Continuity and change in Norman Italy: The Campania during the eleventh and twelfth centuries

Journal of Medieval History

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 313-343

  Loud, G A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL STUDY; INCASTELLAMENTO; MEDIEVAL; NORMAN CONQUEST; SETTLEMENT PATTERN; SOCIAL CHANGE;

ITALY, CAMPANIA;

EID: 0030390063     PISSN: 03044181     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4181(96)00021-8     Document Type: Article

References (294)

1. See especially L. R. Ménager, 'Pesanteur et étiologie de la colonisation Normande de l'Italie', in: Roberto il Guiscardo e il suo tempo. Retazioni e communicazioni nelle prime giornate normanno-sveve (Bari maggio 1973) (Rome, 1975), 189-215; N. Kamp, 'Vescovi e diocesi nel passagio dalla dominazione bizantina allo stato normanno', in: Forma di potere e struttura sociale in Italia nel medioevo, ed. G. Rossetti (Bologna, 1977), 379-97; and G. A. Loud, 'How "Norman" was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?', Nottingham Medieval Studies, 25 (1981), 3-34.
2. See especially L. R. Ménager, 'Pesanteur et étiologie de la colonisation Normande de l'Italie', in: Roberto il Guiscardo e il suo tempo. Retazioni e communicazioni nelle prime giornate normanno-sveve (Bari maggio 1973) (Rome, 1975), 189-215; N. Kamp, 'Vescovi e diocesi nel passagio dalla dominazione bizantina allo stato normanno', in: Forma di potere e struttura sociale in Italia nel medioevo, ed. G. Rossetti (Bologna, 1977), 379-97; and G. A. Loud, 'How "Norman" was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?', Nottingham Medieval Studies, 25 (1981), 3-34.
3. See especially L. R. Ménager, 'Pesanteur et étiologie de la colonisation Normande de l'Italie', in: Roberto il Guiscardo e il suo tempo. Retazioni e communicazioni nelle prime giornate normanno-sveve (Bari maggio 1973) (Rome, 1975), 189-215; N. Kamp, 'Vescovi e diocesi nel passagio dalla dominazione bizantina allo stato normanno', in: Forma di potere e struttura sociale in Italia nel medioevo, ed. G. Rossetti (Bologna, 1977), 379-97; and G. A. Loud, 'How "Norman" was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?', Nottingham Medieval Studies, 25 (1981), 3-34.
4. Storia de' Normanni di Amato di Montecassino, ed. V. de Bartholomaeis (FSI, Rome 1935) [henceforth Amatus], lib. I, caps. 18-19; 19-24.
5. H. Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen in Süditalien', Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 49 (1969), 95-144. For more sceptical, although not entirely convincing, views, E. Joranson, 'The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy', Speculum, 23 (1948), 353-96, and J. France, 'The Coming of the Normans to Italy', Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 185-205, especially 193-5.
6. H. Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen in Süditalien', Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 49 (1969), 95-144. For more sceptical, although not entirely convincing, views, E. Joranson, 'The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy', Speculum, 23 (1948), 353-96, and J. France, 'The Coming of the Normans to Italy', Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 185-205, especially 193-5.
7. H. Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen in Süditalien', Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 49 (1969), 95-144. For more sceptical, although not entirely convincing, views, E. Joranson, 'The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy', Speculum, 23 (1948), 353-96, and J. France, 'The Coming of the Normans to Italy', Journal of Medieval History, 17 (1991), 185-205, especially 193-5.
8. Il deüssent venir à la terre qui mene lat et miel et tant belles coses, Amatus I, cap. 19; 24.
9. This point would apply whether one accepts the identification of the author by A. Lentini, 'Ricerche biografiche su Amato di Montecassino', Benedictina, 9 (1955), 183-196, or that of E. Cuozzo, 'Amato di Montecassino e Amato di Nusco: una stessa persona?', Benedictina, 26 (1979), 323-48.
10. This point would apply whether one accepts the identification of the author by A. Lentini, 'Ricerche biografiche su Amato di Montecassino', Benedictina, 9 (1955), 183-196, or that of E. Cuozzo, 'Amato di Montecassino e Amato di Nusco: una stessa persona?', Benedictina, 26 (1979), 323-48.
11. Naturalis Historia, xviii, 111 [Natural History, vol. 5, ed. and trans. H. Rackham (London, 1940), 258-9]. Cf. G. Rickman, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (Oxford, 1980), 102, 'The fertility and good farming of Campania were legendary from the beginning to the end of antiquity'.
12. Naturalis Historia, xviii, 111 [Natural History, vol. 5, ed. and trans. H. Rackham (London, 1940), 258-9]. Cf. G. Rickman, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (Oxford, 1980), 102, 'The fertility and good farming of Campania were legendary from the beginning to the end of antiquity'.
13. Naturalis Historia, xviii, 111 [Natural History, vol. 5, ed. and trans. H. Rackham (London, 1940), 258-9]. Cf. G. Rickman, The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome (Oxford, 1980), 102, 'The fertility and good farming of Campania were legendary from the beginning to the end of antiquity'.
14. J. M. Martin, 'Le travail agricole: rythmes, corvées, outillage', in: Terra e uomini nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo. Atti delle settime giornate normanno-sveve, ed. G. Musca (Bari, 1987), 117-25.
15. Le Più antiche carte dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento (secoli VIII-XIII), ed. F. Bartoloni (Rome, 1950), 17-21, no. 6 (1039)
16. Guillaume de Pouille. La Geste de Robert Guiscard, ed. M. Mathieu (Palermo, 1961), lib, III, lines 470-2; 190.
17. Alexandrini Telesini Abbatis Ystoria Rogerii Regis Siciliae Calabriae atque Apulie, ed. L. de Nava (Rome, 1991) [henceforth Al. Tel.], lib. III, cap. 12; 66.
18. Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, ed. H. Hoffmann (MGH Scriptores XXXIV, Hannover, 1980) [henceforth Chron. Cas.], lib. II, cap. 37; 239.
19. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici, ed. G. Waitz (MGH in usum scholarum, Hannover, 1912), lib. I, cap. 25; 39, 42. MGH Diplomatum 9, ed. F. Hausmann (Vienna, 1969), 176-7, no. 99. For his eventual fate, La Historia o Liber de Regno Siciliae di Ugo Falcando, ed. G. B. Siragusa (Rome, 1897) [henceforth Falcandus], 22.
20. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici, ed. G. Waitz (MGH in usum scholarum, Hannover, 1912), lib. I, cap. 25; 39, 42. MGH Diplomatum 9, ed. F. Hausmann (Vienna, 1969), 176-7, no. 99. For his eventual fate, La Historia o Liber de Regno Siciliae di Ugo Falcando, ed. G. B. Siragusa (Rome, 1897) [henceforth Falcandus], 22.
21. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici, ed. G. Waitz (MGH in usum scholarum, Hannover, 1912), lib. I, cap. 25; 39, 42. MGH Diplomatum 9, ed. F. Hausmann (Vienna, 1969), 176-7, no. 99. For his eventual fate, La Historia o Liber de Regno Siciliae di Ugo Falcando, ed. G. B. Siragusa (Rome, 1897) [henceforth Falcandus], 22.
22. L. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, Miscellanea Cassinese 33-4 (Montecassino, 1968), vol. 1, 320. For the growth of population, G. A. Loud, Church and Society in the Norman Principality of Capua 1058-1197 (Oxford, 1985), 22-3, and more generally, J. M. Martin, 'L'évolution démographique de l'Italie méridionale du VIe au XIVe siècle', in: Demografia e società nell'Italia medievale, ed. R. Comba and I. Naso (Cuneo, 1994), 351-62, particularly 357-8.
23. L. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, Miscellanea Cassinese 33-4 (Montecassino, 1968), vol. 1, 320. For the growth of population, G. A. Loud, Church and Society in the Norman Principality of Capua 1058-1197 (Oxford, 1985), 22-3, and more generally, J. M. Martin, 'L'évolution démographique de l'Italie méridionale du VIe au XIVe siècle', in: Demografia e società nell'Italia medievale, ed. R. Comba and I. Naso (Cuneo, 1994), 351-62, particularly 357-8.
24. L. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, Miscellanea Cassinese 33-4 (Montecassino, 1968), vol. 1, 320. For the growth of population, G. A. Loud, Church and Society in the Norman Principality of Capua 1058-1197 (Oxford, 1985), 22-3, and more generally, J. M. Martin, 'L'évolution démographique de l'Italie méridionale du VIe au XIVe siècle', in: Demografia e società nell'Italia medievale, ed. R. Comba and I. Naso (Cuneo, 1994), 351-62, particularly 357-8.
25. Le Pergamene di Capua, ed. J. Mazzoleni, vol. 2, part 2 (Napoli, 1960), 30-1 no. 30. However, cf. P. Skinner, Family Power in Southern Italy. The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbours 850-1139 (Cambridge, 1995), 72-6, who suggests that in Gaeta and Amalfi ownership of mills was subdivided from an early date. But the reason she suggests for this, the limited number of suitable streams, hardly applied in Capua.
26. Le Pergamene di Capua, ed. J. Mazzoleni, vol. 2, part 2 (Napoli, 1960), 30-1 no. 30. However, cf. P. Skinner, Family Power in Southern Italy. The Duchy of Gaeta and its Neighbours 850-1139 (Cambridge, 1995), 72-6, who suggests that in Gaeta and Amalfi ownership of mills was subdivided from an early date. But the reason she suggests for this, the limited number of suitable streams, hardly applied in Capua.
