메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 43-51

Why is substrate peptide binding unsusceptible to multidrug-resistant mutations in HIV-1 protease? A structural and energetic analysis

Author keywords

HIV 1 protease; Inhibitor; Multidrug resistance; Substrate peptide

Indexed keywords


EID: 84893719797     PISSN: 15733149     EISSN: 15733904     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9365-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 78149278849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-based design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating phenyloxazolidinones
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlSntbjL 2996262 20958050 10.1021/jm1008743
    • Ali A, Reddy GS, Nalam MN, Anjum SG, Cao H, Schiffer CA, Rana TM (2010) Structure-based design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of HIV-1 protease inhibitors incorporating phenyloxazolidinones. J Med Chem 53:7699-7708
    • (2010) J Med Chem , vol.53 , pp. 7699-7708
    • Ali, A.1    Reddy, G.S.2    Nalam, M.N.3    Anjum, S.G.4    Cao, H.5    Schiffer, C.A.6    Rana, T.M.7
  • 2
    • 0033654297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalized Born models of macromolecular solvation effects
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotlWktrc%3D 11031278 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.129
    • Bashford D, Case DA (2000) Generalized Born models of macromolecular solvation effects. Annu Rev Phys Chem 51:129-152
    • (2000) Annu Rev Phys Chem , vol.51 , pp. 129-152
    • Bashford, D.1    Case, D.A.2
  • 5
    • 0000667030 scopus 로고
    • Application of RESP charges to calculate conformational energies, hydrogen bond energies, and free energies of solvation
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmt1Gmsbk%3D 10.1021/ja00074a030
    • Cornell WD, Cieplak P, Bayly CI, Kollman PA (1993) Application of RESP charges to calculate conformational energies, hydrogen bond energies, and free energies of solvation. J Am Chem Soc 115:9620-9631
    • (1993) J Am Chem Soc , vol.115 , pp. 9620-9631
    • Cornell, W.D.1    Cieplak, P.2    Bayly, C.I.3    Kollman, P.A.4
  • 7
    • 1442355578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV drug resistance
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFGjs7c%3D 14999114
    • Clavel F, Hance AJ (2004) HIV drug resistance. N Engl J Med 350:1023-1035
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1023-1035
    • Clavel, F.1    Hance, A.J.2
  • 8
    • 0041888278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C protease cleavage sites: An indication of viral fitness?
    • 187406 12915557 10.1128/JVI.77.17.9422-9430.2003
    • de Oliveira T, Engelbrecht S, Janse van Rensburg E, Gordon M, Bishop K, zur Megede J, Barnett SW, Cassol S (2003) Variability at human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C protease cleavage sites: an indication of viral fitness? J Virol 77:9422-9430
    • (2003) J Virol , vol.77 , pp. 9422-9430
    • De Oliveira, T.1    Engelbrecht, S.2    Janse Van Rensburg, E.3    Gordon, M.4    Bishop, K.5    Zur Megede, J.6    Barnett, S.W.7    Cassol, S.8
  • 9
    • 0842341771 scopus 로고
    • Development and use of quantum mechanical molecular models. 76. AM1: A new general purpose quantum mechanical molecular model
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXktFWlsLk%3D 10.1021/ja00299a024
    • Dewar MJS, Zoebisch EG, Healy EF, Stewart JJP (1985) Development and use of quantum mechanical molecular models. 76. AM1: a new general purpose quantum mechanical molecular model. J Am Chem Soc 107:3902-3909
    • (1985) J Am Chem Soc , vol.107 , pp. 3902-3909
    • Dewar, M.J.S.1    Zoebisch, E.G.2    Healy, E.F.3    Stewart, J.J.P.4
  • 13
    • 38949203748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of HIV protease inhibitors targeting protein backbone: An effective strategy for combating drug resistance
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpsFyhsbo%3D 17722874 10.1021/ar7001232
    • Ghosh AK, Chapsal BD, Weber IT, Mitsuya H (2008) Design of HIV protease inhibitors targeting protein backbone: an effective strategy for combating drug resistance. Acc Chem Res 41:78-86
    • (2008) Acc Chem Res , vol.41 , pp. 78-86
    • Ghosh, A.K.1    Chapsal, B.D.2    Weber, I.T.3    Mitsuya, H.4
  • 14
    • 0029151345 scopus 로고
    • Kinetic characterization and cross-resistance patterns of HIV-1 protease mutants selected under drug pressure
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvVegs7o%3D 7626598 10.1021/bi00029a002
