English Open Fields as Behaviour toward Risk", Research in Economic History, 1(1976), pp. 124-70;
221. "The Prudent Peasant: New Findings on Open Fields", Journal of Economic History, 51(1991), pp. 343-55;
222. M. Bailey, "Beyond the Midland Field System: The Determinants of Common Rghts over the Arable in Medieval England", Agricultural History Review, 58(2010), p. 160.
223. H. Clout, "The European Countryside: Contested Space", in B. Graham (ed.), Modem Europe: Place, Culture and Identity (London, 1998), pp. 287-309;
224. R. Lebeau, Les grands types de structures agraires dans le monde (Paris, 1969), p. 50;
225. J. Meeus, "Pan-European Landscapes", Landscape and Urban Planning, 31(1995), pp. 57-79.
226. Wrathmell and Roberts, Region and Place, pp. 1-10.
227. P. Greven Jr., "Old Patterns in the New World: The Distribution of Land in Seventeenth-Century Andover", in D. Ward (ed.), Geographic Perspectives on America 's Past: Readings on the Historical Geography of the United States (New York, 1979), pp. 121-28.
228. Compare the maps of open fields and agro-towns in P. Birot and P. Gabert, La Méditerranée et le Moyen-Orient (Paris, 1964), pp. 148-49;
229. D. Curtis, "Is There an Agro-Town Model for Southern Italy? Exploring the Diverse Roots and Development of the Agro-Town Structure through a Comparative Case Study in Apulia", Continuity and Change, 28(2013), p. 1.
230. J. Renes, "Krijt/lösslandschap", in S. Barends et al. (eds.), Het Nederlandse landschap: een historisch-geografisch benadering (Utrecht, 2000), pp. 128-41.
231. S. Oosthuizen, "Medieval Settlement Relocation in West Cambridgeshire: Three Case Studies", Landscape History, 19(1997), pp. 43-55.
232. H. Wunder, "Peasant Organization and Class Conflict in Eastern and Western Germany", in T. Aston and C. Philpin (eds.), The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe (Cambridge, 1985), p. 94.
233. D. Hall, "The Origins of Open Field Agriculture - The Archaeological Fieldwork Evidence", in T. Rowley (ed.), The Origins of Open Field Agriculture (London, 1981), pp. 35-36;
234. Lewis, Mitchell-Fox and Dyer, Village, Hamlet and Field, pp. 202-3;
235. D. Hooke, The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England (Leicester, 1998), p. 115.
236. For example; R. Schreg, "Die Archäologie des mittelalterlichen Dorfes in Süddeutschland; Probleme - Paradigmen - Desiderate", Siedlungsforschung, 24(2006), pp. 141-62;
237. E. Thoen, "Een model voor integratie van historische geografie en ekonomische Strukturen in Binnen-Vlaanderen: de historische evolutie van het landschap in de Leiestreek tussen Kortrijk en Gent tijdens de Middeleeuwen", Jaarboek Heemkring Scheldeveld, 19(1990), pp. 4-34.
238. A. Brown and G. Foard, "The Saxon Landscape: A Regional Perspective", in The Archaeology of Landscape: Studies Presented to Christopher Taylor (Manchester, 1998), p. 74;
239. C. Taylor, "Nucleated Settlement: A View from the Frontier", Landscape History, 24(2002), pp. 53-71;
240. G. Foard, "Systematic Fieldwalking and the Investigation of a Saxon Settlement in Northamptonshire", World Archaeology, 9(1978), p. 370;
241. S. Oosthuizen, Landscapes Decoded: The Origins and Development of Cambridgeshire's Medieval Fields (Hatfield, 2006), pp. 146-47.
242. T. Spek, "Entstehung und Entwicklung historischer Ackerkomplexe und Plaggenböden in den Eschlandschaften der nordöstlichen Niederlande (Provinz Drenthe)", Siedlungsforschung, 24(2006), p. 226.
243. F. Theeuws, "Settlement Research and the Process of Manorialisation in Northern Austrasia", in S. Oasparri (ed.), 774, ipotesisu una transizione (Tumhout, 2008), p. 211.
244. S. Rippon, Beyond the Medieval Village: The Diversification of Landscape Character in Southern Britain (Oxford, 2008).
245. A framework used in T. Williamson, Shaping Medieval Landscapes: Settlement, Society, Environment (Macclesfield, 2003), pp. 180-99.
246. B. Campbell, "Population Growth and the Genesis of Commonfields on a Norfolk Manor", Economic History Review, 33(1980), pp. 174-92.
