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Volumn 87, Issue 236, 2014, Pages 194-228

The impact of land accumulation and consolidation on population trends in the pre-industrial period: Two contrasting cases in the Low Countries

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EID: 84899408946     PISSN: 09503471     EISSN: 14682281     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2281.12050     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

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    • Het social-economische leven tot circa 1000
    • Original view in, ", in, ed. D. Blok, W. Prevenier and D. Roorda (Haarlem), Studies revising this position include
    • Original view in, A. Verhulst, and, R. de Bock-Doehaerd, ' Het social-economische leven tot circa 1000 ', in Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, ed., D. Blok, W. Prevenier, and, D. Roorda, (Haarlem, 1981), pp. 183-215. Studies revising this position include
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    • La diversité du régime domanial entre Loire et Rhin à l'époque carolingienne'
    • The diversity of manors near the Rhine is discussed in, ', in, ed. W. Janssen and D. Lohrmann (Munich), Curtes and 'type dispersé' granges are addressed in
    • The diversity of manors near the Rhine is discussed in, A. Verhulst, ' La diversité du régime domanial entre Loire et Rhin à l'époque carolingienne', in Villa, Curtis, Grangia: Landwirtschaft zwischen Loire und Rhein von der Romerzeit zum Hochmittelalter, ed., W. Janssen, and, D. Lohrmann, (Munich, 1983), pp. 133-138. Curtes and 'type dispersé' granges are addressed in
    • (1983) Villa, Curtis, Grangia: Landwirtschaft Zwischen Loire und Rhein von der Romerzeit Zum Hochmittelalter , pp. 133-138
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    • Les granges de Clairvaux et la règle Cistercienne
    • in, at p. 265.
    • R. Fossier, ' Les granges de Clairvaux et la règle Cistercienne ', in Citeaux in de Nederlanden, vi (1955), 259-266, at p. 265.
    • (1955) Citeaux in de Nederlanden , vol.6 , pp. 259-266
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    • Siedlung und Landschaft im östlichen Rhein-Maas-Delta
    • J. Renes, and, G. van de Ven, ' Siedlung und Landschaft im östlichen Rhein-Maas-Delta ', Siedlungsforschung, vii (1989), 173-179
    • (1989) Siedlungsforschung , vol.7 , pp. 173-179
    • Renes, J.1    Van De Ven, G.2
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    • Dorpen in het rivierengebied: Speurtocht naar planning
    • J. Harten, ' Dorpen in het rivierengebied: speurtocht naar planning ', Nederlandse Geografische Studies, lxviii (1988), 155-176.
    • (1988) Nederlandse Geografische Studies , vol.68 , pp. 155-176
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    • Oude nederzettingsvormen in de Bommelerwaard
    • in, ed. H. Berendsen (Amsterdam), at 73-5.
    • J. Harten, ' Oude nederzettingsvormen in de Bommelerwaard ', in Het landschap van de Bommelerwaard, ed., H. Berendsen, (Amsterdam, 1986), pp. 267-290, at pp. 73-5.
    • (1986) Het Landschap Van de Bommelerwaard , pp. 267-290
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    • Some Spalding priory vagabonds of the 1260s
    • They were also present even earlier, for example in Wallonia
    • E. Jones, ' Some Spalding priory vagabonds of the 1260s ', Hist. Research, lxxiii (2000), 93-104. They were also present even earlier, for example in Wallonia
    • (2000) Hist. Research , vol.73 , pp. 93-104
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    • Dagelijkse heerlijkheden in de Bommeler- en Tielerwaard tot omstreeks het midden van de zeventiende eeuw
    • at p. 3.
    • J. Kuys, ' Dagelijkse heerlijkheden in de Bommeler- en Tielerwaard tot omstreeks het midden van de zeventiende eeuw ', Bijdragen en Mededelingen Vereniging Gelre, lxx (1978/9), 1-35, at p. 3.
    • (1978) Bijdragen en Mededelingen Vereniging Gelre , vol.70 , pp. 1-35
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    • The ineffectiveness of lordship in England, 1200-1400
    • C. Dyer, ' The ineffectiveness of lordship in England, 1200-1400 ', Past & Present, cxcv (2007), 69-86
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    • A crisis of feudalism?
    • R. Hilton, ' A crisis of feudalism? ', Past & Present, lxxx (1978), 3-19
    • (1978) Past & Present , vol.80 , pp. 3-19
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    • Crisis: From the middle ages to modern times
    • in, i (Cambridge)
    • L. Genicot, ' Crisis: from the middle ages to modern times ', in Cambridge Economic History of Europe, i (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 703-721.
    • (1966) Cambridge Economic History of Europe , pp. 703-721
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    • 2% of land was common, 2% unknown.
    • 2% of land was common, 2% unknown.
  • 115
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    • 1% of land was common.
    • 1% of land was common.
  • 116
    • 84899460660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1% of land was common.
    • 1% of land was common.
  • 117
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    • The organisation and rise of land and lease markets in northwestern Europe and Italy, c.1000-1800
    • On this issue, see, "
    • On this issue, see, B. van Bavel, ' The organisation and rise of land and lease markets in northwestern Europe and Italy, c.1000-1800 ', Continuity & Change, xxiii (2008), 13-53
    • (2008) Continuity & Change , vol.23 , pp. 13-53
    • Van Bavel, B.1
  • 118
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    • The emergence and growth of short-term leasing in the Netherlands and other parts of northwestern Europe (11th-17th centuries): A chronology and a tentative investigation into its causes
    • in, ed. B. van Bavel and P. Schofield (Turnhout)
    • ' The emergence and growth of short-term leasing in the Netherlands and other parts of northwestern Europe (11th-17th centuries): a chronology and a tentative investigation into its causes ', in The Development of Leasehold in Northwestern Europe c.1200-1600, ed., B. van Bavel, and, P. Schofield, (Turnhout, 2008), pp. 179-213.