    • Gulnik SV, Suvorov LI, Liu B, Yu B, Anderson B, Mitsuya H, Erickson JW (1995) Kinetic characterization and cross-resistance patterns of HIV-1 protease mutants selected under drug pressure. Biochemistry 34:9282-9287
    • (1995) Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 9282-9287
    • Gulnik, S.V.1    Suvorov, L.I.2    Liu, B.3    Yu, B.4    Anderson, B.5    Mitsuya, H.6    Erickson, J.W.7
  • 15
    • 84861674509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of QM/MM scheme to reproduce macromolecule-small molecule noncovalent binding energy
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XotVaht7k%3D 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.04.010
    • Guo X, He D, Liu L, Kuang R, Liu L (2012a) Use of QM/MM scheme to reproduce macromolecule-small molecule noncovalent binding energy. Comput Theor Chem 991:134-140
    • (2012) Comput Theor Chem , vol.991 , pp. 134-140
    • Guo, X.1    He, D.2    Liu, L.3    Kuang, R.4    Liu, L.5
  • 16
    • 84864953419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain energy in enzyme-substrate binding: An energetic insight into the flexibility versus rigidity of enzyme active site
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtFyqtLvJ 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.06.017
    • Guo X, He D, Huang L, Liu L, Liu L, Yang H (2012b) Strain energy in enzyme-substrate binding: an energetic insight into the flexibility versus rigidity of enzyme active site. Comput Theor Chem 995:17-23
    • (2012) Comput Theor Chem , vol.995 , pp. 17-23
    • Guo, X.1    He, D.2    Huang, L.3    Liu, L.4    Liu, L.5    Yang, H.6
  • 17
    • 33947644064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular dynamics and free energy studies on the wild-type and double mutant HIV-1 protease complexed with amprenavir and two amprenavir-related inhibitors: Mechanism for binding and drug resistance
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhs1Ghtbk%3D 17300185 10.1021/jm0609162
    • Hou TJ, Yu R (2007) Molecular dynamics and free energy studies on the wild-type and double mutant HIV-1 protease complexed with amprenavir and two amprenavir-related inhibitors: mechanism for binding and drug resistance. J Med Chem 50:1177-1188
    • (2007) J Med Chem , vol.50 , pp. 1177-1188
    • Hou, T.J.1    Yu, R.2
  • 18
    • 42449147045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the potency of HIV-1 protease drugs to combat resistance
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlt1Wlurs%3D 2628484 18004760 10.1002/prot.21808
    • Hou T, McLaughlin WA, Wang W (2008) Evaluating the potency of HIV-1 protease drugs to combat resistance. Proteins 71:1163-1174
    • (2008) Proteins , vol.71 , pp. 1163-1174
    • Hou, T.1    McLaughlin, W.A.2    Wang, W.3
  • 19
    • 61449101624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting drug resistance of the HIV-1 protease using molecular interaction energy components
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitlGjtrk%3D 3210569 18704937 10.1002/prot.22192
    • Hou T, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang W (2009) Predicting drug resistance of the HIV-1 protease using molecular interaction energy components. Proteins 74:837-846
    • (2009) Proteins , vol.74 , pp. 837-846
    • Hou, T.1    Zhang, W.2    Wang, J.3    Wang, W.4
  • 21
    • 84861672533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic basis for drug resistance of HIV-1 protease mutants against amprenavir
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xjt1eitbo%3D 22350569 10.1007/s10822-012-9550-5
    • Kar P, Knecht V (2012) Energetic basis for drug resistance of HIV-1 protease mutants against amprenavir. J Comput Aided Mol Des 26:215-232
    • (2012) J Comput Aided Mol des , vol.26 , pp. 215-232
    • Kar, P.1    Knecht, V.2
  • 22
    • 5444247213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combating susceptibility to drug resistance: Lessons from HIV-1 protease
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1Ciu78%3D 15489160
    • King NM, Prabu-Jeyabalan M, Nalivaika EA, Schiffer CA (2004) Combating susceptibility to drug resistance: lessons from HIV-1 protease. Chem Biol 11:1333-1338
    • (2004) Chem Biol , vol.11 , pp. 1333-1338
    • King, N.M.1    Prabu-Jeyabalan, M.2    Nalivaika, E.A.3    Schiffer, C.A.4
  • 23
    • 33144466093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of nonpeptide clinical inhibitor TMC-114 on HIV-1 protease with highly drug resistant mutations D30N, I50V, and L90M
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsVKhsg%3D%3D 3015180 16480273 10.1021/jm050943c
