Small boroughs and the manorial economy: Enterprise zones or urban failures?

Past and Present

Volumn 210, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 3-31

  Goddard, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 79251520996     PISSN: 00312746     EISSN: 1477464X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtq058     Document Type: Article

References (179)

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75. Roberts, Making of the English Village, 38.
76. For a recent discussion of this point, see D. M. Palliser, 'Town and Village Formation in Medieval England', in D. M. Palliser (ed.), Towns and Local Communities in Medieval and Early Modern England (Aldershot, 2006), 1-24.
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78. For the most authoritative work on this topic, see Lewis, Mitchell-Fox and Dyer, Village, Hamlet and Field, 103-10.
79. Roberts, Making of the English Village, 40.
80. For Eydon's agricultural credentials, see D. Hall, The Open Fields of Northamptonshire (Northamptonshire Record Soc., 38, 1996), 42.
81. C. C. Fenwick (ed.), The Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379 and 1381, Brit. Acad. Records of Soc. and Econ. Hist., xxvii (1998), vol. 2, 215.
82. Lewis, Mitchell-Fox and Dyer, Village, Hamlet and Field, 50-1.
83. WRO CR 1886/2373.
84. Roberts, Making of the English Village, 40.
85. Beresford and Finberg, Handlist, 26-9.
86. Laughton, Jones and Dyer, 'Urban Hierarchy in the Later Middle Ages', 334.
87. M. Hemmeon, Burgage Tenure in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1914), 5.
88. Dyer, Making a Living, 121-33.
89. Stuart M. Butler, 'Enterprise Zones: Pioneering in the Inner City', Economic Development Tools (1981), 25-41.
90. Peter Hall, 'The British Enterprise Zones', in Roy E. Green (ed.), Enterprise Zones: New Directions in Economic Development (Newbury Park, CA, 1991), 179-98.
91. Robert T. Greenbaumand John B. Engberg, 'The Impact of State Enterprise Zones on Urban Manufacturing Establishments', Jl Policy Analysis and Management, xxiii (2004), 315-39.
92. Goddard, Coventry, 68, 75-6.
93. David Postles, 'Customary Carrying Services', Jl Transport Hist., v (1984), 1-15.
94. P. Schofield, Peasant and Community in Medieval England (Basingstoke, 2003), 30-1.
95. E. Miller and J. Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 1086-1348 (Longman, 1978), 45.
96. C. Dyer, Standards of Living in the Later Middle Ages: Social Change in England c.1200-1520 (Cambridge, 1989), 208.
97. D. J. Keene, A Survey of Medieval Winchester, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1985), 53, 64, 370-1, 395, 400-1.
98. Hilton, English and French Towns, 39.
99. Beresford, New Towns of the Middle Ages, 443.
100. C. Dyer, 'Small-town Conflict in the Later Middle Ages: Events at Shipston-on-Stour', Urban Hist., xix (1992), 193.
101. For manorial courts in general, see P. R. Hyams, 'What did Edwardian Villagers Understand by "law"?', in Razi and Smith, Medieval Society and the Manor Court, 69-102.
102. For borough courts, see Hilton, 'Small Town Society', 22.
103. For the borough courts of Broadway and Thornbury, see VCH, Worcestershire, iv, 38-9.
104. Hilton, Medieval Society, 193.
105. Hilton, 'Low-level Urbanisation', 493.
106. Hilton, 'Small Town Society', 19-40.
107. Razi, Halesowen, 5-9.
108. Hilton, 'Low-level Urbanisation', 482-517.
109. Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change, 77.
110. Goddard, Coventry, 68-72.
111. Goddard, Coventry, 89.
112. P. Coss (ed.), The Early Records of Medieval Coventry (Records of Soc. and Econ. Hist., xi, 1986), 118, 120.
113. King Richard had given the manor to his brother John in 1198. It was valued at that time at £20. The charters (or later copies) relating to the manor are found in the Warwick Castle archive, WROCR270. This charter was confirmed in 1226/27(WRO CR 271).
114. For the Seagrave family inWarwickshire, see P. Coss, Lordship, Knighthood and Society (Cambridge, 1991), 93-102.
115. The date is 28 August 1220. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum (London, 1833), i, 428.
116. A market was re-granted in 1227, stating that the market was to be held on a Tuesday. Cal. of Charter Rolls, 1226-57, 3.
117. The charter was re-confirmed in 1228 and 1230, see Cal. of Charter Rolls, 1226-57, 85, 112.
118. WRO CR 272.
119. See, for example, T. Slater, 'Town-founding on the Estates of the Benedictine Order', in F.-E. Eliassen and G. A. Ersland (eds.), Power, Profit and Urban Land (Aldershot, 1996), 72.
120. E. M. Carus-Wilson, 'The First Half Century of the Borough of Stratford-upon-Avon', Econ. Hist. Rev., xviii (1965), 54.
121. Hilton, Class Conflict, 94-5.
122. WRO CR 1886/2373.
123. v-255.
124. Goddard, Coventry, 110-11.
125. Newton, Thaxted, 22, 59.
126. B. Harvey, Westminster Abbey and its Estates (Oxford, 1977), 344-5.