247. Used in particular for early-modem open-field formation in parts of Eastern Europe; G. Demidowicz, "Planned Landscapes in North-East Poland, the Sura Estate, 1500-1760", Journal of Historical Geography, 11(1985), pp. 21-47;
248. th-century Lithuania", Agricultural History Review, 18(1970), pp. 106-25.
249. A. Krenzlin, "Zur Genese der Gewannflur in Deutschland, nach Untersuchungen im nördlichen Unterfranken", Geografiska Annaler, 43(1961), pp. 109-202.
250. C. Dyer, "Dispersed Settlements in Medieval England. A Case Study of Pendock, Worcestershire", Medieval Archaeology, 34(1992), p. 118.
251. E. Glässer, Südnorwegische Agrarlandschaften: Struktur und neuzeitliche Entwicklungsprobleme ländlicher Siedlungs- und Wirtschaftsformen, gezeigt an Aktiv- und Passivräumen Rogalands und Agders (Wiesbaden, 1975), p. 46;
252. S. Harrison, "Open Fields and Earlier Landscapes: Six Parishes in South-East Cambridgeshire", Landscapes, 3(2002), pp. 35-54;
253. C. Taylor, Village and Farmstead (London, 1983), p. 131.
254. G. Astill and W. Davies, A Breton Landscape (London, 1997), p. 13;
255. P. Herring, "Cornish Strip Fields", in S. Turner (ed.), Medieval Devon and Cornwall: Shaping an Ancient Countryside (Macclesfield, 2006), pp. 44-77.
256. R. Dodgshon, "West Highland and Hebridean Landscapes; Have they a History without Runrigl", Journal of Historical Geography, 19(1993), pp. 383-98.
257. C. Taylor, "Dispersed Settlement in Nucleated Areas", Landscape History, 17(1995), pp. 27-34;
258. R. Jones and C. Lewis, "The Midlands: Medieval Settlements and Landscapes", in Christie and Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement, pp. 190-91.
259. E. Martin, "Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex: Medieval Rural Settlement in 'Greater East Anglia'", in Christie and Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement, pp. 234-35;
260. S. Wrathmell, "Northern England: Exploring the Character of Medieval Rural Settlements", in Idem, p. 253.
261. One fine exception can be found at J. Renes, "Grainlands. The Landscape of Open Fields in a European Perspective", Landscape History, 31(2010), pp. 37-70.
262. On this problem in rural history, in general, see D. Curtis, "Trends in Rural Social and Economic History of the Pre-Industrial Low Countries: Recent Themes and Ideas in Journals and Books of the Past Five Years (2007-2013)", BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, 128(2013), p. 61.
263. Noted in J. Renes, "De veengebieden rond de Noordzee; landschapsgeschiedenis en landschapsonderzoek", in J. Beenakker, F. Horsten, A. de Kraker and J. Renes (eds.), Landschap in ruimte en tijd: liber amicorum aangeboden aan prof. dr. Guus J. Borger bij gelegenheid van zijn 65ste verjaardag en zijn afscheid als hoogleraar in de historische geografie aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam en de Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, 2007), pp. 287-300.
264. G. Grantham, "Espaces privilégiés: productivité agricole et zones d'approvisionnement dans l'Europe pré- industrielle", Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 52(1997), pp. 697-725;
265. J. Masschaele, Peasants, Merchants and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England, 1150-1350 (New York, 1997);
266. P. Clark, European Cities and Towns: 400-2000 (Oxford, 2009), pp. 44-5.
267. See also, B. Campbell et al., A Medieval Capital and its Grain Supply: Agrarian Production and Distribution in the London Region, c.1300 (London, 1993);
268. D. Keene, "Medieval London and its Region", London Journal, 14(1989), pp. 103-4;
269. J. Galloway, "London's Grain Supply: Changes in Production, Distribution and Consumption During the Fourteenth Century", Franco-British Studies, 20(1995), pp. 23-34;
270. J. Lee, "Feeding the Colleges: Cambridge's Food and Fuel Supplies, 1450-1560", Economic History Review, 56(2003), pp. 243-62;
271. M. Kowaleski, Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 293-300;
272. W. Held, Zwischen Marktplatz und Anger: Stadt-Land-Beziehungen im 16. Jahrhundert in Thüringen (Weimar, 1988), pp. 108-10;
273. L. Vardi, The Land and the Loom: Peasants and Profit in Northern France, 1680-1800 (Durham, 1993).
274. P. Oldfield, "Rural Settlement and Economic Development in Southern Italy: Troia and its Contado, c. 1020-c. 1230", Journal of Medieval History, 31(2005), pp. 342-43.