27. Loud, Church and Society, 225-6.
28. Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, ed. M. Inguanez (Montecassino, 1925), 183-205, nos. 64-71. The purchase of a house in Capua in 1172 cost 100 tari, Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arca xxxiv.21 (presumably based on a calculation of several years' rentable value, ten/fifteen?), while the annual rent of a house in the Jewry of Salerno at the same period was 8 tari, Arca xxxiii.37. In 1112 Cava's overlordship of a church was recognised by an annual census of 4 tari, Arca xix.33.
29. Montecassino, Archivio dell'abbazia, Aula II Caps, cvii nos. 16 (1196), 8 (1211), 17 (1212), 19 (1243), 23 (1247), and the inventory of the property of this monastery made by Abbot Richard of Montecassino in 1257, no. 4. The charters of this section of the Montecassino archive are not filed in chronological order.
30. J. F. Guiraud, 'Le réseau de peuplement dens le duché de Gaète du Xe au XIIIe siècle', Mélanges de l'école francaise de Rome-Moyen-Age, Temps Modernes, 94 (1982), 498-501.
31. Chron. Cas. lib. II, cap. 3; 171-2. The monks had been in exile, at Teano and later Capua, since the sack of the abbey by Arab raiders in 883.
32. H. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, IXe-XIe siècle. Pouvoir et société en Italie lombarde méridionale (Rome, 1991), 414-9. But by the eleventh century the economy of the Principality of Salerno had developed, and the pressure of population was such that 1/3 to 1/5 of the grain crop was to be a more usual rent level than the 1/7 on the Cassinese lands, B. Andreotti, 'Contratti agrarii e transformazione delle ambiente', in: Uomo e ambiente nel Mezzogiorno normanno-sveve, Atti delle ottave giornate normanno-sveve. ottobre 1987, ed. G. Musca (Bari, 1989), 121-2.
33. H. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, IXe-XIe siècle. Pouvoir et société en Italie lombarde méridionale (Rome, 1991), 414-9. But by the eleventh century the economy of the Principality of Salerno had developed, and the pressure of population was such that 1/3 to 1/5 of the grain crop was to be a more usual rent level than the 1/7 on the Cassinese lands, B. Andreotti, 'Contratti agrarii e transformazione delle ambiente', in: Uomo e ambiente nel Mezzogiorno normanno-sveve, Atti delle ottave giornate normanno-sveve. ottobre 1987, ed. G. Musca (Bari, 1989), 121-2.
34. E. Gattula, Historia Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice, 1733), 293. See G. A. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', in: Archaeological Survey in the Lower Liri Valley. Central Italy under the direction of Edith Mary Wightman, ed. J. W. Hayes and I. P. Martini (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 595, Oxford, 1994), 56-7.
35. E. Gattula, Historia Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice, 1733), 293. See G. A. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', in: Archaeological Survey in the Lower Liri Valley. Central Italy under the direction of Edith Mary Wightman, ed. J. W. Hayes and I. P. Martini (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 595, Oxford, 1994), 56-7.
36. Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, ed. A. Gallo (Naples, 1927), 362, no. 32 records the woods of the Prince of Capua. Other examples, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 183-9, nos. 64-5 (1141, 1143).
37. Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, ed. A. Gallo (Naples, 1927), 362, no. 32 records the woods of the Prince of Capua. Other examples, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 183-9, nos. 64-5 (1141, 1143).
38. P. Toubert, 'Paysages ruraux et techniques de production en Italie méridionale dans la seconde moitié du XII siècle', in: Potere, società e popolo nell' età dei due Guglielmi. Atti delle quarte giomate normanno-sveve, ottobre 1979 (Bari, 1981), 208-12.
39. Among many examples, Codice diplomatico verginiano, ed. P. M. Tropeano, 10 vols (Montevergine, 1977-86), vol. 3, 117-20, no. 229 (1136), 337-40, no. 282 (1145), 399-402, no. 300 (1151); vol. 4, 3-6, no. 301 (1151), 122-9, nos. 333-4, (1155), 306-9, no. 382 (1159); vol. 10, 55-7, no. 916 (1193). Cf. M. A. Tallarico, 'L'Abbazia di Montevergine nell'età normanna: formazione e sviluppo di una potenza economica e politica', Samnium, 45 (1972), 219. According to a charter of Abbot Marinus of 1147, rents of half the chestnut crop were also customary at Cava, Cava, Arca xxvi.72.
40. Among many examples, Codice diplomatico verginiano, ed. P. M. Tropeano, 10 vols (Montevergine, 1977-86), vol. 3, 117-20, no. 229 (1136), 337-40, no. 282 (1145), 399-402, no. 300 (1151); vol. 4, 3-6, no. 301 (1151), 122-9, nos. 333-4, (1155), 306-9, no. 382 (1159); vol. 10, 55-7, no. 916 (1193). Cf. M. A. Tallarico, 'L'Abbazia di Montevergine nell'età normanna: formazione e sviluppo di una potenza economica e politica', Samnium, 45 (1972), 219. According to a charter of Abbot Marinus of 1147, rents of half the chestnut crop were also customary at Cava, Cava, Arca xxvi.72.
41. Cava, Arca xxxii.27.
42. Martin, 'Le travail agricole', 122.
43. Among other examples, Codice diplomatico del monastero benedettino di S. Maria di Tremiti 1005-1237, ed. A. Petrucci, 3 vols (Rome, 1960), vol. 2, 42-5, no. 13 (1032), 49-54, no. 15 (1034), 70-6, no. 22 (1038), 128-31, no. 40 (1049).
44. The classic study is P. Toubert, Les Structures du Latium médiéval: Le Latium méridionale et la Sabine du IXe siècle à la fin du XIIe siècle, 1 vols (Paris, 1973), vol. 1, 303-68.
45. See particularly the works of C. J. Wickham, II Problema dell'incastellamento nell'Italia centrale. L'Esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno (Florence, 1985), especially 24-52, and The Mountains and the City. The Tuscan Apennines in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988), especially 36-9, 289-306. B. Figliuolo, 'Morfologia dell'insediamento nell'Italia meridionale in età normanna', Studi storici, 1 (1991), 25-68.
46. See particularly the works of C. J. Wickham, II Problema dell'incastellamento nell'Italia centrale. L'Esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno (Florence, 1985), especially 24-52, and The Mountains and the City. The Tuscan Apennines in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988), especially 36-9, 289-306. B. Figliuolo, 'Morfologia dell'insediamento nell'Italia meridionale in età normanna', Studi storici, 1 (1991), 25-68.
47. See particularly the works of C. J. Wickham, II Problema dell'incastellamento nell'Italia centrale. L'Esempio di San Vincenzo al Volturno (Florence, 1985), especially 24-52, and The Mountains and the City. The Tuscan Apennines in the Early Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988), especially 36-9, 289-306. B. Figliuolo, 'Morfologia dell'insediamento nell'Italia meridionale in età normanna', Studi storici, 1 (1991), 25-68.
48. The chartulary has never been fully edited, but for a full guide to its contents, H. Hoffmann, 'Chronik und Urkunden in Montecassino', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 51 (1971), 93-204, at 96-163.
49. L. Tosti, Storia della badia di Montecassino, 3 vols. (Naples, 1842), vol. 1, 223-8.
50. Chron. Cas. lib. II, cap. 20; 204.
51. Chron. Cas. lib. II, cap. 73; 315.
52. MPL, vol. 143, 1305-7, no. 3, = Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 177-83, no. 63. Chron. Cas, lib. II, caps. 71-2; 309-10, 312. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 55-8, particularly 58.
53. MPL, vol. 143, 1305-7, no. 3, = Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 177-83, no. 63. Chron. Cas, lib. II, caps. 71-2; 309-10, 312. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 55-8, particularly 58.
54. MPL, vol. 143, 1305-7, no. 3, = Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 177-83, no. 63. Chron. Cas, lib. II, caps. 71-2; 309-10, 312. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 55-8, particularly 58.
55. MPL, vol. 143, 1305-7, no. 3, = Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 177-83, no. 63. Chron. Cas, lib. II, caps. 71-2; 309-10, 312. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 55-8, particularly 58.
56. Chron. Cas. lib. II, caps.70, 73; 308, 315.
57. Chron. Cas. lib. II, cap. 57; 77.
58. Chron. Cas. lib. III, cap. 16; 380. For detailed documentation, E. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historiam Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice, 1734), 164-5 (Mortola), 165-6 (Fratte), and 166-7 (Interamna). Cf. G. A. Loud, 'A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman Princes of Capua', Papers of the British School at Rome, 49 (1981), 120-2, nos. 5-6, 121
59. Chron. Cas. lib. III, cap. 16; 380. For detailed documentation, E. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historiam Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice, 1734), 164-5 (Mortola), 165-6 (Fratte), and 166-7 (Interamna). Cf. G. A. Loud, 'A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman Princes of Capua', Papers of the British School at Rome, 49 (1981), 120-2, nos. 5-6, 121
60. Chron. Cas. lib. III, cap. 16; 380. For detailed documentation, E. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historiam Abbatiae Casinensis (Venice, 1734), 164-5 (Mortola), 165-6 (Fratte), and 166-7 (Interamna). Cf. G. A. Loud, 'A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman Princes of Capua', Papers of the British School at Rome, 49 (1981), 120-2, nos. 5-6, 121
61. CAron. Cas. lib. IV, cap. 57; 521.
62. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 59. Guiraud, 'Le reseau de peuplement dans le duché de Gaète', 502-5. For the disputes see also Skinner, Family Power, 69-72, 149-52.
63. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 59. Guiraud, 'Le reseau de peuplement dans le duché de Gaète', 502-5. For the disputes see also Skinner, Family Power, 69-72, 149-52.
