Rural settlement and economic development in Southern Italy: Troia and its contado, c.1020 - c.1230

Journal of Medieval History

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 327-345

  Oldfield, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Civic identity; Economic and urban development; Land cultivation; Rural settlement

Indexed keywords

EID: 28044473643     PISSN: 03044181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmedhist.2005.09.001     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. This article is heavily indebted to the magnificent works, and advice, of Professor J-M Martin. It has also benefited immensely from the support and guidance of Professor G. A. Loud. The useful comments of Mr I. S. Moxon and the encouragement of Dr P. Skinner must also be mentioned.
2. For the foundation of these fortresses by Boiannes, S. Borsari, 'Aspetti del dominio bizantino in Capitanata', Atti dell'academia Pontaniana, xvi (1966/7), 55-66.
3. Many sources cover the siege including: Romualdi Salernitani Chronicon, ed. C.A. Garufi, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores (Citta di Castello, 1935), 175 [henceforth Romuald]
4. Chronica monasterii Casinensis, ed. H. Hoffman, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores xxxiv (Hanover, 1980), Bk. II. 40, 244
5. Lupus Protospatharius, Annales, ed. G. H. Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores v (Hanover, 1845).
6. See especially Alexandri Telesini abbatis ystoria Rogerii Regis Sicilie Calabrie atque Apulie, ed. L. De Nava, historical commentary by D. Clementi, Fonti per la storia d'Italia 112 (Rome, 1991) [henceforth Al. Tel.]
7. and Falcone di Benevento, Chronicon Beneventanum, ed. E. D'Angelo (Florence, 1998) [henceforth Falco].
8. See especially Hugo Falcandus, The history of the tyrants of Sicily by 'Hugo Falcandus', 1154-1169, ed. G.A. Loud and T. Wiedemann (Manchester, 1998), 62-113.
9. The history of the Normans by Amatus of Montecassino, trans. Dunbar and G. A. Loud (Woodbridge, 2004), 155.
10. Guillaume de Pouille, La geste de Robert Guiscard, ed. M. Mathieu (Palermo, 1961), Bk. IV, lines 506-520.
11. Falco, p.154.
12. History of the tyrants ed. Loud and Wiedemann, 84.
13. Les chartes de Troia. Edition et étude critique des plus anciens documents conservés à l'Archivio Capitolare, 1 (1024-1266), Codice diplomatico Pugliese xxi, ed. Jean-Marie Martin (Bari, 1976), no. 87 [henceforth Troia followed by the document number].
14. Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and communities in Western Europe 900-1300 (Oxford, 1997), 217.
15. Romuald, 202.
16. Jean-Marie Martin, Foggia nel Medioevo (Rome, 1998).
17. Troia nos. 71-80.
18. For Secundinus: Troia nos. 49, 51, 52, 54, 66, 67, 76, 83
19. Iannucius: Troia nos. 51, 59, 61, 65, 67.
20. For the Galliardi: Troia nos. 4, 10, 11, 17, 22, 25, 26
21. Chronicon Sanctae Sophiae, ed. Jean-Marie Martin, Fonti per la Storia dell'Italia medievale, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 3 *-3** (Rome, 2000), vii, vi.7, 696-8
22. Le colonie Cassinesi in Capitanata IV. Troia, ed. T. Leccisotti, Miscellanea Cassinese, 29 (Montecassino, 1957) [henceforth Colonie Cass], 82-85 no.22.
23. De Lamas: Troia nos. 61, 70, 71, 73, 129
24. Codice diplomatico Verginiano, ed. M. Tropeano, 12 vols. (Montevergine, from 1977) [henceforth Montevergine] vol. 9, 135 no. 840, vol. 10, 119 no. 935
25. Le cartulaire de S.Matteo di Sculgola en Capitanate (Registri d'istrumenti di S.Maria del Gualdo) (1177-1239), 2 vols., ed. Jean-Marie Martin (Bari, 1987), 479-82 no. 275.
26. De Roccas: Troia nos. 42, 46, 58, 65, 67, 76, 87, 103, 139
27. E. M. Jamison, 'The Norman administration of Apulia and Capua more especially under Roger II and William I, 1127-1166', Papers of the British School at Rome vi, 1913, 211-481 (reprinted as a separate volume, Aalen, 1987), 428, calendar of documents no. 31 (and also 313, 316)
28. Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison, Fonti per la storia d'Italia 101, 3 vols. (Rome, 1972) 71, art. 397
29. Le cartulaire de S.Matteo di Sculgola, ed. Martin, 80-2 no. 45, 134-6 no. 75, 161-3 no. 90.
30. Troia no. 50
31. G. A. Loud, 'How 'Norman' was the Norman conquest of southern Italy', Nottingham Medieval Studies 25 (1981) 26.
32. Troia no. 102.
33. Troia nos. 19, 49, 51, 54, 143
34. Colonie Cass. 74-76 no. 18
35. Montevergine, vol. 7, 26 no. 606, vol. 9, 134 no. 840, vol. 11, 76 no. 1022.
36. Donald Mathew, 'The chronicle of Romuald of Salerno', The writing of history in the middle ages. Essays presented to Richard William Southern, ed. R. H. C. Davis (Oxford, 1981), 250-6.