    • The Development of Leasehold in Northwestern Europe c.1200-1600 , vol.2008 , pp. 179-213
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    • The priory of Durham and its demesnes in the 14th and 15th centuries
    • In contrast to parts of late medieval England, for example, where peasants purchased or leased demesnes of manorial lords with declining fortunes (see, ", at 341, 345
    • In contrast to parts of late medieval England, for example, where peasants purchased or leased demesnes of manorial lords with declining fortunes (see, R. Lomas, ' The priory of Durham and its demesnes in the 14th and 15th centuries ', Econ. Hist. Rev., xxxi (1978), 339-353, at pp. 341, 345
    • (1978) Econ. Hist. Rev , vol.31 , pp. 339-353
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    • The farming out of manors: A new look at the evidence from Canterbury cathedral priory
    • M. Mate, ' The farming out of manors: a new look at the evidence from Canterbury cathedral priory ', Jour. Medieval Hist., ix (1983), 331-344
    • (1983) Jour. Medieval Hist , vol.9 , pp. 331-344
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    • Who were farming the English demesnes at the end of the middle ages?
    • F. Du Boulay, ' Who were farming the English demesnes at the end of the middle ages? ', Econ. Hist. Rev., xvii (1964-5), 443-455).
    • (1964) Econ. Hist. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 443-455
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    • Land, lease and agriculture: The transition of the rural economy in the Dutch river area from the 14th to the 16th century
    • at 29-30.
    • B. van Bavel, ' Land, lease and agriculture: the transition of the rural economy in the Dutch river area from the 14th to the 16th century ', Past & Present, clxxii (2001), 3-43, at pp. 29-30.
    • (2001) Past & Present , vol.172 , pp. 3-43
    • Van Bavel, B.1
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    • Pachtboek, pachtcontract, legger, pachtrekening-courant en rekening: Typologie en interpretatie van de laat-middeleeuwse bronnensoorten met betrekking tot de verpachting van grondbezit
    • For the possibilities and limitations of this source, see, ", in, ed. J. Smit, D. den Boer and J. Marsilje (The Hague)
    • For the possibilities and limitations of this source, see, B. van Bavel, ' Pachtboek, pachtcontract, legger, pachtrekening-courant en rekening: typologie en interpretatie van de laat-middeleeuwse bronnensoorten met betrekking tot de verpachting van grondbezit ', in Vander rekeninghe: bijdragen aan het symposium, ed., J. Smit, D. den Boer, and, J. Marsilje, (The Hague, 1998), pp. 99-110.
    • (1998) Vander Rekeninghe: Bijdragen Aan Het Symposium , pp. 99-110
    • Van Bavel, B.1
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    • Van Bavel, p. 29.
    • Van Bavel, p. 29.
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    • For public auctions in the river area, see, (Nijmegen), For public auctions in the Land van Culemborg, see
    • For public auctions in the river area, see, J. Kuys, De ambtman in het kwartier van Nijmegen (ca. 1250-1543) (Nijmegen, 1987), pp. 164-169. For public auctions in the Land van Culemborg, see
    • (1987) De Ambtman in Het Kwartier Van Nijmegen (Ca. 1250-1543) , pp. 164-169
    • Kuys, J.1
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    • Nijmegen
    • ed. F. Cerutti, p. For public auctions in the general Rhineland, see
    • Hoofdstukken uit de Nederlandse rechtsgeschiedenis, ed., F. Cerutti, (Nijmegen, 1972), p. 192. For public auctions in the general Rhineland, see
    • (1972) Hoofdstukken Uit de Nederlandse Rechtsgeschiedenis , pp. 192
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    • De overdracht van onroerend goed in de middeleeuwen
    • at 27-9
    • P. Nève, ' De overdracht van onroerend goed in de middeleeuwen ', Ars Notariatus, xxxii (1985), 23-37, at pp. 27-9
    • (1985) Ars Notariatus , vol.32 , pp. 23-37
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    • Rijsen Ooijen, een historische boerderij in de Tielerwaard
    • in (Arnheim), at p. 30.
    • E. van Olst, ' Rijsen Ooijen, een historische boerderij in de Tielerwaard ', in Stichting Historisch Boerderij-Onderzoek; Jaarverslag 1987 (Arnheim, 1988), 28-53, at p. 30.
    • (1988) Stichting Historisch Boerderij-Onderzoek; Jaarverslag 1987 , pp. 28-53
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    • On the rearrangement of the layout of large farms (formed on Marienweerd's land), see for the Haag Spijk (Buurmalsen), Gelders Archief Arnhem (hereafter G.E.L.A.), AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos 5v-6r, no. 69, fo. 3, no. 73, fo. 177, no. 74, fos. 133-4, no. 171. For Treeft (Buurmalsen), see G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fo. 6r, no. 69;, ed. J. de Fremery (The Hague), no. G.E.L.A., AMtB 1, 0283, no. 9. For Ganshoevel (Marienweerdse Veld), see de Fremery, nos. 49, 51, 347; G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos. 2, 6r, no. 73, no. 38; G.E.L.A., Oud Archief Tiel, 0001, nos. 852-7. For De Woerd (Marienweerdse Veld), see de Fremery, no. 349; G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos. 1r-8r, no. 38. For Dijstelcamp (Marienweerdse Veld), see G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fo. 3v, no. 73.