64. Loud, 'The Liri Valley in the Middle Ages', 59. Guiraud, 'Le reseau de peuplement dans le duché de Gaète', 502-5. For the disputes see also Skinner, Family Power, 69-72, 149-52.
65. Chron. Cas. lib. IV, cap. 29; 495.
66. Regesti Bernardi I Abbatis Casinensis Fragmenta, ed. A. M. Caplet (Città del Vaticano, 1890), 103-4, no. 241. Cf. Loud, 'The Liri Valley In the Middle Ages', 59-62, and also 121, 124, maps nos. 46 and 49.
67. Regesti Bernardi I Abbatis Casinensis Fragmenta, ed. A. M. Caplet (Città del Vaticano, 1890), 103-4, no. 241. Cf. Loud, 'The Liri Valley In the Middle Ages', 59-62, and also 121, 124, maps nos. 46 and 49.
68. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, 856-77.
69. Amatus lib. III, cap. 45; 161-2.
70. Figliuolo, 'Morfologia dell' insediamento nell'Italia meridionale', 44, 48-53. G. Vitolo, 'Da Apudmontem a Roccapiemonte. Il castrum come elemento di organizzazione territoriale', Rassegna storica salernitana, n.s. 6 (1986), 129-42. For an exchange of houses within the castella of Capaccio and Trentinara, Cava, Arca xix, 17 (1111). Later charters sometimes call Capaccio a civitas, e.g. Cava, Arca xxiii.21 (1132), which reflects that it became the seat of a bishop when the see of Paestum was relocated there.
71. Figliuolo, 'Morfologia dell' insediamento nell'Italia meridionale', 44, 48-53. G. Vitolo, 'Da Apudmontem a Roccapiemonte. Il castrum come elemento di organizzazione territoriale', Rassegna storica salernitana, n.s. 6 (1986), 129-42. For an exchange of houses within the castella of Capaccio and Trentinara, Cava, Arca xix, 17 (1111). Later charters sometimes call Capaccio a civitas, e.g. Cava, Arca xxiii.21 (1132), which reflects that it became the seat of a bishop when the see of Paestum was relocated there.
72. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 6, 80-6, no. 621, and for the legal dispute that resulted from this, vol. 6, 151-4, no. 640 (November 1178).
73. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 6, 80-6, no. 621, and for the legal dispute that resulted from this, vol. 6, 151-4, no. 640 (November 1178).
74. G. A. Loud, 'The Abbey of Cava, its Property and Benefactors in the Norman Era', in: Anglo-Norman Studies 9, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1986, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge 1987), 167-8. G. Vitolo, S. Pietro di Polla nei secoli XI-XV, Contributo alla storia d'insediamento nel Vallo di Diano (Salerno, 1980), 10-1.
75. G. A. Loud, 'The Abbey of Cava, its Property and Benefactors in the Norman Era', in: Anglo-Norman Studies 9, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1986, ed. R.A. Brown (Woodbridge 1987), 167-8. G. Vitolo, S. Pietro di Polla nei secoli XI-XV, Contributo alla storia d'insediamento nel Vallo di Diano (Salerno, 1980), 10-1.
76. Reg. Bernardi I Abbatis, 26-50, nos. 79-93 (1269-70), and Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia, Registrum II Bernardi Abbaus Reg. no. 6) (1273). Cf. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 218-45, and H. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1979), 211-6.
77. Reg. Bernardi I Abbatis, 26-50, nos. 79-93 (1269-70), and Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia, Registrum II Bernardi Abbaus (Reg. no. 6) (1273). Cf. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 218-45, and H. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1979), 211-6.
78. Reg. Bernardi I Abbatis, 26-50, nos. 79-93 (1269-70), and Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia, Registrum II Bernardi Abbaus (Reg. no. 6) (1273). Cf. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 218-45, and H. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1979), 211-6.
79. Reg. Bernardi I Abbatis, 26-50, nos. 79-93 (1269-70), and Montecassino, Archivio dell'Abbazia, Registrum II Bernardi Abbaus (Reg. no. 6) (1273). Cf. Fabiani, La Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 218-45, and H. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1979), 211-6.
80. P. Toubert, 'La terre et les hommes dans l'Italie normande au temps de Roger II: l'example Campanien', in: Società, potere e popolo nell età di Ruggero II, Atti delle terze giornate normanno-sveve, Bari ottobre 1977 (Bari, 1979), 55-71.
81. If one looks for parallels, then these come rather from Lazio and the Abruzzi, on the lands of abbeys such as Farfa and St Clement of Casauria. But even here the influence of incastellamento can be over-emphasised. Castella were relatively rare over much of the Abruzzi. See L. Feller, 'L"Incastellamento" inachevé des Abruzzes', in: Lo Scavo archeologico di Montarrenti e i problemi dell'incastellamento medievale. Esperienze e confronta, ed. R. Francovich and M. Milanese (Florence, 1990), 121-36.
82. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien, 65-7, Loud, Church and Society, 82-3, Skinner, Family Power, 187-90,
83. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien, 65-7, Loud, Church and Society, 82-3, Skinner, Family Power, 187-90,
84. Dormeier, Montecassino und die Laien, 65-7, Loud, Church and Society, 82-3, Skinner, Family Power, 187-90,
85. Chron. Cas. lib. IV, cap. 82; 546.
86. Chron. Cas. lib. III, caps. 26-9; 393-400; lib. IV, caps. 3, 8; 468-9, 471-2. For its economic policy, Fablani, Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 234-45.
87. Chron. Cas. lib. III, caps. 26-9; 393-400; lib. IV, caps. 3, 8; 468-9, 471-2. For its economic policy, Fablani, Terra di S. Benedetto, vol. 2, 234-45.
88. G. A. Loud, 'Churches and Churchmen in an Age of Conquest: Southern Italy, 1030-1130', The Haskins Society Journal, 4 (1992), 45-6. F. Scandone, 'Roccasecca, patria di S. Tommaso d'Aquino', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 1 (1956), 70-112.
89. G. A. Loud, 'Churches and Churchmen in an Age of Conquest: Southern Italy, 1030-1130', The Haskins Society Journal, 4 (1992), 45-6. F. Scandone, 'Roccasecca, patria di S. Tommaso d'Aquino', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 1 (1956), 70-112.
90. Amatus lib. VIII cap. 30; 371. The daughter of Landulf, olim lord of Policastro, was a nun at Salerno in 1136, Nuove pergamene del monastero femminile di S. Giorgio di Salerno, vol. 1, (993-1256), ed. M. Galante (Altavilla Silentina 1984), 24-5, no. 11.
91. Amatus lib. VIII cap. 30; 371. The daughter of Landulf, olim lord of Policastro, was a nun at Salerno in 1136, Nuove pergamene del monastero femminile di S. Giorgio di Salerno, vol. 1, (993-1256), ed. M. Galante (Altavilla Silentina 1984), 24-5, no. 11.
92. Giffoni: Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arm. Mag. C.29 (1092), C.32 (1092), D.9 (1096), D.13 (1097), E.10 (1109), E.43 (1115), F.28 (1124), Arca xxii. 4 (1125). Capaccio: Cava, Arm. Mag. C. 33 (1092), D.28 (1100), Arca xvii. 84 (1103), Arm. Mag. D.41 (1108), Arca xix.17 (1111), xix. 104 (1114), xx.52 (1116), xxi.11 (1118), xxiii.82 (1134), Arm. Mag. G.29 (1137), Arca xxiv.41 (1138). The marriage of Lampus of Fasanella is recorded in Arm. Mag. G. 14 (October 1134), and he was a justiciar by 1142, Arca xxxv.3. See E. Cuozzo, Catalogus Baronum, Commentario (FSI 1984) [henceforth Cuozzo, Commentario], 125-7, and Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 161-3, including a genealogical chart.
93. Giffoni: Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arm. Mag. C.29 (1092), C.32 (1092), D.9 (1096), D.13 (1097), E.10 (1109), E.43 (1115), F.28 (1124), Arca xxii. 4 (1125). Capaccio: Cava, Arm. Mag. C. 33 (1092), D.28 (1100), Arca xvii. 84 (1103), Arm. Mag. D.41 (1108), Arca xix.17 (1111), xix. 104 (1114), xx.52 (1116), xxi.11 (1118), xxiii.82 (1134), Arm. Mag. G.29 (1137), Arca xxiv.41 (1138). The marriage of Lampus of Fasanella is recorded in Arm. Mag. G. 14 (October 1134), and he was a justiciar by 1142, Arca xxxv.3. See E. Cuozzo, Catalogus Baronum, Commentario (FSI 1984) [henceforth Cuozzo, Commentario], 125-7, and Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 161-3, including a genealogical chart.
94. Giffoni: Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arm. Mag. C.29 (1092), C.32 (1092), D.9 (1096), D.13 (1097), E.10 (1109), E.43 (1115), F.28 (1124), Arca xxii. 4 (1125). Capaccio: Cava, Arm. Mag. C. 33 (1092), D.28 (1100), Arca xvii. 84 (1103), Arm. Mag. D.41 (1108), Arca xix.17 (1111), xix. 104 (1114), xx.52 (1116), xxi.11 (1118), xxiii.82 (1134), Arm. Mag. G.29 (1137), Arca xxiv.41 (1138). The marriage of Lampus of Fasanella is recorded in Arm. Mag. G. 14 (October 1134), and he was a justiciar by 1142, Arca xxxv.3. See E. Cuozzo, Catalogus Baronum, Commentario (FSI 1984) [henceforth Cuozzo, Commentario], 125-7, and Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 161-3, including a genealogical chart.