37. Emile Bertaux, L'Art dans l'Italie méridonale de la fin de l'empire Romain à la conquête de Charles d'Anjou, vol. 1 (Rome, 1968 reprint), 353-8.
38. Troia nos. 19, 20, 24, 40, 42, 49, 51.
39. Romuald, 204.
40. Vita Sancti Secundini, Patrologia Latina vol.147, ed. J-P. Migne (Paris, 1879), col. 1293-1302.
41. Falco, 48-50
42. G. A. Loud, 'The genesis and context of the chronicle of Falco of Benevento', Anglo-Norman Studies 15. Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1992, ed. M. Chibnall (Woodbridge, 1993), 192.
43. Phillip Jones, The Italian city-state: From commune to signoria (Oxford, 1997), 292.
44. Francesco Carabellese, L'Apulia ed il suo comune nell'alto medio evo (Bari, 1905), 413, n. 2.
45. This finding upon a range of Southern Italian cities is taken from the present author's current PhD thesis entitled 'Urban society and communal independence in twelfth-century Southern Italy', which is due for completion in 2006. For similar general conclusions see: For Campania, G. A. Loud, 'Continuity and change in Norman Italy: The Campania during the eleventh and twelfth centuries', Journal of Medieval History 22 (1996), 313-43. [reprinted in G. A. Loud, Conquerors and churchmen in Norman Italy (Aldershot, 1999)].
46. For Salerno, Donald Matthew, 'Semper fideles. The citizens of Salerno in the Norman kingdom', Salerno nel XII secolo. Istituzioni, società, cultura, Atti del convegno internazionale (June 1999), 27-45.
47. For Benevento, Alfredo Zazo, 'Professioni, arti e mestieri in Benevento nei secoli XII-XIV', Samnium, vol. 32 (1959), 121-77.
48. For Gaeta, Patricia Skinner, Family power in Southern Italy: The Duchy of Gaeta and its neighbours 850-1139 (Cambridge, 1995).
49. For Apulia, Jean-Marie Martin, La Pouille du VI au XII siècle (Rome, 1993).
50. The approximate conclusions of Martin and Von Falkenhausen, concerning the contado's boundaries, have been followed here; Jean-Marie Martin, 'Troia et son territoire au XI siècle', Vetera Christianorum, 27 (Università degli studi di Bari, 1990), 176-86.
51. Naval Intelligence Division, Italy Volume I, B.R.517 Geographical handbook series (1944), 364-84.
52. John Bradford and R. Williams-Hunt, 'Siticulosa Apulia', Antiquity, 80 (1946), 191, n. 1, where the quotation of Horace is taken from Epodes, III, 16.
53. Troia nos 25, 26, 113.
54. Troia no. 88.
55. S.Lorenzo: Troia no. 36
56. Fabrica: Troia no. 99
57. Castiglione: Colonie Cass, 110-11 no. 39
58. Foggia: Le Cartulaire de S.Matteo di Sculgola, ed. Martin, 499-502 no. 284.
59. Colonie Cass. 45-6 no. 1, 73-4 no. 17
60. Troia nos. 16, 88.
61. Martin, Pouille, 102-3.
62. Martin, Foggia, 9-12.
63. See Jean-Marie Martin, 'Settlement and the agrarian economy', The society of Norman Italy, ed. G. A. Loud and A. J. Metcalfe (Leiden, 2002), 42-3
64. and John Bradford, 'Buried landscapes in southern Italy', Antiquity, 90, vol.23 (1949), 58-72.
65. From Troia no. 1 which appears to be a later, somewhat questionable, copy of Syllabus Grecarum membranarum, ed. F. Trinchera (Napoli, 1865), doc: 18, but nevertheless based on likely conditions in the early eleventh century. See Martin, Vetera Christianorum, 27, 176-86 for discussion on the veracity of Troia's foundation charters.
66. Jean-Marie Martin, 'Le travail agricole: Rythmes, corvées, outillage', Terra e uomini nel mezzogiorno normanno-svevo. Atti delle settime giornate normanno-svevo. Bari 1985 (Bari, 1987), 139-40.