    • Kovalevsky AY, Tie Y, Liu F, Boross PI, Wang YF, Leshchenko S, Ghosh AK, Harrison RW, Weber IT (2006) Effectiveness of nonpeptide clinical inhibitor TMC-114 on HIV-1 protease with highly drug resistant mutations D30N, I50V, and L90M. J Med Chem 49:1379-1387
    • (2006) J Med Chem , vol.49 , pp. 1379-1387
    • Kovalevsky, A.Y.1    Tie, Y.2    Liu, F.3    Boross, P.I.4    Wang, Y.F.5    Leshchenko, S.6    Ghosh, A.K.7    Harrison, R.W.8    Weber, I.T.9
  • 24
    • 70450106216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved prediction of protein side-chain conformations with SCWRL4
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlSru7nN 2885146 19603484 10.1002/prot.22488
    • Krivov GG, Shapovalov MV, Dunbrack RL Jr (2009) Improved prediction of protein side-chain conformations with SCWRL4. Proteins 77:778-795
    • (2009) Proteins , vol.77 , pp. 778-795
    • Krivov, G.G.1    Shapovalov, M.V.2    Dunbrack, Jr.R.L.3
  • 25
    • 0030468331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus. Mutations in the viral protease that confer resistance to saquinavir increase the dissociation rate constant of the protease-saquinavir complex
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitFarsQ%3D%3D 8969180 10.1074/jbc.271.52.33231
    • Maschera B, Darby G, Palú G, Wright LL, Tisdale M, Myers R, Blair ED, Furfine ES (1996) Human immunodeficiency virus. Mutations in the viral protease that confer resistance to saquinavir increase the dissociation rate constant of the protease-saquinavir complex. J Biol Chem 271:33231-33235
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 33231-33235
    • Maschera, B.1    Darby, G.2    Palú, G.3    Wright, L.L.4    Tisdale, M.5    Myers, R.6    Blair, E.D.7    Furfine, E.S.8
  • 26
    • 0033568644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational alanine scanning to probe protein-protein interactions: A novel approach to evaluate binding free energies
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlsFSktr0%3D 10.1021/ja990935j
    • Massova I, Kollman PA (1999) Computational alanine scanning to probe protein-protein interactions: a novel approach to evaluate binding free energies. J Am Chem Soc 121:8133-8143
    • (1999) J Am Chem Soc , vol.121 , pp. 8133-8143
    • Massova, I.1    Kollman, P.A.2
  • 27
    • 84863140908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of I50V mutant and I50L/A71V double mutant HIV-protease with inhibitor TMC114 (darunavir): Molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy studies
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmsVWjsQ%3D%3D 3288396 22239286 10.1021/jp2074804
    • Meher BR, Wang Y (2012) Interaction of I50V mutant and I50L/A71V double mutant HIV-protease with inhibitor TMC114 (darunavir): molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy studies. J Phys Chem B 116:1884-1900
    • (2012) J Phys Chem B , vol.116 , pp. 1884-1900
    • Meher, B.R.1    Wang, Y.2
  • 28
    • 79958840083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A combination of computational and experimental approaches to investigate the binding behavior of B. Sub Lipase A mutants with substrate pNPP
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkvVCrtLo%3D 10.1002/minf.201000110
    • Ni Z, Jin X, Zhou P, Wu Q, Lin XF (2011a) A combination of computational and experimental approaches to investigate the binding behavior of B. sub Lipase A mutants with substrate pNPP. Mol Inf 30:359-367
    • (2011) Mol Inf , vol.30 , pp. 359-367
    • Ni, Z.1    Jin, X.2    Zhou, P.3    Wu, Q.4    Lin, X.F.5
  • 29
    • 79960360531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating in silico and in vitro approaches to dissect the stereoselectivity of Bacillus subtilis lipase A toward ketoprofen vinyl ester
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpsF2qsLk%3D 21477088 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01097.x
    • Ni Z, Zhou P, Jin X, Lin XF (2011b) Integrating in silico and in vitro approaches to dissect the stereoselectivity of Bacillus subtilis lipase A toward ketoprofen vinyl ester. Chem Biol Drug Des 78:301-308
    • (2011) Chem Biol Drug des , vol.78 , pp. 301-308
    • Ni, Z.1    Zhou, P.2    Jin, X.3    Lin, X.F.4
  • 30
    • 0344823654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibition requires cooperative coupling between distal mutations
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosVOltbw%3D 14622012 10.1021/bi0350405
    • Ohtaka H, Schön A, Freire E (2003) Multidrug resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibition requires cooperative coupling between distal mutations. Biochemistry 42:13659-13666