95. Giffoni: Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arm. Mag. C.29 (1092), C.32 (1092), D.9 (1096), D.13 (1097), E.10 (1109), E.43 (1115), F.28 (1124), Arca xxii. 4 (1125). Capaccio: Cava, Arm. Mag. C. 33 (1092), D.28 (1100), Arca xvii. 84 (1103), Arm. Mag. D.41 (1108), Arca xix.17 (1111), xix. 104 (1114), xx.52 (1116), xxi.11 (1118), xxiii.82 (1134), Arm. Mag. G.29 (1137), Arca xxiv.41 (1138). The marriage of Lampus of Fasanella is recorded in Arm. Mag. G. 14 (October 1134), and he was a justiciar by 1142, Arca xxxv.3. See E. Cuozzo, Catalogus Baronum, Commentario (FSI 1984) [henceforth Cuozzo, Commentario], 125-7, and Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 161-3, including a genealogical chart.
96. Giffoni: Archivio della badià della S. Trinità di Cava, Arm. Mag. C.29 (1092), C.32 (1092), D.9 (1096), D.13 (1097), E.10 (1109), E.43 (1115), F.28 (1124), Arca xxii. 4 (1125). Capaccio: Cava, Arm. Mag. C. 33 (1092), D.28 (1100), Arca xvii. 84 (1103), Arm. Mag. D.41 (1108), Arca xix.17 (1111), xix. 104 (1114), xx.52 (1116), xxi.11 (1118), xxiii.82 (1134), Arm. Mag. G.29 (1137), Arca xxiv.41 (1138). The marriage of Lampus of Fasanella is recorded in Arm. Mag. G. 14 (October 1134), and he was a justiciar by 1142, Arca xxxv.3. See E. Cuozzo, Catalogus Baronum, Commentario (FSI 1984) [henceforth Cuozzo, Commentario], 125-7, and Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 161-3, including a genealogical chart.
97. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.41, D.47.
98. Cava, Arm. Mag., G.12, L.17.
99. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Notarii Chronica, ed. C. A. Garufi, RIS, Ser. 2 (Bologna, 1935), 213.
100. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, 930-45.
101. De Rebus Gestis Rogerii, Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis, et Roberti Guiscardi Fratris eius, auctore Gaufredo Malaterra, ed. E. Pontieri, RIS, Ser. 2 (Bologna, 1927-8), lib. IV, cap. 24; 102.
102. Cava, Arm. Mag., E.34.
103. Cova, Arm. Mag., E.8, E.9 (1109), E.20, E.21 (1111), E.45 (1115), Regii Neapolitani Achivii Monumenta, 6 vols. (Naples, 1854-61), vol. 5, 373-5, no. 549 (1113), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 155-8, no. 57 (1117), 145-7, no. 52 (1118) [Loud, 'Calendar of the diplomas', 138-9, nos. 115-22].
104. Cova, Arm. Mag., E.8, E.9 (1109), E.20, E.21 (1111), E.45 (1115), Regii Neapolitani Achivii Monumenta, 6 vols. (Naples, 1854-61), vol. 5, 373-5, no. 549 (1113), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 155-8, no. 57 (1117), 145-7, no. 52 (1118) [Loud, 'Calendar of the diplomas', 138-9, nos. 115-22].
105. Cova, Arm. Mag., E.8, E.9 (1109), E.20, E.21 (1111), E.45 (1115), Regii Neapolitani Achivii Monumenta, 6 vols. (Naples, 1854-61), vol. 5, 373-5, no. 549 (1113), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 155-8, no. 57 (1117), 145-7, no. 52 (1118) [Loud, 'Calendar of the diplomas', 138-9, nos. 115-22].
106. Cova, Arm. Mag., E.8, E.9 (1109), E.20, E.21 (1111), E.45 (1115), Regii Neapolitani Achivii Monumenta, 6 vols. (Naples, 1854-61), vol. 5, 373-5, no. 549 (1113), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 155-8, no. 57 (1117), 145-7, no. 52 (1118) [Loud, 'Calendar of the diplomas', 138-9, nos. 115-22].
107. Cava, Arca xx. 37 (1115), F. Scandone, Storia di Avellino, 3 vols. (Naples, 1947-50), vol. 2, part 2, 113-4, no. 50 (1114), 120, no. 113 (1125, the will of Count Richard), and as witnesses to the documents of others, Cava, Arm. Mag., C.27 (1091), E.34 (1114).
108. Cava, Arca xx. 37 (1115), F. Scandone, Storia di Avellino, 3 vols. (Naples, 1947-50), vol. 2, part 2, 113-4, no. 50 (1114), 120, no. 113 (1125, the will of Count Richard), and as witnesses to the documents of others, Cava, Arm. Mag., C.27 (1091), E.34 (1114).
109. Cava, Arca xx. 37 (1115), F. Scandone, Storia di Avellino, 3 vols. (Naples, 1947-50), vol. 2, part 2, 113-4, no. 50 (1114), 120, no. 113 (1125, the will of Count Richard), and as witnesses to the documents of others, Cava, Arm. Mag., C.27 (1091), E.34 (1114).
110. Le Pergamene di S. Nicola di Gallucanta (secc. IX-XII), ed. P. Cherubini (Altavilla Silentina, 1991), 255-60, nos. 100-1 (1083), 279-80, no. 110 (1090); Cava, Arm. Mag., C.20 (1089), C.23, C.24 (1090), E.30, E.35 (1114), F.3 (1117). Robert of Eboli was also a witness of Cava, Arm. Mag., E.34 (1114), E.47 (1116), and is mentioned in Arca xx.63 (1117).
111. Le Pergamene di S. Nicola di Gallucanta (secc. IX-XII), ed. P. Cherubini (Altavilla Silentina, 1991), 255-60, nos. 100-1 (1083), 279-80, no. 110 (1090); Cava, Arm. Mag., C.20 (1089), C.23, C.24 (1090), E.30, E.35 (1114), F.3 (1117). Robert of Eboli was also a witness of Cava, Arm. Mag., E.34 (1114), E.47 (1116), and is mentioned in Arca xx.63 (1117).
112. Le Pergamene di S. Nicola di Gallucanta (secc. IX-XII), ed. P. Cherubini (Altavilla Silentina, 1991), 255-60, nos. 100-1 (1083), 279-80, no. 110 (1090); Cava, Arm. Mag., C.20 (1089), C.23, C.24 (1090), E.30, E.35 (1114), F.3 (1117). Robert of Eboli was also a witness of Cava, Arm. Mag., E.34 (1114), E.47 (1116), and is mentioned in Arca xx.63 (1117).
113. For this marriage, W. Jahn, Untersuchungen zur normannischen Herrschaft in Süditalien (1040-1100) (Frankfurt, 1989), 324-5.
114. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.1 (1094), D.43 (1104) which may be a forgery, E.28 (1113). Cf. MPL, vol. 146, 1335-9, nos. 54-5. G. Portanova, 'I Sanseverino dalle origini al 1125', Benedictina, 22 (1976), 105-49. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava' [above, note 46], 160.
115. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.1 (1094), D.43 (1104) which may be a forgery, E.28 (1113). Cf. MPL, vol. 146, 1335-9, nos. 54-5. G. Portanova, 'I Sanseverino dalle origini al 1125', Benedictina, 22 (1976), 105-49. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava' [above, note 46], 160.
116. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.1 (1094), D.43 (1104) which may be a forgery, E.28 (1113). Cf. MPL, vol. 146, 1335-9, nos. 54-5. G. Portanova, 'I Sanseverino dalle origini al 1125', Benedictina, 22 (1976), 105-49. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava' [above, note 46], 160.
117. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.1 (1094), D.43 (1104) which may be a forgery, E.28 (1113). Cf. MPL, vol. 146, 1335-9, nos. 54-5. G. Portanova, 'I Sanseverino dalle origini al 1125', Benedictina, 22 (1976), 105-49. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava' [above, note 46], 160.
118. G. Portanova, 'I Sanseverino dal 1125 allo sterminio di 1246', Benedictina, 22 (1976) 319-363.
119. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
120. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
121. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
122. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
123. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
124. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
125. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
126. L. R. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques de Robert Guiscard', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 39 (1959), 67-82, E. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes" nella contea normanna di Principato', Bullettino del istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 88 (1979), 121-63, particularly 140-1, 158-60. The main documents are Cava, Arm. Mag., E.5 (1107), E.47 (1116), F.44, F.45 (1128), F.48 (1129), G.6 (1131), G.17 (1135), G.26 (1137), G.45 (1144), this last edited by L. Mattei-Cerasoli, Tramutola', Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania, 13 (1943/4), 43-4, no. 6. Cf. G. Paesano, Memorie per servire alia storia delta chiesa Salernitana, 3 vols. (Salerno, 1846-57), vol. 2, 115-17 (1141). But Cava, Arm. Mag., G.7, G.16 and G.25 are all later forgéries, C. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi e verginiani del secolo XIII (Altavilla Silentina, 1984), 23-6. For a genealogical chart, Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 158.
127. E. Cuozzo, 'Prosopografia di una famiglia feudale normanna: i Balvano', Archivio storico per le provincie napoletane, 98 (1980), 61-87. For the marriage, Cava, Arm. Mag., F.44 (December 1128).
128. E. Cuozzo, 'Prosopografia di una famiglia feudale normanna: i Balvano', Archivio storico per le provincie napoletane, 98 (1980), 61-87. For the marriage, Cava, Arm. Mag., F.44 (December 1128).
129. Cava, Arm. Mag., E. 40 (1115), E.46 (1116), G.35 (1141), G.49 (1145), this last published by F. Ughelli, Italia Sacra, 10 vols (Venice, 1717-21), vol. 8, 290.