275. S. Epstein, An Island for Itself: Economic Development and Social Change in Late Medieval Sicily (Cambridge, 1992), chp. 4.
276. C. Higounet, Paysages et villages neufs d'Aquitaine (Bordeaux, 1975), pp. 417-38;
277. R. Germain, "Les migrations comme facteur d'équilibre démographique (Bourbonnais XIVe-XVe siècles)", in Population et démographie au Moyen Age (Paris, 1995), pp. 251-66;
278. A. Higounet-Nadal, Perpignan aux XIV et XV siècles. Etude de démographique historique (Bordeaux, 1978).
279. D. Tys and M. Pieters, "Understand a Medieval Fishing Settlement along the Southern Northern Sea: Walraversijde, c. 1200-1630", in L. Sicking and D. Abreu-Ferreira (eds.), Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900-1850 (Leiden, 2009), pp. 91-122;
280. H. Fox, The Evolution of the Fishing Village: Landscape and Society along the South Devon Coast, 1086-1550 (Leicester, 2001).
281. D. Curtis, "Florence and its Hinterlands in the Late Middle Ages: Contrasting Fortunes in the Tuscan Countryside, 1300-1500", Journal of Medieval History 38(2012), pp. 472-99.
282. S. Oosthuizen, "Cambridgeshire and the Peat Fen: Medieval Rural Settlements and Commerce, c. AD 900-1300", in Christie and Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement, pp. 206-24.
283. R. Britnell, "The Proliferation of Markets in England, 1200-1349", Economic History Review, 34(1981), pp. 209-21;
284. T. Lalik, "Märkte des 12. Jahrhunderts in Polen", Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej, 10(1962), p. 364;
285. A. Jones and J.-L. Küpper, "Villes, bourgs et franchises en Wallonie de 1250 à 1477", in H. Hasquin (ed.), La Wallonie. Le pays et les hommes (Brussels, 1982), I, p. 145;
286. C. De La Roncière, Florence: centre économique régional auXIVe siècle (Aix-en-Provence, 1976), III, pp. 951-1013;
287. P. Toubert, "Les statuts communaux et l'histoire des campagnes lombardes au XIVe siècle", Mélanges d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, 72(1960), p. 499.
288. On village centres of exchange and their role in meeting the needs of the peasant population, see: G. Duby, Early Growth of the European Economy (London, 1974), pp. 162-80.
289. M. Gardiner, "South-East England: Forms and Diversity in Medieval Rural Settlement", in Christie and Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement, p. 114.
290. S. Epstein, "Regional Fairs, Institutional Innovation, and Economic Growth in Late Medieval Europe", Economic History Review, 47(1994), p. 462.
291. Also see C. Dyer, "The Consumer and the Market in the Late Middle Ages", Economic History Review, 42(1989), pp. 305-27.
292. R. Goddard, "Small Boroughs and the Manorial Economy: Enterprise Zones or Urban Failures?", Past and Present, 210(2011), pp. 3-31;
293. C. Taylor, "Medieval Market Grants and Village Morphology", Landscape History, 4(1982), pp. 21-28.
294. de eeuw) (Zutphen, 2002), pp. 125-27.
295. See the classics; C. Higounet, Les Villeneuves de Piémont et les bastides de Gascogne (XII-XIVe siècles) (Paris, 1970), pp. 130-39;
296. Nouvelle approche sur les bastides du Sud-Ouest aquitain (Paris, 1967), pp. 32-35.
297. Many of these areas were built with clear grid or circular ("circulades") plans, and it has been suggested quite recently by scholars that the largest of medieval rural settlements were often inspired by towns founded earlier in the Middle Ages. See C. Higounet, "Les origines et la foundation de la bastide de Vianne (1284)", Revue de l'Agenais (1984), pp. 5-24;
298. K. Pawloski, "Villes et villages circulaire du Languedoc", Annales du Midi, 9(1987), pp. 407-28;
299. C. Cyer and K. Lilley, "Town and Countryside, Relationsips and Resembalnces", in Christie and Stamper (eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement, pp. 81-98.
300. G. Chittolini, "I capitoli di dedizione delle comunità lombarde a Francesco Sforza: motivi di contrasto fra città e contado", in Felix olim Lombardia: studi di storia padana in onore di G. Martini (Milan, 1978), pp. 673-93;
301. "Governo ducale e poteri locali", in Gli Sforza a Milano e in Lombardia e i loro rapporti con gli stati italiani ed europei (1450-1535) (Milan, 1982), pp. 27-42;
302. "Legislazione statutaria e autonomie nella pianura bergamasca", in M. Cortesi (ed.), Statuti rurali e statuti di valle. La provincia di Bergamo nei secoli XIII-XVIII (Bergamo, 1984), pp. 93-114.