    • On the rearrangement of the layout of large farms (formed on Marienweerd's land), see for the Haag Spijk (Buurmalsen), Gelders Archief Arnhem (hereafter G.E.L.A.), AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos 5v-6r, no. 69, fo. 3, no. 73, fo. 177, no. 74, fos. 133-4, no. 171. For Treeft (Buurmalsen), see G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fo. 6r, no. 69; Cartularium der abdij Marienweerd, ed., J. de Fremery, (The Hague, 1890), no. 363; G.E.L.A., AMtB 1, 0283, no. 9. For Ganshoevel (Marienweerdse Veld), see de Fremery, nos. 49, 51, 347; G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos. 2, 6r, no. 73, no. 38; G.E.L.A., Oud Archief Tiel, 0001, nos. 852-7. For De Woerd (Marienweerdse Veld), see de Fremery, no. 349; G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fos. 1r-8r, no. 38. For Dijstelcamp (Marienweerdse Veld), see G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 1170, no. 68, fo. 3v, no. 73.
    • (1890) Cartularium der Abdij Marienweerd , pp. 363
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    • Large estates and small holdings: Lords and peasants in the Netherlands during the late middle ages and early modern times'
    • As seen elsewhere in the Low Countries, in, ', in, ed. P. Gunst and T. Hoffmann (Budapest), at 194-5
    • As seen elsewhere in the Low Countries, in, A. van der Woude, ' Large estates and small holdings: lords and peasants in the Netherlands during the late middle ages and early modern times', in Grand domaine et petites exploitations en Europe au moyen âge et dans le temps modernes, ed., P. Gunst, and, T. Hoffmann, (Budapest, 1982), pp. 193-207, at pp. 194-5
    • (1982) Grand Domaine et Petites Exploitations en Europe Au Moyen Âge et dans le Temps Modernes , pp. 193-207
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    • Rural wage labour in the 16th-century Low Countries: An assessment of the importance and nature of wage labour in the countryside of Holland, Guelders and Flanders
    • ' Rural wage labour in the 16th-century Low Countries: an assessment of the importance and nature of wage labour in the countryside of Holland, Guelders and Flanders ', Continuity & Change, xxi (2006), 503-532.
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    • p. G.E.L.A., Abdij Marienweerd te Beesd 2, 1170, no. 67, no. 116, fos. 35-6.
    • Van Bavel, Transitie, p. 575; G.E.L.A., Abdij Marienweerd te Beesd 2, 1170, no. 67, no. 116, fos. 35-6.
    • Transitie , pp. 575
    • Van Bavel1
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    • Verdwenen dorpen
    • For an excellent list of drowned settlements, see, "
    • For an excellent list of drowned settlements, see, O. Knottnerus, ' Verdwenen dorpen ', Groninger Kerken, xxviii (2011), 3-8.
    • (2011) Groninger Kerken , vol.28 , pp. 3-8
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    • Sporen van verdronken dorpen en verlaten Cistercienser kloosters, Dollardgebieden (Groningen)
    • H. Halbertsma, ' Sporen van verdronken dorpen en verlaten Cistercienser kloosters, Dollardgebieden (Groningen) ', Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, iii (1952), 18-20
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    • De opgravingen op het kerkhof van het verdronken dorp Scheemda
    • J. Molema, ' De opgravingen op het kerkhof van het verdronken dorp Scheemda ', Palaeohistoria, xxxii (1990), 247-270.
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    • Grondgebruik en agrarische bedrijfsstructuur in het Oldambt na de vroegste inpolderingen (ca. 1630-ca. 1720)
    • On this process, see, ", in, ed. J. Elerie and P. Hoppenbrouwers (Groningen)
    • On this process, see, P. Hoppenbrouwers, ' Grondgebruik en agrarische bedrijfsstructuur in het Oldambt na de vroegste inpolderingen (ca. 1630-ca. 1720) ', in Het Oldambt, ii: Nieuw visies op geschiedenis en actuel problemen, ed., J. Elerie, and, P. Hoppenbrouwers, (Groningen, 1991), pp. 73-95.
    • (1991) Het Oldambt, Ii: Nieuw Visies Op Geschiedenis en Actuel Problemen , pp. 73-95
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    • 287. On the Gini index, 0 is a society with a totally equal distribution of resources, while 1 is a society with resources entirely in the hands of one interest group.
    • Curtis, ' Pre-industrial societies ', pp. 221, 287. On the Gini index, 0 is a society with a totally equal distribution of resources, while 1 is a society with resources entirely in the hands of one interest group.
    • Pre-industrial Societies , pp. 221
    • Curtis1
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    • Florence and its hinterlands in the late middle ages: Contrasting fortunes in the Tuscan countryside, 1300-1500
    • at p. 483.
    • D. Curtis, ' Florence and its hinterlands in the late middle ages: contrasting fortunes in the Tuscan countryside, 1300-1500 ', Jour. Medieval Hist., xxxviii (2012), 472-499, at p. 483.