130. Cava, Arm. Mag., E. 40 (1115), E.46 (1116), G.35 (1141), G.49 (1145), this last published by F. Ughelli, Italia Sacra, 10 vols (Venice, 1717-21), vol. 8, 290.
131. Robert of Caggiano: F. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum (Naples, 1865), 71, no. 54 (1092), 82-3, no. 65 (1098), 84, no. 67 (1099), 118-19, no. 90 (1121), 134, no. 102 (1127). Robert of S. Fraymundo: Cuozzo. Commentario, 140. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 95, no. 20 (1086), 102, no. 30 (1112).
132. Robert of Caggiano: F. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum (Naples, 1865), 71, no. 54 (1092), 82-3, no. 65 (1098), 84, no. 67 (1099), 118-19, no. 90 (1121), 134, no. 102 (1127). Robert of S. Fraymundo: Cuozzo. Commentario, 140. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 95, no. 20 (1086), 102, no. 30 (1112).
133. Robert of Caggiano: F. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum (Naples, 1865), 71, no. 54 (1092), 82-3, no. 65 (1098), 84, no. 67 (1099), 118-19, no. 90 (1121), 134, no. 102 (1127). Robert of S. Fraymundo: Cuozzo. Commentario, 140. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 95, no. 20 (1086), 102, no. 30 (1112).
134. Robert of Caggiano: F. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum (Naples, 1865), 71, no. 54 (1092), 82-3, no. 65 (1098), 84, no. 67 (1099), 118-19, no. 90 (1121), 134, no. 102 (1127). Robert of S. Fraymundo: Cuozzo. Commentario, 140. Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 95, no. 20 (1086), 102, no. 30 (1112).
135. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 1, 381-3, no. 96.
136. L. Pennacchini, Pergamene Salernitane 1008-1784 (Salerno, 1941), 57-9, no. 12.
137. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, 1020-36, and (on the abbey of Cava and Cilento) 1054-65. Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 147-8. Cf. V. Ramseyer, 'Ecclesiastical Reorganisation in the Province of Salerno in the later Lombard and early Norman Periods', in: Anglo-Norman Studies 17, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1994, ed. C. Harper-Bill (Woodbridge, 1995), 203-22.
138. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, 1020-36, and (on the abbey of Cava and Cilento) 1054-65. Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 147-8. Cf. V. Ramseyer, 'Ecclesiastical Reorganisation in the Province of Salerno in the later Lombard and early Norman Periods', in: Anglo-Norman Studies 17, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1994, ed. C. Harper-Bill (Woodbridge, 1995), 203-22.
139. Taviani-Carozzi, La Principauté Lombarde de Salerne, 1020-36, and (on the abbey of Cava and Cilento) 1054-65. Loud, 'The abbey of Cava', 147-8. Cf. V. Ramseyer, 'Ecclesiastical Reorganisation in the Province of Salerno in the later Lombard and early Norman Periods', in: Anglo-Norman Studies 17, Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1994, ed. C. Harper-Bill (Woodbridge, 1995), 203-22.
140. Cava, Arm. Mag., E.26.
141. He witnessed a donation of June 1121 immediately after Roger himself, his son Henry, and two Norman vassals. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.18.
142. Couzzo, '"Milites" e "testes"', 140-2.
143. Cava, Arm, Mag., G.12.
144. The last example which I can find comes in 1167, Cava, Arm. Mag., H.44, in which William, lord of Atrepalda, identified himself and his father qui sunt hortus de genere longobardorum.
145. G. Tescione, Caserta medievale e i suoi conti e signori, 3rd edn (Caserta, 1990), 159, no. 2.
146. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus lib. II, cap. 7; 65,
147. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus lib. II, cap. 7; 65,
148. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus lib. II, cap. 7; 65,
149. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus lib. II, cap. 7; 65,
150. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus lib. II, cap. 7; 65,
151. Amatus lib. IV, cap. 22; 197. 'Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques' [above, note 67], 99-100, no. 26 (1103). Cava, Arm. Mag., B.24 (May 1082), C.27 (June 1091), D.48-9 (1104), G.28 (1137), Pergamene di Capua i. 61-3, no. 24 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 86-7, 140, For the acquisition of Sorrento by Guido, brother of Guaimar IV, Amatus ib. II, cap. 7; 65,
152. Cuozzo, Commentario, 120, 220-1. Robert de Medania and Henry of San Severine were recorded as 'uterine brothers' in a charter of 1125, Cava, Arm. Mag., F.36.
153. Cuozzo, Commentario, 120, 220-1. Robert de Medania and Henry of San Severine were recorded as 'uterine brothers' in a charter of 1125, Cava, Arm. Mag., F.36.
154. Cava, Arm. Mag. E.43 (March 1115), F.21 (February 1122).
155. Cava, Arm. Mag. C.1. Carlone, Falsificationi efalsari cavensi, 26-8. Asclittinus, but not his wife, is attested elsewhere, Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 94, no. 19 (1085).
156. Cava, Arm. Mag. C.1. Carlone, Falsificationi efalsari cavensi, 26-8. Asclittinus, but not his wife, is attested elsewhere, Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 94, no. 19 (1085).
157. Cava, Arm. Mag. C.1. Carlone, Falsificationi efalsari cavensi, 26-8. Asclittinus, but not his wife, is attested elsewhere, Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 94, no. 19 (1085).
158. Registrum Neapolitani Archivii Monumenta [above note 62], vol. 6, 41-2, no. 573 (1118). Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo (1007-1265), ed. C. Salvati, M. A. Arpago et al. (Caserta, 1983), 52-4, no. 10.
159. Registrum Neapolitani Archivii Monumenta [above note 62], vol. 6, 41-2, no. 573 (1118). Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo (1007-1265), ed. C. Salvati, M. A. Arpago et al. (Caserta, 1983), 52-4, no. 10.
160. Cuva, Arm. Mag., F.18.
161. Cava, Arm. Mag., C.33 (December 1092), Arca xxi. 1 (1118). The younger Herbert was also a witness to Arm. Mag., F.18. The soubriquet appears to have carried by later generations of this family too, cf. Cava, Arca xxxv.46 (1176).
162. Cava, Arm. Mag., C.33 (December 1092), Arca xxi. 1 (1118). The younger Herbert was also a witness to Arm. Mag., F.18. The soubriquet appears to have carried by later generations of this family too, cf. Cava, Arca xxxv.46 (1176).
163. Cava, Arm. Mag., C.33 (December 1092), Arca xxi. 1 (1118). The younger Herbert was also a witness to Arm. Mag., F.18. The soubriquet appears to have carried by later generations of this family too, cf. Cava, Arca xxxv.46 (1176).
164. Cava, Arm. Mag., C.33 (December 1092), Arca xxi. 1 (1118). The younger Herbert was also a witness to Arm. Mag., F.18. The soubriquet appears to have carried by later generations of this family too, cf. Cava, Arca xxxv.46 (1176).
165. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.43. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi, 32-3.
166. Cava, Arm. Mag., D.43. Carlone, Falsificazioni e falsari cavensi, 32-3.
167. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 183-6, no. 244 (1137). For Landulf, who died in 1123, see Falco of Benevento, Chronicon, in: Cronisti e scrittori sincroni napoletani, ed. G. Del Re, vol. 1 (Naples 1845) [henceforth Falco], 163-5, 177-8, 188.
168. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 183-6, no. 244 (1137). For Landulf, who died in 1123, see Falco of Benevento, Chronicon, in: Cronisti e scrittori sincroni napoletani, ed. G. Del Re, vol. 1 (Naples 1845) [henceforth Falco], 163-5, 177-8, 188.
169. Scandone, 'Roccasecca' [above, note 53], 76. Cuozzo, Commentario, 285.
170. Scandone, 'Roccasecca' [above, note 53], 76. Cuozzo, Commentario, 285.
171. See particularly, E. Searle, 'Women and the Legitimisation of Succession at the Norman Conquest', in: Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R. A. Brown, vol. 3 (Woodbridge 1981), 159-70. Cf. J. C. Holt, 'Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England, IV The Heiress and the Alien', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 5, 35 (1985), 1-28. P. Stafford, 'Women and the Norman conquest', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 6, 4 (1994), 221-49, especially 243-6.
172. See particularly, E. Searle, 'Women and the Legitimisation of Succession at the Norman Conquest', in: Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R. A. Brown, vol. 3 (Woodbridge 1981), 159-70. Cf. J. C. Holt, 'Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England, IV The Heiress and the Alien', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 5, 35 (1985), 1-28. P. Stafford, 'Women and the Norman conquest', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 6, 4 (1994), 221-49, especially 243-6.
173. See particularly, E. Searle, 'Women and the Legitimisation of Succession at the Norman Conquest', in: Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, ed. R. A. Brown, vol. 3 (Woodbridge 1981), 159-70. Cf. J. C. Holt, 'Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England, IV The Heiress and the Alien', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 5, 35 (1985), 1-28. P. Stafford, 'Women and the Norman conquest', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. 6, 4 (1994), 221-49, especially 243-6.
174. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
175. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
176. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
177. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
178. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
179. G. Tescione, 'Roberto, conte normanno di Alife, Caiazzo e S. Agata dei Goti', Archivio storico per la Terra di Lavoro, 4 (1975), 1-52. G. A. Loud, 'The Norman Counts of Caiazzo and the Abbey of Montecassino', Scritti raccolti in memoria del xv centenario della nascità di S. Benedetto 480-1980, Miscellanea Cassinese 44 (1981), 199-217. Le Pergamene dell'archivio vescovile di Caiazzo, 46-8, no. 7 (1117), 57-9, no. 13 (1129), 463-8, nos. I-III (1119, 1124, 1134). All these documents used the title, Nos Raynulfus divina dementia Caiatianorum atque multorum aliorum comes; the custom of referring to 'Count Rainulf of Alife', as so many authors do, would seem therefore to be misleading. On the counts of Carinola: Hoffmann, 'Die Anfänge der Normannen' [above, note 3], 106-9. Cuozzo, Commentario, 180-1.