67. Bradford, Antiquity, 90, 58-72
68. John Bradford, 'The Apulian expedition; an interim report', Antiquity, 93, vol. 24 (1950), 84-95.
69. Martin, Foggia, 29-38.
70. St. Mennas: Colonie Cass 45-48 nos. 1-2
71. Montaratro: Troia nos. 16, 27
72. S. Lorenzo: Troia no. 28. 31, 33, 34.
73. Le pergamene di S.Nicola di Bari. Periodo normanno (1075-1194), ed. F. Nitti, Codice diplomatico Barese V (Bari, 1902, reprint, 1968), no. 14
74. Troia nos. 28, 35, 48.
75. See the various works of Pierre Toubert especially: Les structures du Latium medieval
76. 'Pour une histoire de l'environment économique et social du Mont-Cassin (IXe-XIIe siècles)', Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris, 1976), 689-702
77. 'Le terre et les hommes dans l'Italie normande au temps de Roger II: l'example campanien', Società, potere e popolo nell'età di Ruggero II. Atti delle IIIe giornate normanno-svevi, Centro di Studi normanno-svevi, Bari 1977 (Bari, 1979), 55-71 [both articles are reprinted in Pierre Toubert, Histoire du Haut Moyen Age et de l'Italie médiévale (London, 1987)]
78. see also Chris Wickham, Il problema dell'incastellamento nell'Italia centrale: L'esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno, Studi sull società degli Appennini nell'alto medioevo. II. (Florence, 1985), 5-94.
79. Montaratro: Troia nos. 16, 27
80. S.Lorenzo: Troia nos. 28
81. Fabrica: Troia no. 35, Annales Cavenses, ed. G. H. Pertz, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores iii (Hanover, 1839), 191.
82. Ripalonga: Chronicon Sanctae Sophiae, ed. Martin, x.vi.10, 705-7
83. Castiglione: Colonie Cass. 69-71 no. 15, 91-2 no. 26
84. Abrancaterra: Troia no. 80 Italia Pontifica, ed. F. Kehr (10 vols., Berlin 1905-74)
85. vol.ix: Samnium-Apulia-Lucania, ed. W. Holtzmann (1963), 208 no. 22.
86. Troia nos. 73, 82.
87. Troia no. 17.
88. Troia nos. 53, 55.
89. Recueil des actes des ducs Normands d'Italie [1046-1127]: I., Les premiers ducs (1046-1087), ed. Léon-Robert Ménager (Bari, 1980), 128 no. 40 (III).
90. Troia nos. 33, 34.
91. Troia no. 36.
92. Colonie Cass. 99-100, no. 31.
93. Pierre Toubert, 'Paysages ruraux et techniques de production en Italie méridionale dans le seconde moitié du XIIe siècle', Potere, società e popolo nell'età die due Guglielmi. Atti delle IVe giornate normanno-svevi, Centro di studi normanno-svevo, Bari 1979 (Bari, 1981), pp, 205-6, 217 [also reprinted in Toubert, Histoire du haut moyen age et de l'Italie médiévale].
94. Troia nos. 79, 146, 156
95. Colonie Cass. 74-6, no.18.
96. Troia nos. 67, 94.
97. Troia no. 86.
98. Troia no. 99.
99. Troia nos. 153-5.
100. Montevergine, vol. 11, 76-9 no. 1022.
101. Troia no. 22.
102. Bradford, Antiquity, 93, 84-95
103. Troia nos. 66, 86
104. Colonie Cass. 89-91 no.25
105. Montevergine, vol. 10, 81-4, no. 924.
106. Troia no. 71.
107. Troia no. 99.
108. Troia no. 96.
109. Troia no. 139, 379.
110. Troia no. 94.
111. Martin, Pouille, 340.
112. Troia no. 11.
113. Troia nos. 46, 65.
114. Troia nos. 17, 20, 25, 26, 53, 81, 99, 113.
115. Troia nos. 33; 96
116. see also Martin, Terra e uomini. Bari 1985, 118.