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    • Een reis door Friesland, Drente, en Groningen in het jaar 1845
    • at p. 22
    • D. de Roo van Alderwerelt, ' Een reis door Friesland, Drente, en Groningen in het jaar 1845 ', De Vrije Fries, xlviii (1968), 5-29, at p. 22
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    • Hier werd ons oog verrukt. Het oordeel van vreemdelingen over de Groninger boer in de negentiende eeuw
    • I. Botke, ' Hier werd ons oog verrukt. Het oordeel van vreemdelingen over de Groninger boer in de negentiende eeuw ', Stad en Lande: Cultuur-Historisch Tijdschrift voor Groningen, iv (1995), 13-19.
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    • K had nooit in mijn stoutste dromen eenigzins gedacht": De wording van een nieuwe plattelandselite
    • in 5, ed. (Leeuwarden)
    • '" K had nooit in mijn stoutste dromen eenigzins gedacht": de wording van een nieuwe plattelandselite ', in De Groninger boer: de wording van een nieuwe plattelandselite 1775-187 5, ed., I. Botke, and, H. Maring, (Leeuwarden, 1999), pp. 5-60
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    • Provinciaal, maar niet zonder smaak. Schilders, ververs, glazenmakers en de Groninger boerenwoning in de eerste helft van de negentiende eeuw: Een verkenning
    • I. Botke, ' Provinciaal, maar niet zonder smaak. Schilders, ververs, glazenmakers en de Groninger boerenwoning in de eerste helft van de negentiende eeuw: een verkenning ', Veenkoloniale Volksalmanak. Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van de Groninger Veenkolonien, viii (1996), 9-37
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    • Van de boer hangt alles of: De Groninger landbouwer in eigen en andermans ogen, 1800-1900
    • in, ed. P. Boekholt and others (Groningen)
    • ' Van de boer hangt alles of: de Groninger landbouwer in eigen en andermans ogen, 1800-1900 ', in Rondom de reductie: vierhonderd jaar provincie Groningen 1594-1994, ed., P. Boekholt, and others (Groningen, 1994), pp. 287-308
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    • The verpondingen do not give all the explicit occupational or social categories of landowners. This information had to be extracted from cross-referencing a number of works (G.A., 'Lijst van gezagsdragers vermeld in het Regeringsboek afkomstig uit het Gemeente-archief Groningen, 1594-ca. 1811' <> [accessed 20 June 2013]
    • The verpondingen do not give all the explicit occupational or social categories of landowners. This information had to be extracted from cross-referencing a number of works (G.A., 'Lijst van gezagsdragers vermeld in het Regeringsboek afkomstig uit het Gemeente-archief Groningen, 1594-ca. 1811' < http://files.archieven.nl/5/f/1700/1700-16.pdf > [accessed 20 June 2013]
  • 170
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    • Comprising Hunsingo, Fivelingo and the N.-W. Kwartier (other areas of Groningen) from the 'grastallen' of 1755, found in, p.
    • Comprising Hunsingo, Fivelingo and the N.-W. Kwartier (other areas of Groningen) from the 'grastallen' of 1755, found in, Paping, Voor een handvol stuivers, p. 184.
    • Voor Een Handvol Stuivers , pp. 184
    • Paping1
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    • 7% in the hands of provincial or 'Ommelanden' administration.
    • 7% in the hands of provincial or 'Ommelanden' administration.
  • 172
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    • 23% in the hands of provincial or 'Ommelanden' administration.
    • 23% in the hands of provincial or 'Ommelanden' administration.
  • 173
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    • De Groningse verpondingsregisters
    • at p. 331.
    • R. Paping, ' De Groningse verpondingsregisters ', Broncommentaren, iv (1985), 310-339, at p. 331.
    • (1985) Broncommentaren , vol.4 , pp. 310-339
    • Paping, R.1
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    • See the map in G.A., Kaartenverzameling, no. 1307.
    • See the map in G.A., Kaartenverzameling, no. 1307.
  • 176
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    • G.A., Kaartenverzameling, nos. 990-1.
    • G.A., Kaartenverzameling, nos. 990-1.
  • 177
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    • G.A., Losse stukken register Feith, meest charters, 1246-1864, 2241, nos. 353, 371, 456, 467, 499, 535, 668, 766, 776, 854, 880, 903, 909, 936-7, 944, 957, 1017, 1019-20, 1029.
    • G.A., Losse stukken register Feith, meest charters, 1246-1864, 2241, nos. 353, 371, 456, 467, 499, 535, 668, 766, 776, 854, 880, 903, 909, 936-7, 944, 957, 1017, 1019-20, 1029.
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    • Culture and society in the Frisian and German North Sea coastal marshes (1500-1800)
    • in, ed. S. Ciriacono (Paris), at p. 144.
    • O. Knottnerus, ' Culture and society in the Frisian and German North Sea coastal marshes (1500-1800) ', in Eau et développement dans l'Europe moderne, ed., S. Ciriacono, (Paris, 2004), pp. 139-154, at p. 144.
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    • Graven bij Stootshorn: De verbinding tussen Groningen en het Oldambt gedurende de oorlogsjaren 1580-1594
    • in, ed. G. Collenteur and others (Groningen), at p. 100.
    • J. van den Broek, ' Graven bij Stootshorn: de verbinding tussen Groningen en het Oldambt gedurende de oorlogsjaren 1580-1594 ', in Stad en regio, ed., G. Collenteur, and others (Groningen, 2010), pp. 99-113, at p. 100.