180. 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, and 105. Grimoald also witnessed a charter of Count Hugh of Boiano in 1097, and made a donation himself to a Capuan monastery in May 1114, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 47-55, nos. 17-18. His widowed daughter-in-law made a donation to Cava in December 1114, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.38. For the viceprinceps Peter the Lombard, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 63-72, nos. 23-4.
181. 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, and 105. Grimoald also witnessed a charter of Count Hugh of Boiano in 1097, and made a donation himself to a Capuan monastery in May 1114, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 47-55, nos. 17-18. His widowed daughter-in-law made a donation to Cava in December 1114, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.38. For the viceprinceps Peter the Lombard, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 63-72, nos. 23-4.
182. 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, and 105. Grimoald also witnessed a charter of Count Hugh of Boiano in 1097, and made a donation himself to a Capuan monastery in May 1114, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 47-55, nos. 17-18. His widowed daughter-in-law made a donation to Cava in December 1114, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.38. For the viceprinceps Peter the Lombard, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 63-72, nos. 23-4.
183. 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, and 105. Grimoald also witnessed a charter of Count Hugh of Boiano in 1097, and made a donation himself to a Capuan monastery in May 1114, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 47-55, nos. 17-18. His widowed daughter-in-law made a donation to Cava in December 1114, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.38. For the viceprinceps Peter the Lombard, Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 63-72, nos. 23-4.
184. Scandone, 'Roccasecca', 128, no. 29 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', 121 no. 8].
185. Scandone, 'Roccasecca', 128, no. 29 [Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', 121 no. 8].
186. Malaterra [above, note 60], lib. IV, cap. 26; 104. Loud. Church and Society, 89-90.
187. Malaterra [above, note 60], lib. IV, cap. 26; 104. Loud. Church and Society, 89-90.
188. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historian Abbatiae Casinensis, 164-5, 170-1. One of his daughters was married to William de Mannia, lord of Novi Velia, Cava, Arm. Mag., D.47 (November 1104), and another to Gregory, brother of Pandulf of Capaccio, Cava, Arca xxi.11 (1118). (This Gregory should not be confused with his uncle of the same name, for whom see note 87 above.)
189. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historian Abbatiae Casinensis, 164-5, 170-1. One of his daughters was married to William de Mannia, lord of Novi Velia, Cava, Arm. Mag., D.47 (November 1104), and another to Gregory, brother of Pandulf of Capaccio, Cava, Arca xxi.11 (1118). (This Gregory should not be confused with his uncle of the same name, for whom see note 87 above.)
190. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historian Abbatiae Casinensis, 164-5, 170-1. One of his daughters was married to William de Mannia, lord of Novi Velia, Cava, Arm. Mag., D.47 (November 1104), and another to Gregory, brother of Pandulf of Capaccio, Cava, Arca xxi.11 (1118). (This Gregory should not be confused with his uncle of the same name, for whom see note 87 above.)
191. Codex Diplomaticus Caietanus, 2 vols. (Montecassino, 1887-92), vol. 2, 153-5, no. 268. Pergamene Aldobrandini [formerly (to 1990) in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, now at Frascati], Cartolario I, no. 40.
192. E. Cuozzo, 'Quei maledetti Normanni', Cavalieri e organizzazione militare nel Mezzogiorno normanno (Naples, 1989), 105-113. Cuozzo, Commentario, 157-9, '"Milites" e "testes"', 157-8.
193. E. Cuozzo, 'Quei maledetti Normanni', Cavalieri e organizzazione militare nel Mezzogiorno normanno (Naples, 1989), 105-113. Cuozzo, Commentario, 157-9, '"Milites" e "testes"', 157-8.
194. E. Cuozzo, 'Quei maledetti Normanni', Cavalieri e organizzazione militare nel Mezzogiorno normanno (Naples, 1989), 105-113. Cuozzo, Commentario, 157-9, '"Milites" e "testes"', 157-8.
195. Al. Tel. [above, note 10], lib. I, caps. 5-6; 8-9. Falco, 232. The earliest document in the Cava archive in which Roger was named as duke is dated December 1127, Arca xxii. 42 (though there are only a very few charters from earlier in that year). Thereafter nearly all Cava documents (i.e. from the Salerno region) were dated by Roger's regnal years, and there appears to be no significance in the few omissions. There are, however, no surviving charters from May to October 1137, i.e. during Lothar's siege of the city.
196. Al. Tel. [above, note 10], lib. I, caps. 5-6; 8-9. Falco, 232. The earliest document in the Cava archive in which Roger was named as duke is dated December 1127, Arca xxii. 42 (though there are only a very few charters from earlier in that year). Thereafter nearly all Cava documents (i.e. from the Salerno region) were dated by Roger's regnal years, and there appears to be no significance in the few omissions. There are, however, no surviving charters from May to October 1137, i.e. during Lothar's siege of the city.
197. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 18; 69.
198. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 16; 68.
199. Al. Tel. lib. II, cap. 63; 53.
200. Cuozzo, Commentario, 221-2.
201. Cuozzo, Commentario, 181.
202. E. M. Jamison, 'The Administration of the County of Molise in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries', English Historical Review, 44 (1929), 531-532.
203. Cuozzo, Commentario, 87, 102. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 2, 277-80, no. 165 (see the editor's note to this forgery of '1127'); vol. 4, 31-3, no. 308 (1152), 247-50, no. 366 (1157); vol. 5, 124-6, no. 135 (1163), 288-90, no. 482 (1168). For the destruction of Ceppaloni by the royal army, Falco, 240-1.
204. Cuozzo, Commentario, 87, 102. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 2, 277-80, no. 165 (see the editor's note to this forgery of '1127'); vol. 4, 31-3, no. 308 (1152), 247-50, no. 366 (1157); vol. 5, 124-6, no. 135 (1163), 288-90, no. 482 (1168). For the destruction of Ceppaloni by the royal army, Falco, 240-1.
205. Cuozzo, Commentario, 87, 102. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 2, 277-80, no. 165 (see the editor's note to this forgery of '1127'); vol. 4, 31-3, no. 308 (1152), 247-50, no. 366 (1157); vol. 5, 124-6, no. 135 (1163), 288-90, no. 482 (1168). For the destruction of Ceppaloni by the royal army, Falco, 240-1.
206. Cuozzo, Commentario, 87, 102. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 2, 277-80, no. 165 (see the editor's note to this forgery of '1127'); vol. 4, 31-3, no. 308 (1152), 247-50, no. 366 (1157); vol. 5, 124-6, no. 135 (1163), 288-90, no. 482 (1168). For the destruction of Ceppaloni by the royal army, Falco, 240-1.
207. Cuozzo, Commentario, 87, 102. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 2, 277-80, no. 165 (see the editor's note to this forgery of '1127'); vol. 4, 31-3, no. 308 (1152), 247-50, no. 366 (1157); vol. 5, 124-6, no. 135 (1163), 288-90, no. 482 (1168). For the destruction of Ceppaloni by the royal army, Falco, 240-1.
208. Falco, 235, 238. But for the descendants of Alferius Draco, Robert de la Marca and Bartholomew of Pietrapulcina, all of whom joined the invaders, Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison (Rome, 1972), 53, 59, art. 322, 346, 348; and for the family of Robert de la Marca also Pergamene Aldobrandini [as note 96], Cartolario II, nos. 6 (1171) and 28b (1175), and Benevento, Museo, del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, nos. 18 (1180) and 20 (1181).
209. Falco, 235, 238. But for the descendants of Alferius Draco, Robert de la Marca and Bartholomew of Pietrapulcina, all of whom joined the invaders, Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison (Rome, 1972), 53, 59, art. 322, 346, 348; and for the family of Robert de la Marca also Pergamene Aldobrandini [as note 96], Cartolario II, nos. 6 (1171) and 28b (1175), and Benevento, Museo, del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, nos. 18 (1180) and 20 (1181).
210. Falco, 235, 238. But for the descendants of Alferius Draco, Robert de la Marca and Bartholomew of Pietrapulcina, all of whom joined the invaders, Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison (Rome, 1972), 53, 59, art. 322, 346, 348; and for the family of Robert de la Marca also Pergamene Aldobrandini [as note 96], Cartolario II, nos. 6 (1171) and 28b (1175), and Benevento, Museo, del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, nos. 18 (1180) and 20 (1181).
211. Falco, 235, 238. But for the descendants of Alferius Draco, Robert de la Marca and Bartholomew of Pietrapulcina, all of whom joined the invaders, Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison (Rome, 1972), 53, 59, art. 322, 346, 348; and for the family of Robert de la Marca also Pergamene Aldobrandini [as note 96], Cartolario II, nos. 6 (1171) and 28b (1175), and Benevento, Museo, del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, nos. 18 (1180) and 20 (1181).
212. Falco, 235, 238. But for the descendants of Alferius Draco, Robert de la Marca and Bartholomew of Pietrapulcina, all of whom joined the invaders, Catalogus Baronum, ed. E. M. Jamison (Rome, 1972), 53, 59, art. 322, 346, 348; and for the family of Robert de la Marca also Pergamene Aldobrandini [as note 96], Cartolario II, nos. 6 (1171) and 28b (1175), and Benevento, Museo, del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, nos. 18 (1180) and 20 (1181).