303. C. Higounet, "Congregare populationem: politiques de peuplement dans l'Europe méridionale (Xe-XIVe siècles)", Annales de Démographie Historique (1979), pp. 135-44.
304. As in parts of Tuscany; G. Cherubini and R. Francovich, "Forme e vicende degli insediamenti nella campagna Toscana nei secoli xii-xv", Quaderni Storici, 24(1973), p. 875.
305. D. Curtis, "The Impact of Land Accumulation and Consolidation on Population Trends in the Pre-Industrial Period: Two Contrasting Cases in the Low Countries", Historical Research (2014), forthcoming.
306. M. Nenci, "Ricerche sull'immigrazione dal contado alla città di Firenze nella seconda metà del XIII secolo", Studi e Ricerche, 1(1981), pp. 139-77;
307. W. Day Jr., "Population Growth and Productivity: Rural-Urban Migration and the Expansion of the Manufacturing Sector in Thirteenth-Century Florence", in B. Blondé, M. Galand, and E. Vanhaute (eds.), Labour and Labour Markets between Town and Countryside (Middle Ages-19th Century) (Tumhout, 2001), pp. 82-110.
308. D. Herlihy, "Santa Maria Impruneta: A Rural Commune in the Late Middle Ages", in N. Rubinstein (ed.), Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London, 1968), pp. 242-76;
309. C. Klapisch-Zuber, "Villaggi abbandonati ed emigrazioni interne", in R. Romano and C. Vivanti (eds.), Storia d'Italia: i documenti (Turin, 1973), V, pp. 311-69;
310. C. Klapisch-Zuber and J. Day, "Villages désertés en Italie: esquisse", in R. Romano and P. Courbin (eds.), Villages désertés et histoire èconomique: XI-XVIII sikècle (Paris, 1965), pp. 437-38, 442-43.
311. E. Faini, "Da Bagno a Ripoli a Firenze (e ritomo)", in P. Pirillo (ed.), Alle porte di Firenze: il territorio di Bagno a Ripoli in età medievale (Rome, 2008), pp. 41-56;
312. "L'emigrazione dal Valdamo Superiore a Firenze nel XII secolo: una storia mancata", in P. Pirillo and M. Ronzani (eds.), Storie di una pieve del Valdamo. San Romolo a Gaville in età medievale (Rome, 2008), pp. 105-21.
313. An overview of urban land accumulation in G. Cherubini, "La proprietà fondiaria nei secoli XV-XVI nella storiografia italiana", Società e Storia, 1(1978), pp. 9-33.
314. L. Chiappa Mauri, "Riflessioni sulle campagne lombarde del Quattro-Cinquecento", Nuova Rivista Storica, 69(1985), p. 129;
315. G. Panjek, "Beni comunali: note storiche e proposte di ricerca", in A. Tagliaferri (ed.), Venezia e la Terraferma attraverso le relazioni dei Rettori (Milan, 1981), pp. 371-82;
316. R. Rao, "Risorse collettive e tensioni giurisdizionali nella pianura vercellese e novarese (XII-XIII secolo)", Quaderni Storici, 120(2005), pp. 753-76;
317. "Lo spazio del conflitto. I beni comunali nel Piemonte del basso Medioevo", Zapruder, 11(2006), pp. 8-25.
318. S. Epstein, "The Peasantries of Italy", in T. Scott (ed.), The Peasantries of Europe from the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1998), p. 89.
319. On late-medieval urban land acquisition in the terraferma of Venice see G. Gullino, "Quando il mercante costruì la villa: le proprietà dei Veneziani nella Terraferma", in Storia di Venezia. Dal Rinascimento al Barocco (Rome, 1994), IV, pp. 875-924;
320. D. Beltrami, La penetrazione economica dei veneziani in Terraferma. Forze di lavoro e proprietà fondiaria nella campagne venete dei secoli XVII e XVIII (Venice, 1961).
321. L. Arcangeli, "Giurisdizioni feudali e organizzazione territoriale nel Ducato di Parma (1545-1587)", in M. Romani (ed.), Le corti famesiane di Parma e Piacenza, 1543-1622 (Rome, 1978), I, p. 97;
322. G. Chittolini, La formazione dello stato regionale e le istituzioni del contado (Turin, 1979), pp. 261-65.
323. J. Gutton, La société et les pauvres en Europe, XVIe-XVIIIe siècles (Paris, 1974), pp. 104-6.
324. Curtis and Campopiano, "Medieval Land Reclamation"