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    • in, ed. M. Duijvendak and H. Feenstra (Zwolle), The transport networks in the Oldambt were improved substantially in the course of the 19th century (see
    • M. Schroor, and, O. Knottnerus, ' De opstand 1568-96 ', in Geschiedenis van Groningen, ii, ed., M. Duijvendak, and, H. Feenstra, (Zwolle, 2008), pp. 136-137. The transport networks in the Oldambt were improved substantially in the course of the 19th century (see
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    • Rulers and repertoires: The revolt of a farmers' republic in the early modern Netherlands'
    • in, ed. M. Hanagan, L. Page Morch and W. te Brake (Minneapolis, Minn.), at p. 202.
    • M. 't Hart, ' Rulers and repertoires: the revolt of a farmers' republic in the early modern Netherlands', in Challenging Authority: the Historical Study of Contentious Politics, ed., M. Hanagan, L. Page Morch, and, W. te Brake, (Minneapolis, Minn., 1998), pp. 197-212, at p. 202.
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    • On invoking historical precedents from Hapsburg rule, see
    • Dijkstra, pp. 56-58. On invoking historical precedents from Hapsburg rule, see
    • Dijkstra , pp. 56-58
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    • Geschiedkundig berigt van de vorenstaande oud-Oldambster en Reiderlandsche landregten van 1471 en 1327
    • H. Feith, ' Geschiedkundig berigt van de vorenstaande oud-Oldambster en Reiderlandsche landregten van 1471 en 1327 ', Pro Excolendo Jure Patrio, vi (1846), 745-767.
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    • Groningen van stadstaat tot stad van het noorden
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    • Collenteur and Others , pp. 45
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    • Een vlucht voorwaarts: Bespiegelingen rond de economisch-geografische politiek van het stadsbestuur van Groningen in het begin van de 17 de eeuw
    • in (Groningen), For urban influence on the development of this region, see
    • M. Schroor, ' Een vlucht voorwaarts: bespiegelingen rond de economisch-geografische politiek van het stadsbestuur van Groningen in het begin van de 17 de eeuw ', in Historisch Jaarboek Groningen (Groningen, 2003), pp. 37-58. For urban influence on the development of this region, see
    • (2003) Historisch Jaarboek Groningen , pp. 37-58
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    • Op fiscaal kompas; Een bijdrage tot de economische geschiedenis van het gewest Groningen in de 17e en 18e eeuw, met toespitsing op de dorpen in de huidige gemeente Stedum
    • See also, ", in (Groningen), at p. 231.
    • See also, I. Matthey, ' Op fiscaal kompas; een bijdrage tot de
    • (1975) Westeremden; Het Verleden Van Een Gronings Terpdorp , pp. 195-360
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    • G.A., Losse stukken register Feith, meest charters, 1246-1864, 2241, no. 307;, (Groningen), p. v; G.A., Archief Veenkantoor, no. 384.
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    • See also, Hurenkamp, p. 45.
    • See also, Hurenkamp, p. 45.
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    • G.A., Losse stukken register Feith, meest charters, 1246-1864, 2241, nos. 582, 1151.
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    • Yeoman and farmers in the Wadden Sea coastal marshes, c.1500-1900
    • in, ed. B. van Bavel and P. Hoppenbrouwers (Turnhout), at 180-1.
    • O. Knottnerus, ' Yeoman and farmers in the Wadden Sea coastal marshes, c.1500-1900 ', in Landholding and Land Transfer in the North Sea Area (Late Middle Ages-19th Century), ed., B. van Bavel, and, P. Hoppenbrouwers, (Turnhout, 2004), pp. 149-186, at pp. 180-1.
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    • De economische ontwikkeling van de landbouw in het Oldambt in de negentiende eeuw
    • p. 102. For the arable-pastoral ratio in 1661, see G.A., Ommelander Archief, no. 1058.
    • P. Priester, ' De economische ontwikkeling van de landbouw in het Oldambt in de negentiende eeuw ', in Elerie and Hoppenbrouwers, pp. 95-104, at p. 102. For the arable-pastoral ratio in 1661, see G.A., Ommelander Archief, no. 1058.
    • Elerie and Hoppenbrouwers , pp. 95-104
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    • Niederdeutsche Chroniken aus dem XV. Jahrhundert
    • With particular reference to the river area, see ", ed. A. Meister, at p. 51. This was also the case for nearby Xanthen along the Rhine
    • With particular reference to the river area, see ' Niederdeutsche Chroniken aus dem XV. Jahrhundert ', ed., A. Meister, Annalen des Historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, lxx (1901), 43-64, at p. 51. This was also the case for nearby Xanthen along the Rhine
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    • Although it was not as severely afflicted as other parts of Groningen (see, ', in, ed. E. Hinrichs and H. van Zon (Aurich), at p. 25).
    • Although it was not as severely afflicted as other parts of Groningen (see, P. Hoppenbrouwers, ' Demographische Entwicklung und Besitzverhä ltnisse im Wold-Oldambt (Provinz Groningen) (ca. 1630-1730). Die Quellen und ihre Probleme', in Bevölkerungsgeschichte im Vergleich: Studien zu den Niederlanden und Nordwestdeutschland, ed., E. Hinrichs, and, H. van Zon, (Aurich, 1988), pp. 9-26, at p. 25).
    • (1988) Bevölkerungsgeschichte im Vergleich: Studien zu Den Niederlanden und Nordwestdeutschland , pp. 9-26
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    • Land kanaan aan de Noordzee: Een vergeten hoofdstuk
    • at p. 44
    • O. Knottnerus, ' Land kanaan aan de Noordzee: een vergeten hoofdstuk ', in Elerie and Hoppenbrouwers, pp. 25-72, at p. 44.
    • Elerie and Hoppenbrouwers , pp. 25-72
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    • at p. 159.