213. For example the baronial families of Avenabulo, Musca and Abolita, and the knightly families of Pinzo and Sorellus, all in the Catalogus Baronum, 150-1, 153-4, 157-8, art. 825-6, 839, 849, 867, 876, and 879, and also the Peroleo family, for whom Loud, Church and Society, 231, 252, (cf. 163-4, 251 for the Musca family).
214. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
215. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
216. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
217. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
218. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
219. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
220. Al. Tel. lib. III, cap. 31; 77. For Joscelin [Cansolinus], Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 140-1, cf. M. Caravale, Il Regno normanno di Sicilia (Roma, 1966), 235. For Aymo: Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 124-7, no. 231 (1134), Cava, Arm. Mag., G.39 (1142), G.40 (1143); for his connections with the princes, Loud, 'Calendar of the Diplomas', nos. 74, 95, 98, 103, 107, 124, 125, 130; also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa [above note 22], 379-81 no. 40 (1132), and cf. above note 85.
221. E. M., Jamison, 'The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, more especially under Roger II and William I 1127-1166', Papers of the British School at Rome, 6 (1913), 395-7, 474-5, no. 15. [However, see below note 143.] Cuozzo, Commentario, 258, For William's earlier career, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.20 (1111), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 124-8, no. 43 (1120).
222. E. M., Jamison, 'The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, more especially under Roger II and William I 1127-1166', Papers of the British School at Rome, 6 (1913), 395-7, 474-5, no. 15. [However, see below note 143.] Cuozzo, Commentario, 258, For William's earlier career, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.20 (1111), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 124-8, no. 43 (1120).
223. E. M., Jamison, 'The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, more especially under Roger II and William I 1127-1166', Papers of the British School at Rome, 6 (1913), 395-7, 474-5, no. 15. [However, see below note 143.] Cuozzo, Commentario, 258, For William's earlier career, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.20 (1111), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 124-8, no. 43 (1120).
224. E. M., Jamison, 'The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, more especially under Roger II and William I 1127-1166', Papers of the British School at Rome, 6 (1913), 395-7, 474-5, no. 15. [However, see below note 143.] Cuozzo, Commentario, 258, For William's earlier career, Cava, Arm. Mag., E.20 (1111), Registrum di S. Angelo in Formis, 124-8, no. 43 (1120).
225. I have here followed Jamison, 'Norman administration', 396 which is based on a retrospective reference to William as chamberlain under King Roger, cf. ibid., 433, 474. Neither the identification nor the dating is quite secure, given that William's homonymous son can be attested as a royal chamberlain in the 1150s, but this remains the most plausible reconstruction.
226. For Hugh, Le Più antiche cane dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento [above note 8], 23-4, no. 8. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.34 (January 1125). His son John died in 1176, Cava, Arca xxxvi. 65. For Atenulf, Salerno, Archivio diocesano, Mensa Archiepiscopalis, Arca I, no. 53, Falcandus [above note 12], 42, 48-50, 72. Jamison, 'Norman administration', 391-2, 415-6, no. 14.
227. For Hugh, Le Più antiche cane dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento [above note 8], 23-4, no. 8. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.34 (January 1125). His son John died in 1176, Cava, Arca xxxvi. 65. For Atenulf, Salerno, Archivio diocesano, Mensa Archiepiscopalis, Arca I, no. 53, Falcandus [above note 12], 42, 48-50, 72. Jamison, 'Norman administration', 391-2, 415-6, no. 14.
228. For Hugh, Le Più antiche cane dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento [above note 8], 23-4, no. 8. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.34 (January 1125). His son John died in 1176, Cava, Arca xxxvi. 65. For Atenulf, Salerno, Archivio diocesano, Mensa Archiepiscopalis, Arca I, no. 53, Falcandus [above note 12], 42, 48-50, 72. Jamison, 'Norman administration', 391-2, 415-6, no. 14.
229. For Hugh, Le Più antiche cane dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento [above note 8], 23-4, no. 8. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.34 (January 1125). His son John died in 1176, Cava, Arca xxxvi. 65. For Atenulf, Salerno, Archivio diocesano, Mensa Archiepiscopalis, Arca I, no. 53, Falcandus [above note 12], 42, 48-50, 72. Jamison, 'Norman administration', 391-2, 415-6, no. 14.
230. For Hugh, Le Più antiche cane dell'abbazia di S. Modesto di Benevento [above note 8], 23-4, no. 8. Cava, Arm. Mag., F.34 (January 1125). His son John died in 1176, Cava, Arca xxxvi. 65. For Atenulf, Salerno, Archivio diocesano, Mensa Archiepiscopalis, Arca I, no. 53, Falcandus [above note 12], 42, 48-50, 72. Jamison, 'Norman administration', 391-2, 415-6, no. 14.
231. Cava, Arca xxix.99 (1157) records Alferius's testament. Cf. Cuozzo, Commentario, 151.
232. Cava, Arca xxix.99 (1157) records Alferius's testament. Cf. Cuozzo, Commentario, 151.
233. MPL, vol. 200, 332-3, no. 303.
234. Falcandus, 22, Scandone, 'Roccasecca', 73-4.
235. Falcandus, 22, Scandone, 'Roccasecca', 73-4.
236. Falcandus, 78.
237. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum [above, note 71], 227 no. 172, Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes"', 162.
238. Trinchera, Syllabus Graecarum Membranarum [above, note 71], 227 no. 172, Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes"', 162.
239. Romualdi Salernitani. Chronicon sive Annales, ed. C. A. Garufi (RIS, 2nd edn, Città di Castello, 1935), 254.
240. Falcandus, 108. Cuozzo, Commentario, 83.
241. Falcandus, 108. Cuozzo, Commentario, 83.
242. Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 5, 261-4, no. 474.
243. Falcandus, 78, 131. Cuozzo, Commentario, 121, 182, 283. Richard of Conza was restored before June 1168, Archivio secreto Vaticano, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, Prot. 270, 9.
244. Falcandus, 78, 131. Cuozzo, Commentario, 121, 182, 283. Richard of Conza was restored before June 1168, Archivio secreto Vaticano, Archivio Boncompagni Ludovisi, Prot. 270, 9.
245. Falcandus, 140, Jamison, 'Norman Administration' [above note 110], 365-7, 478-80.
246. Falcandus, 140, Jamison, 'Norman Administration' [above note 110], 365-7, 478-80.
247. Falcandus, 108.
248. Cuozzo, Commentario, 266.
249. Catalogus Baronum, 81, art. 442. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes"', 145-8.
250. Catalogus Baronum, 81, art. 442. Cuozzo, '"Milites" e "testes"', 145-8.
251. Cuozzo, Commentario, 123-4, The key documents recording William as royal justiciar and constable are Cava, Arca xxx. 46 (March 1159), Arm. Mag. H. 46 (October 1161).
252. Cuozzo, Commentario, 123-4, The key documents recording William as royal justiciar and constable are Cava, Arca xxx. 46 (March 1159), Arm. Mag. H. 46 (October 1161).
253. Cuozzo, Commentario, 123-4, The key documents recording William as royal justiciar and constable are Cava, Arca xxx. 46 (March 1159), Arm. Mag. H. 46 (October 1161).
254. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historian Abbatiae Casinensis, 269 [D. R. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Henry VI concerning the Kingdom of Sicily', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 35 (1955), 99-101, no. 4], The Bishops of Aversa, Aquino, Suessa and Teano, the Counts of Caserta, Carinola, Fondi and Molise.
255. Gattula, Accessiones ad Historian Abbatiae Casinensis, 269 [D. R. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Henry VI concerning the Kingdom of Sicily', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 35 (1955), 99-101, no. 4], The Bishops of Aversa, Aquino, Suessa and Teano, the Counts of Caserta, Carinola, Fondi and Molise.
256. E. M. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius of Sicily. His Life and Work (London, 1957), 122-4, 345-9. Richard of Carinola was captured by imperial troops in 1192, Roger of Molise was exiled in 1196, and Richard of Acerra executed in 1197, Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica [above, note 58], 14, 16-7, 18.
257. E. M. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius of Sicily. His Life and Work (London, 1957), 122-4, 345-9. Richard of Carinola was captured by imperial troops in 1192, Roger of Molise was exiled in 1196, and Richard of Acerra executed in 1197, Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica [above, note 58], 14, 16-7, 18.
258. Liber ad Honorem Augusti di Pietro da Eboli, ed. G. B. Siragusa (FSI, Rome, 1906), lines 667-80; p. 53, Cuozzo, Commentario 195.
259. Liber ad Honorem Augusti di Pietro da Eboli, ed. G. B. Siragusa (FSI, Rome, 1906), lines 667-80; p. 53, Cuozzo, Commentario 195.
260. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 12-3, 15-6, 21, 183. C. Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce. Normannischer König von Sizilien 1990-4 (Cologne, 1992), 218. Tescione, Caserta medievale [above note 79], 51-3.
261. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 12-3, 15-6, 21, 183. C. Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce. Normannischer König von Sizilien 1990-4 (Cologne, 1992), 218. Tescione, Caserta medievale [above note 79], 51-3.
262. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 12-3, 15-6, 21, 183. C. Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce. Normannischer König von Sizilien 1990-4 (Cologne, 1992), 218. Tescione, Caserta medievale [above note 79], 51-3.
263. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of Henry VI', 159, no. 71, 210, no. 130. Annales Casinenses ad. an. 1191-2, MGH Scriptores 19, 315-6. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 13-4, 16, 34.
264. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of Henry VI', 159, no. 71, 210, no. 130. Annales Casinenses ad. an. 1191-2, MGH Scriptores 19, 315-6. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 13-4, 16, 34.
265. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of Henry VI', 159, no. 71, 210, no. 130. Annales Casinenses ad. an. 1191-2, MGH Scriptores 19, 315-6. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 13-4, 16, 34.
266. Clementi, 'Calendar of the diplomas of Henry VI', 159, no. 71, 210, no. 130. Annales Casinenses ad. an. 1191-2, MGH Scriptores 19, 315-6. Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica, 13-4, 16, 34.
267. Pergamene della società napoletana di storia patria, vol. 1, ed. J. Mazzoleni (Naples, 1966), 66-7, no. 15 (1195). Benevento, Museo del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, no. 52 (1197), where he is described as count and justiciar.
268. Pergamene della società napoletana di storia patria, vol. 1, ed. J. Mazzoleni (Naples, 1966), 66-7, no. 15 (1195). Benevento, Museo del Sannio, Fondo S. Sofia, vol. 13, no. 52 (1197), where he is described as count and justiciar.
269. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
270. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
271. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
272. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
273. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
274. For Philip Guarna: Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 7, 504 (February 1196). Cuozzo, Commentario, 150-2 (cf. ibid. 128-9, for the other branch of the family). For the Count of the Principate and William of Pistilione, Cava, Arm. Mag. L. 38 (April 1195), ed. D. R. Clementi, 'Some Unnoticed Aspects of the Emperor Henry VI's Conquest of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 36 (1953-4), 355-6. Cf. more generally, Reisinger, Tankred von Lecce, p. 214.
275. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius, 346.
276. G. A. Loud, 'Monarchy and Monastery in the Mezzogiorno: the Abbey of St. Sophia, Benevento, and the Staufen', Papers of the British School at Rome, 59 (1991), 286-91.
277. Cuozzo, Commentario, 183-4. Walter de Folleville witnessed a charter of Count Jonathan of Conza in 1161, Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 6, 811.
278. Cuozzo, Commentario, 183-4. Walter de Folleville witnessed a charter of Count Jonathan of Conza in 1161, Ughelli, Italia Sacra, vol. 6, 811.
279. Scandone, 'Roccasecca' [above, note 53], 77-81.
280. Avenabulo: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, ed. C. Salvati (Naples, 1980), 2-5, no. 2 (1198), 448-50, no. 221 (1244), 451-3, no. 223 (1245), 460-1, no. 228 (1246), 498-500, no. 253 (1253). Abolita: ibid. 172-4, no. 85 (1217), 261-3, no. 130 (1230), also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, 410-2, no. 58 (1222). Musca: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, 33-8, nos. 17-8 (1201), 96-9, no. 47 (1205). Peroleo: the mention of the barony of the late [olim] William de Peroleo in ibid., 185-7, no. 91 (1219).
281. Avenabulo: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, ed. C. Salvati (Naples, 1980), 2-5, no. 2 (1198), 448-50, no. 221 (1244), 451-3, no. 223 (1245), 460-1, no. 228 (1246), 498-500, no. 253 (1253). Abolita: ibid. 172-4, no. 85 (1217), 261-3, no. 130 (1230), also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, 410-2, no. 58 (1222). Musca: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, 33-8, nos. 17-8 (1201), 96-9, no. 47 (1205). Peroleo: the mention of the barony of the late [olim] William de Peroleo in ibid., 185-7, no. 91 (1219).
282. Avenabulo: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, ed. C. Salvati (Naples, 1980), 2-5, no. 2 (1198), 448-50, no. 221 (1244), 451-3, no. 223 (1245), 460-1, no. 228 (1246), 498-500, no. 253 (1253). Abolita: ibid. 172-4, no. 85 (1217), 261-3, no. 130 (1230), also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, 410-2, no. 58 (1222). Musca: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, 33-8, nos. 17-8 (1201), 96-9, no. 47 (1205). Peroleo: the mention of the barony of the late [olim] William de Peroleo in ibid., 185-7, no. 91 (1219).
283. Avenabulo: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, ed. C. Salvati (Naples, 1980), 2-5, no. 2 (1198), 448-50, no. 221 (1244), 451-3, no. 223 (1245), 460-1, no. 228 (1246), 498-500, no. 253 (1253). Abolita: ibid. 172-4, no. 85 (1217), 261-3, no. 130 (1230), also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, 410-2, no. 58 (1222). Musca: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, 33-8, nos. 17-8 (1201), 96-9, no. 47 (1205). Peroleo: the mention of the barony of the late [olim] William de Peroleo in ibid., 185-7, no. 91 (1219).
284. Avenabulo: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, ed. C. Salvati (Naples, 1980), 2-5, no. 2 (1198), 448-50, no. 221 (1244), 451-3, no. 223 (1245), 460-1, no. 228 (1246), 498-500, no. 253 (1253). Abolita: ibid. 172-4, no. 85 (1217), 261-3, no. 130 (1230), also Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, 410-2, no. 58 (1222). Musca: Codice diplomatico svevo di Aversa, 33-8, nos. 17-8 (1201), 96-9, no. 47 (1205). Peroleo: the mention of the barony of the late [olim] William de Peroleo in ibid., 185-7, no. 91 (1219).
285. See the will of Guaimar of Giffoni in 1114, Cava, Arm. Mag. F. 28 (a copy of 1124), in which he gave all his property to a numer of different churches. Robert of Eboli's death is recorded by the Annales Cavenses ad. an. 1121, (MGH Scriptores 3, 191), and by 1128 Eboli itself was in the hands of the Counts of the Principate, Ménager, 'Les fondations monastiques', 105-7, no. 33.
286. Falco, 241 (in Del Re's execrable edition), writes of the flight of Orricus of Sarno from the king in 1138. This surely should be emended to Enricus, a correction which has the authority of F. Chalandon, La Domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols (Paris, 1907), vol. 2, 83. Count Henry of Sarno had earlier opposed Roger in 1134, Al. Tel. lib. II, cap. 55; p. 49. But a charter of January 1138, which is our last documentary record of Count Henry, though it mentions a living brother does not indicate a son, Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 187-92, no. 245.
287. Falco, 241 (in Del Re's execrable edition), writes of the flight of Orricus of Sarno from the king in 1138. This surely should be emended to Enricus, a correction which has the authority of F. Chalandon, La Domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols (Paris, 1907), vol. 2, 83. Count Henry of Sarno had earlier opposed Roger in 1134, Al. Tel. lib. II, cap. 55; p. 49. But a charter of January 1138, which is our last documentary record of Count Henry, though it mentions a living brother does not indicate a son, Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 187-92, no. 245.
288. Falco, 241 (in Del Re's execrable edition), writes of the flight of Orricus of Sarno from the king in 1138. This surely should be emended to Enricus, a correction which has the authority of F. Chalandon, La Domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols (Paris, 1907), vol. 2, 83. Count Henry of Sarno had earlier opposed Roger in 1134, Al. Tel. lib. II, cap. 55; p. 49. But a charter of January 1138, which is our last documentary record of Count Henry, though it mentions a living brother does not indicate a son, Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 187-92, no. 245.
289. Falco, 241 (in Del Re's execrable edition), writes of the flight of Orricus of Sarno from the king in 1138. This surely should be emended to Enricus, a correction which has the authority of F. Chalandon, La Domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols (Paris, 1907), vol. 2, 83. Count Henry of Sarno had earlier opposed Roger in 1134, Al. Tel. lib. II, cap. 55; p. 49. But a charter of January 1138, which is our last documentary record of Count Henry, though it mentions a living brother does not indicate a son, Codice diplomatico verginiano, vol. 3, 187-92, no. 245.
290. K. B. McFarlane, The Nobility of Later Medieval England (Oxford, 1973), 142-76.
291. G. Vitolo, 'L'Archivio della badia della S. Trinità di Cava', in: Minima Cavensia. Studi in margine al IX volume del Codex diplomaticus cavensis, ed. S. Leone and G. Vitolo (Salerno 1983), 191-200. For Benevento, see the unpublished thesis of V. De Donato, 'Le carte del secolo XII della biblioteca capitolare di Benevento' (Universitá di Roma, Istituto di paleografia, 1952), and also G. A. Loud, 'The Medieval Records of the Monastery of St. Sophia, Benevento', Archives, 19 (1991), 364-73.
292. G. Vitolo, 'L'Archivio della badia della S. Trinità di Cava', in: Minima Cavensia. Studi in margine al IX volume del Codex diplomaticus cavensis, ed. S. Leone and G. Vitolo (Salerno 1983), 191-200. For Benevento, see the unpublished thesis of V. De Donato, 'Le carte del secolo XII della biblioteca capitolare di Benevento' (Universitá di Roma, Istituto di paleografia, 1952), and also G. A. Loud, 'The Medieval Records of the Monastery of St. Sophia, Benevento', Archives, 19 (1991), 364-73.
293. G. Vitolo, 'L'Archivio della badia della S. Trinità di Cava', in: Minima Cavensia. Studi in margine al IX volume del Codex diplomaticus cavensis, ed. S. Leone and G. Vitolo (Salerno 1983), 191-200. For Benevento, see the unpublished thesis of V. De Donato, 'Le carte del secolo XII della biblioteca capitolare di Benevento' (Universitá di Roma, Istituto di paleografia, 1952), and also G. A. Loud, 'The Medieval Records of the Monastery of St. Sophia, Benevento', Archives, 19 (1991), 364-73.
294. In this context one should mention the recently submitted Ph.D. thesis of Joanna Drell (Brown University, Rhode Island 1996), 'Marriage, Kinship and Power: Family Structure in the Principality of Salerno during the Norman Period', which is based on extensive work in the Cava archive.