127. T. John (ed.), The Warwickshire Hundred Rolls of 1279-80 (Records of Soc. and Econ. Hist., xix, 1992), 184-6.
128. WRO CR 1886/2373.
129. Hilton, 'Small Town Society', 23.
130. Bruce M. S. Campbell, 'The Agrarian Problem in the Early Fourteenth Century', Past and Present, no. 188 (2005), 49, 61.
131. For other examples, see John, Geoffrey and William Venator. WRO CR 1886/2373.
132. John Langdon, 'Lordship and Peasant Consumerism in the Milling Industry of Early Fourteenth-Century England', Past and Present, no. 145 (1994), 3-46.
133. Campbell, 'Agrarian Problem', 47.
134. John Langdon, Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation: The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming from 1066-1500 (Cambridge, 1986), 253-5, 283-4.
135. Matthew Tomkins, 'Individualism, Community and Lordship: The Peasant Demesne Lessees of Great Horwood, 1320-1610', in Richard Goddard, John Langdon and Miriam Müller (eds.), Survival and Discord in Medieval Society (Turnhout, 2010) 165-8.
136. Dyer, Making a Living, 123-32.
137. The manor was surveyed in 1313 and 1325. In 1325, the king's officials located only eight burgesses, the meagre market tolls were valued at 33d., court perquisites at 3s. with an oven worth 13s. 3d. WROCR 1886/2373 (1313)WRO CR 2374 (1325); Cal. of Inquisitions Post Mortem, vi, 699.
138. For the similar experiences of some other small towns at this time, see J. Hatcher, Plague, Population and the English Economy, 1248-1530 (London, 1977), 31-5.
139. A. Dyer, Decline and Growth in English Towns, 1400-1640 (London, 1991), 39.
140. Newton, Thaxted, 27.
141. Dyer, 'Shipston-on-Stour', 199.
142. Fenwick, Poll Taxes, 661.
143. Stratford Record Office (hereafter SRO)DR31 ff. 314/1, SRO DR 98/622, 624-6, 630-1, 633.
144. A. Beardwood (ed.), The Statute Merchant Roll of Coventry, 1392-1416 (Dugdale Society Publications, xvii, 1939), 19.
145. Fenwick, Poll Taxes, 661.
146. C. Dyer, 'Taxation and Communities in Late Medieval England', in R. Britnell and J. Hatcher (eds.), Progress and Problems in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1996), 174.
147. WRO CR 1886/263.
148. WRO CR 1886/263.
149. WRO CR 1886/1936.
150. They held large areas (32 virgates) of arable land. The mean holding is 3.2 virgates; the median is 3.
151. See, for example, J. Hatcher, 'The Great Slump of the Fifteenth Century', in Britnell and Hatcher, Progress and Problems in Medieval England, 237-72.
152. Dyer, Decline and Growth in English Towns, 25-33.
153. For a more positive take on the fifteenth century, see C. Dyer, An Age of Transition? Economy and Society in England in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 2005), 126-72.
154. C. Dyer, Warwickshire Farming 1349-c.1520: Preparations for Agricultural Revolution (Dugdale Society Occasional Papers, 27, 1981), 9-12.
155. C. Carpenter, Locality and Polity: A Study of Warwickshire Landed Society, 1401-1499 (Cambridge, 1992), 23.
156. T. Hearne (ed.), John Rous: Historia regum Angliæ (Oxford, 1745), 122-3.
157. R. Bearman (ed.), Compton Verney: A History of the House and its Owners (Stratford-upon-Avon, 2000).
158. Dyer, Warwickshire Farming, 27.
159. Dyer, WarwickshireFarming, 17.
160. VCH, Warwickshire, vol. 5, 106, 177.
161. Carpenter, Locality and Polity, 124.
162. Carpenter, Locality and Polity, 128-30. Gentry freeholders acquiring large tracts of demesne land was common in the fifteenth century.
163. See, for example, R. Lomas, 'A Priory and its Tenants', in R. Britnell (ed.), Daily Life in the Late Middle Ages (Stroud, 1998), 112-13.
164. For an excellent discussion of farmers, see Dyer, Age of Transition, 194-210.
165. Dyer, Making a Living, 332-6.
166. Dyer, Standards of Living, 57-8.
167. Dyer, Age of Transition, 179.
168. WRO CR 1886/1936.
169. VCH, Oxfordshire, x, 27, 145.
170. R. I. Jack (ed.), The Grey of Ruthin Valor of 1467-8 (Sydney, 1965), 67-8.
171. VCH, Worcestershire, iv, 38.
172. M. Morris, Medieval Manchester: A Regional Study. The Archaeology of Greater Manchester (Greater Manchester Archaeol. Unit, 1983), 40-1.
173. Tait, Medieval Manchester, 57-8, 71-2, 76-7.
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175. T. R. Slater, 'English Medieval New Towns with Composite Plans: Evidence from the Midlands', in T. R. Slater (ed.), The Built Form of Western Cities (Leicester, 1990), 60-82.
176. Slater, 'Town-founding on the Estates of the Benedictine Order', 70-92.
177. T. R. Slater, 'The Topography and Planning of Medieval Lichfield: A Critique', Trans. South Staffordshire Archaeol. and Hist. Soc., xxvi (1986), 11-35.
178. T. R. Slater, 'Benedictine Town Planning in Medieval England: The Evidence from St Albans', in T. R. Slater and G. Rosser (eds.), The Church in the Medieval Town (Aldershot, 1998), 154-76.
179. M. Aston and J. Bond, The Landscape of Towns (London, 1976), 25.