117. Troia nos. 17, 53, 55, 99, 113.
118. Troia nos. 17, 28, see also 50, 102.
119. Troia nos. 67, 94.
120. Troia nos. 17, 53, 55, 67, 94, 99, 113.
121. Troia no. 80.
122. Montevergine, vol. 11, 223-4 no. 1061.
123. Troia no. 98
124. Montevergine, vol. 7, 296-8 no. 684.
125. Colonie Cass. 99-100, no. 31.
126. The romanatum was a nominal solidus of account, composed of thirty pence, see Martin, Pouille, 458-60.
127. Troia no. 94.
128. Troia no. 50, clause 33.
129. See G. A. Loud, 'The monastic economy in the Principality of Salerno during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Papers of the British School at Rome, vol. lxxi (2003) 155-9
130. Toubert, Società, potere e popolo nell'età di Ruggero II, 66.
131. L. Feller, Les abruzzes médiévales - territoire, économie et société en Italie centrale du IX au XII siècle (Rome, 1998), part II, chapters VII, XI
132. see also Martin, Terra e uomini. Bari 1985, 147-51.
133. Troia no. 90.
134. Troia no. 96.
135. Montevergine, vol. 11, 78 no. 1022.
136. Regesto di S.Leonardo di Siponto, ed. F. Camobreco, Regesta chartarum Italiae 10 (Rome, 1913), 111-12, no. 173.
137. Troia nos. 73, 92, 94.
138. Catalogus Baronum, ed. Jamison, 71 art. 400.
139. Jamison, PBSR vi, 428, Cal. no. 31.
140. Colonie Cass. 93-95 no. 28 and for the rest of the dispute see 93 no. 27, 96-9 no. 30
141. Jamison, PBSR vi, 428, Cal. no. 31.
142. Colonie Cass. 99-100 no. 31.
143. Martin, Pouille, 756-62.
144. Troia no. 75.
145. Codice diplomatico Normanno di Aversa, ed. Alfonso Gallo (Napoli, 1926), 210-11 no. 113, 233-4 no. 125.
146. Troia no. 82.
147. G.A. Loud, 'A Lombard abbey in a Norman world: St Sophia, Benevento, 1050-1200', Anglo-Norman Studies 19. Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1996, ed. C. Harper-Bill (Woodbridge, 1997), 291.
148. Al. Tel., Bk. II. 49, p.47.
149. Troia nos. 46, 98.
150. Jean-Marie Martin & Ghislaine Noyé, La Capitanata nella storia del mezzogiorno medioevale, Societa di storia per la Puglia; studi e ricerche IX (Bari 1991) 255-256
151. Colonie Cass. 99-100 no. 31
152. Troia, introduction, 41-60.
153. Chronicon Casuriense, sive Historia Monasterii Casauriensis, ed. L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, ii (2) (Milan, 1726), col. 903.
154. Troia no. 139, 380-1.
155. Codice diplomatico Normanno di Aversa, ed. Gallo, 270-2, no. 143.
156. Troia no. 41.
157. Troia nos. 7, 75.
158. C. G. Mor, 'La difesa militare della Capitanata ed i confine della regione al principio de secolo XI', Papers of the British School at Rome xxiv, new series xi (1956) ed. Philip Grierson and John Ward-Perkins, 29-36.
159. Martin, Vetera Christianorum, 186
160. Troia nos. 18, 50.
161. Troia no. 57
162. Montevergine, vol. 9, 134, 840, vol. 11, 76, 1022.
163. Regesto di S.Leonardo di Siponto, ed. Camobreco, 99-100 no. 157, 111-12 no. 173
164. Troia no. 152
165. see also Martin, Foggia, 47-53.
166. Jean-Marie Martin, 'Foggia, Lucera', Itinerari e centri urbani nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo. Atti delle decime giornate normanno-sveve. Bari 1991 (Bari 1993), 351.
167. For example, Colonie Cass. 106-7 no. 36.
168. Troia no. 89.
169. Troia no. 139.
170. Documenti tratti dai registri Vaticani (da Innocenzo III a Nicola IV) (Documenti Vaticani relativi alla Puglia I), ed. D. Vendola (Trani, 1940), 49-55 no. 53.
171. See above n. 106.
172. Troia nos. 114, 115.
173. Francesco Calasso, 'Le città nell' Italia meridionale dal secolo IX al XI', Atti del 3rd Congresso internazionale di studi sull alto medioevo [14-18 ottobre 1956] (Spoleto, 1959), 243. Calasso F.
174. See above n. 117.
175. For which, John Bradford, 'The ancient city of Arpi in Apulia', Antiquity, 121, vol. 31 (1957), 167-9.
176. Troia nos. 130, 131.
177. Troia nos. 135, 140, 144.
178. Carabellese, L'Apulia ed il suo commune, 442.
179. John Julius Norwich, The Normans in Sicily (London, 1992)
180. Donald Matthew, The Norman kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992)
181. Hubert Houben, Roger II of Sicily; a ruler between east and west (Cambridge, 2002).
182. Jamison, PBSR vi, 432-3, Cal. no. 37.