    • R. Paping, ' Family strategies concerning migration and occupations of children in a market-orientated agricultural economy ', Hist. of the Family, ix (2004), 159-191, at p. 159.
    • (2004) Hist. of the Family , vol.9 , pp. 159-191
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    • M. Wintle, ' Push-factors in emigration: the case of the province of Zeeland in the 19th-century ', Population Stud., xlvi (1992), 523-537, at pp. 525-6
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    • The rural succession myth: Occupational careers and household formation of peasants' and farmers' offspring around 1800
    • E. Karel, and, R. Paping, ' The rural succession myth: occupational careers and household formation of peasants' and farmers' offspring around 1800 ', Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis, iv (2011), 44-75
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    • R. van Schaïk, ' Taxation, public finances and the state-making process in the late middle ages: the case of the duchy of Guelders ', Jour. Medieval Hist., xix (1993), 251-271, at p. 263.
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    • Schakels tussen abdij en stad: De stadshoven van de norbertijner abdijen in de Nederlanden (ca. 1250-ca. 1600)
    • See, e.g., G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 0170, no. 106.
    • B. van Bavel, ' Schakels tussen abdij en stad: de stadshoven van de norbertijner abdijen in de Nederlanden (ca. 1250-ca. 1600) ', Analecta Praemonstratensia, lxxvi (2000), 133-157. See, e.g., G.E.L.A., AMtB 2, 0170, no. 106.
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    • Arable productivity in Flanders and the former territory of Belgium in a long-term perspective (from the middle ages to the end of the ancien régime)
    • Although some caution must be taken with using tithes to measure agricultural productivity and land under cultivation (see, ", in, ed. B. van Bavel and E. Thoen (Turnhout), at p. 33
    • Although some caution must be taken with using tithes to measure agricultural productivity and land under cultivation (see, G. Dejongh, and, E. Thoen, ' Arable productivity in Flanders and the former territory of Belgium in a long-term perspective (from the middle ages to the end of the ancien régime) ', in Land Productivity and Agro-systems in the North Sea Area (Middle Ages-20th Century): Elements for Comparison, ed., B. van Bavel, and, E. Thoen, (Turnhout, 1999), pp. 30-64, at p. 33
    • (1999) Land Productivity and Agro-systems in the North Sea Area (Middle Ages-20th Century): Elements for Comparison , pp. 30-64
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    • B. Dodds, ' Estimating arable output using Durham priory tithe receipts, 1341-1450 ', Econ. Hist. Rev., lvii (2004), 245-285, at pp. 254-7.
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    • at 349-50. On the development of specifically horse-fairs from the late 14th century onwards in the river area, see
    • J. den Hoed, ' Beschouwingen rond de Culemborgse stadsrechtbrief van 1318 ', Spiegel der Historie, iii (1968), 346-353, at pp. 349-50. On the development of specifically horse-fairs from the late 14th century onwards in the river area, see
    • (1968) Spiegel der Historie , vol.3 , pp. 346-353
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    • See G.E.L.A., Waardenburg, no. 584; Nassause Domeinen, no. 148, fo. 231r; G.E.L.A., ORA Deil, no. 1089, fo. 141v. Many of these decoys were found in the lower-lying marshes such as the area of Beesd known as 'Over de Graaf', some belonging to hereditary leasers of the convent of Mary Magdalene at Wijk bij Duurstede (see Regionaal Archief Rivierenland Tiel, Archief Dijkstoel Beesd, 1552-1838, Verpondingen over Beesd 1690, no. 26).
    • See G.E.L.A., Waardenburg, no. 584; Nassause Domeinen, no. 148, fo. 231r; G.E.L.A., ORA Deil, no. 1089, fo. 141v. Many of these decoys were found in the lower-lying marshes such as the area of Beesd known as 'Over de Graaf', some belonging to hereditary leasers of the convent of Mary Magdalene at Wijk bij Duurstede (see Regionaal Archief Rivierenland Tiel, Archief Dijkstoel Beesd, 1552-1838, Verpondingen over Beesd 1690, no. 26).
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    • De ontwikkeling van de landbouw in Groningen gedurende de achtiende en de negentiende eeuw
    • J. Harten, ' De ontwikkeling van de landbouw in Groningen gedurende de achtiende en de negentiende eeuw ', Tijdschrift Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, lxxxiii (1966), 346-357
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    • in, ed. W. Formsma and others (Groningen), at p. 512
    • J. van Poel, ' De landbouw na 1800 ', in Historie van Groningen: stad en land, ed., W. Formsma, and others (Groningen, 1976), pp. 507-530, at p. 512
    • (1976) Historie Van Groningen: Stad en Land , pp. 507-530
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    • Dorpen in Groningen
    • On labourer housing (in contrast to the grand farmhouses of the farmers), see, "
    • On labourer housing (in contrast to the grand farmhouses of the farmers), see, J. de Boer, ' Dorpen in Groningen ', Noorderbreedte, xii (1988), 145-151
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    • (Groningen), p. Schuurman, 'Tussen "beschaving" en "verwildering"', p. 117.
    • E. Hofstee, Het Oldambt. Een sociografie, i: vormende krachten (Groningen, 1937), p. 222; Schuurman, 'Tussen "beschaving" en "verwildering"', p. 117.
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    • in (Haarlem), at p. 606.
    • I. van den Bosch, ' Natuur- en geneeskundige verhandeling van de oorzaken, voorbehoeding en geneezing, uit de natuurlijke gesteldheid van het vaderland voortvloeijende ', in Verhandelingen, uitgegeeven door de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Weetenschappen te Haarlem (Haarlem, 1778), pp. 591-610, at p. 606.
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    • Wanderarbeiter auf der andere Seite der Grenze
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    • De nijverheid op het Groninger platteland 1800-1860. Bedrijfsstructuur en loonontwikkeling
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    • R. Paping, ' De nijverheid op het Groninger platteland 1800-1860. Bedrijfsstructuur en loonontwikkeling ', Economisch- en Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek, liv (1991), 80-116, at pp. 99, 113
    • (1991) Economisch- En Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek , vol.54 , pp. 80-116
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    • De Oldambster landbouwer en zijn bedrijf voor 60 jaar en thans
    • G. de Jager, ' De Oldambster landbouwer en zijn bedrijf voor 60 jaar en thans ', Groningen, Cultureel Maandblad, x (1927), pp. 70-73.
    • (1927) Groningen, Cultureel Maandblad , vol.10 , pp. 70-73
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    • B. van Bavel, ' Proto-industrie tussen de Gelderse rivieren? Een eerste verkenning naar de niet-agrarische, marktgerichte activiteiten op het platteland van het Gelderse rivierengebied, 1300-1600 ', Bijdragen en Mededelingen Vereniging Gelre, xciii (2002), 55-78.
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    • P. van Dam, ' Sinking peat bogs: environmental change in Holland, 1350-1550 ', Environmental Hist., vi (2001), 32-45. On the non-agricultural opportunities in late medieval Holland, see
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    • J. L. van Zanden, ' Taking the measure of the early modern economy: historical national accounts for Holland in 1510/14 ', European Rev. Econ. Hist., vi (2002), 131-163, at pp. 135-9
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    • The rise of intensive husbandry in the Low Countries
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    • The consequences of the potato disease in the Netherlands, 1845-60: A regional approach
    • The importance of the potato to Groningen is discussed in, ", in, ed. C. O'Grada, R. Paping and E. Vanhaute (Turnhout), esp. 152, 154.
    • The importance of the potato to Groningen is discussed in, R. Paping, and, V. Tassenaar, ' The consequences of the potato disease in the Netherlands, 1845-60: a regional approach ', in When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the 'Last' European Subsistence Crisis, ed., C. O'Grada, R. Paping, and, E. Vanhaute, (Turnhout, 2007), pp. 149-184, esp. pp. 152, 154.
    • (2007) When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the 'Last' European Subsistence Crisis , pp. 149-184
    • Paping, R.1    Tassenaar, V.2
  • 272
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    • De aardappelziekte in Nederland in 1845 en volgende jaren
    • See also F. Terlouw, ' De aardappelziekte in Nederland in 1845 en volgende jaren ', Economisch- en Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek, xxxiv (1971), 263-308
    • (1971) Economisch- En Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek , vol.34 , pp. 263-308
    • Terlouw, S.A.F.1
  • 273
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    • The potato blight in the Netherlands and its social consequences, 1845-7
    • M. Bergman, ' The potato blight in the Netherlands and its social consequences, 1845-7 ', International Rev. Social Hist., xii (1967), 390-431.
    • (1967) International Rev. Social Hist. , vol.12 , pp. 390-431
    • Bergman, M.1
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    • Het broodoproer in Groningen in 1847
    • For revolts, see, "
    • For revolts, see, D. Gout, ' Het broodoproer in Groningen in 1847 ', Groningse Volksalmanak (1976/7), pp. 63-84.
    • (1976) Groningse Volksalmanak , pp. 63-84
    • Gout, D.1
  • 278
    • 84899428169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G.A., Gewestelijke Besturen in Groningen, 1798-1814 (1815), 3, nos. 855-6, 1642-4, 1898-9, 1901.
    • G.A., Gewestelijke Besturen in Groningen, 1798-1814 (1815), 3, nos. 855-6, 1642-4, 1898-9, 1901.
  • 282
    • 84899407364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G.A., Coöperatieve strokartonfabriek 'De Toekomst', 1899-1971, 388, nos. 160, 166. See also the wage books of the 'Reiderland' cardboard factory in G.A., Coöperatieve strokartonfabriek 'Reiderland', 1913-88, 2045, no. 122; and see the numerous labourers employed in other factories, e.g. G.A., W.A. Scholten NV, ca. 1840-ca. 1965, 1100, nos. 56, 106, 110, 171, 176, 190, 199, 203, 206, 208.
    • G.A., Coöperatieve strokartonfabriek 'De Toekomst', 1899-1971, 388, nos. 160, 166. See also the wage books of the 'Reiderland' cardboard factory in G.A., Coöperatieve strokartonfabriek 'Reiderland', 1913-88, 2045, no. 122; and see the numerous labourers employed in other factories, e.g. G.A., W.A. Scholten NV, ca. 1840-ca. 1965, 1100, nos. 56, 106, 110, 171, 176, 190, 199, 203, 206, 208.
  • 283
    • 84899436109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G.A., W.A. Scholten NV, ca. 1840-ca. 1965, 1100, nos. 215-16.
    • G.A., W.A. Scholten NV, ca. 1840-ca. 1965, 1100, nos. 215-16.
  • 286
    • 84899463247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voerman, p. 49.
    • Voerman, p. 49.
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    • Modest growth and capital drain in an advanced economy: The case of Dutch agriculture in the 19th century
    • at p. 27.
    • M. Wintle, ' Modest growth and capital drain in an advanced economy: the case of Dutch agriculture in the 19th century ', Agricultural Hist. Rev., xxxix (1991), 17-29, at p. 27.
    • (1991) Agricultural Hist. Rev. , vol.39 , pp. 17-29
    • Wintle, M.1
  • 288
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    • The use and management of commons in the Netherlands: An overview
    • The area of the Low Countries where common land was important is shown in, ", in, ed. (Turnhout)
    • The area of the Low Countries where common land was important is shown in, P. Hoppenbrouwers, ' The use and management of commons in the Netherlands: an overview ', in The Management of Common Land in North West Europe, c.1500-1850, ed., M. De Moor, L. Shaw-Taylor, and, P. Warde, (Turnhout, 2002), pp. 88-112.
    • (2002) The Management of Common Land in North West Europe, c.1500-1850 , pp. 88-112
    • Hoppenbrouwers, P.1    De Moor, M.2    Shaw-Taylor, L.3    Warde, P.4
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    • 84899434272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference to small pieces of common land are still found in the western Betuwe, however, even as late as the 17th century, e.g. G.E.L.A., Familie Pieck, 0480, no. 46.
    • Reference to small pieces of common land are still found in the western Betuwe, however, even as late as the 17th century, e.g. G.E.L.A., Familie Pieck, 0480, no. 46.
  • 290
  • 291
    • 84899429429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the map at Erichem in R.A.R., Oud Archief Buren, 0692, no. 743. Some inhabitants got permission to build on the commons (see no. 747).
    • See the map at Erichem in R.A.R., Oud Archief Buren, 0692, no. 743. Some inhabitants got permission to build on the commons (see no. 747).
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    • 84899425765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R.A.R., Oud Archief Buren, 0692, no. 746.
    • R.A.R., Oud Archief Buren, 0692, no. 746.
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    • 84899449365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.g., in Midwolda numerous cash and food payments were made in the late 18th century to widows, while one Hindrick Jurriens in the same parish received a large yearly payment for keeping his mother in-house (see G.A., Archief Nederlands Hervormde Gemeente Midwolda, no. 5).
    • E.g., in Midwolda numerous cash and food payments were made in the late 18th century to widows, while one Hindrick Jurriens in the same parish received a large yearly payment for keeping his mother in-house (see G.A., Archief Nederlands Hervormde Gemeente Midwolda, no. 5).
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    • Het platteland in het Noordwesten met de nadruk op de occupatie circa 1000-1300
    • esp. 73-8.
    • H. van der Linden, ' Het platteland in het Noordwesten met de nadruk op de occupatie circa 1000-1300 ', Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, ii (1982), 48-82, esp. pp. 73-8.
    • (1982) Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden , vol.2 , pp. 48-82
    • Van Der Linden, H.1
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    • Population and land'; B. van Bavel and J. L. van Zanden, 'The jump start of the Holland economy during the late-medieval crisis, c.1350-c.1500
    • For population movements in the Holland peat lands, see, "
    • For population movements in the Holland peat lands, see, van Bavel, ' Population and land'; B. van Bavel and J. L. van Zanden, 'The jump start of the Holland economy during the late-medieval crisis, c.1350-c.1500 ', Econ. Hist. Rev., lvii (2004), 503-524.
    • (2004) Econ. Hist. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 503-524
    • Van Bavel1
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    • Gelderland van 1543-66
    • in, ed. P. Meij and others (Zutphen)
    • W. Alberts, ' Gelderland van 1543-66 ', in Geschiedenis van Gelderland, 1492-1795, ed., P. Meij, and others (Zutphen, 1975), pp. 79-96.
    • (1975) Geschiedenis Van Gelderland, 1492-1795 , pp. 79-96
    • Alberts, W.1
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    • Dutch economic growth in comparative-historical perspective, 1500-2000
    • See, e.g., "
    • See, e.g., J. de Vries, ' Dutch economic growth in comparative-historical perspective, 1500-2000 ', De Economist, cxlviii (2000), 443-467
    • (2000) De Economist , vol.148 , pp. 443-467
    • De Vries, J.1
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    • On the early Dutch modernization, see de Vries and van der Woude. On early Dutch urbanization, see, p. On the slow 19th-century industrialization, see
    • On the early Dutch modernization, see de Vries and van der Woude. On early Dutch urbanization, see, J. de Vries, European Urbanization (1984), p. 65. On the slow 19th-century industrialization, see
    • (1984) European Urbanization , pp. 65
    • De Vries, J.1
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    • Capital, labour, and the delay of the industrial revolution in the Netherlands
    • J. Mokyr, ' Capital, labour, and the delay of the industrial revolution in the Netherlands ', Economisch- en Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek, xxxviii (1975), 280-299
    • (1975) Economisch- En Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek , vol.38 , pp. 280-299
    • Mokyr, J.1
  • 311
    • 84899453257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Markets for land, labor, and capital in northern Italy and the Low Countries, 12th to 17th centuries
    • B. van Bavel, ' Markets for land, labor, and capital in northern Italy and the Low Countries, 12th to 17th centuries ', Jour. Interdisciplinary Hist., xli (2011), 13-53.
    • (2011) Jour. Interdisciplinary Hist. , vol.41 , pp. 13-53
    • Van Bavel, B.1
  • 312
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    • Also the thesis of Van Bavel and Van Zanden.
    • Also the thesis of Van Bavel and Van Zanden.
  • 313
    • 84899431033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Curtis and Campopiano.
    • Curtis and Campopiano.


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