    • (2003) Biochemistry , vol.42 , pp. 13659-13666
    • Ohtaka, H.1    Schön, A.2    Freire, E.3
  • 32
    • 0029092503 scopus 로고
    • In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXns1Kitr0%3D 189353 7636964
    • Partaledis JA, Yamaguchi K, Tisdale M, Blair EE, Falcione C, Maschera B, Myers RE, Pazhanisamy S, Futer O, Cullinan AB (1995) In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease. J Virol 69:5228-5235
    • (1995) J Virol , vol.69 , pp. 5228-5235
    • Partaledis, J.A.1    Yamaguchi, K.2    Tisdale, M.3    Blair, E.E.4    Falcione, C.5    Maschera, B.6    Myers, R.E.7    Pazhanisamy, S.8    Futer, O.9    Cullinan, A.B.10
  • 33
    • 0035913537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending the applicability of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation: Multiple dielectric constants and multivalent ions
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktVClsLw%3D 10.1021/jp010454y
    • Rocchia W, Alexov E, Honig B (2001) Extending the applicability of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation: multiple dielectric constants and multivalent ions. J Phys Chem B 105:6507-6514
    • (2001) J Phys Chem B , vol.105 , pp. 6507-6514
    • Rocchia, W.1    Alexov, E.2    Honig, B.3
  • 35
    • 60349127442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • QM/MM methods for biomolecular systems
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitFOqs7g%3D 10.1002/anie.200802019
    • Senn HM, Thiel W (2009) QM/MM methods for biomolecular systems. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:1198-1229
    • (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed , vol.48 , pp. 1198-1229
    • Senn, H.M.1    Thiel, W.2
  • 37
    • 78751569971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why OppA protein can bind sequence-independent peptides? A combination of QM/MM, PB/SA, and structure-based QSAR analyses
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlt12jtA%3D%3D 20582607 10.1007/s00726-010-0661-9
    • Tian F, Yang L, Lv F, Luo X, Pan Y (2011a) Why OppA protein can bind sequence-independent peptides? A combination of QM/MM, PB/SA, and structure-based QSAR analyses. Amino Acids 40:493-503
    • (2011) Amino Acids , vol.40 , pp. 493-503
    • Tian, F.1    Yang, L.2    Lv, F.3    Luo, X.4    Pan, Y.5
  • 38
    • 84855201786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of PDZ domain-peptide interactions using an integrated protocol of QM/MM, PB/SA, and CFEA analyses
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVGmtb%2FL 21964565 10.1007/s10822-011-9474-5
    • Tian F, Lv Y, Zhou P, Yang L (2011b) Characterization of PDZ domain-peptide interactions using an integrated protocol of QM/MM, PB/SA, and CFEA analyses. J Comput Aided Mol Des 25:947-958
    • (2011) J Comput Aided Mol des , vol.25 , pp. 947-958
    • Tian, F.1    Lv, Y.2    Zhou, P.3    Yang, L.4
  • 39
    • 0347513233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and thermodynamic basis of resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibition: Implications for inhibitor design
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpvVWh 14754432 10.2174/1568005033481051
    • Velazquez-Campoy A, Muzammil S, Ohtaka H, Schön A, Vega S, Freire E (2003) Structural and thermodynamic basis of resistance to HIV-1 protease inhibition: implications for inhibitor design. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 3:311-328
    • (2003) Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord , vol.3 , pp. 311-328
    • Velazquez-Campoy, A.1    Muzammil, S.2    Ohtaka, H.3    Schön, A.4    Vega, S.5    Freire, E.6
  • 41
    • 0034811498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of MM-PBSA in reproducing the binding free energies to HIV-1 RT of TIBO derivatives and predicting the binding mode to HIV-1 RT of efavirenz by docking and MM-PBSA
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtlyqtrc%3D 11457384 10.1021/ja003834q
    • Wang J, Morin P, Wang W, Kollman PA (2001) Use of MM-PBSA in reproducing the binding free energies to HIV-1 RT of TIBO derivatives and predicting the binding mode to HIV-1 RT of efavirenz by docking and MM-PBSA. J Am Chem Soc 123:5221-5230
    • (2001) J Am Chem Soc , vol.123 , pp. 5221-5230
    • Wang, J.1    Morin, P.2    Wang, W.3    Kollman, P.A.4
  • 42
    • 2942532422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and testing of a general amber force field
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksFakurc%3D 15116359 10.1002/jcc.20035
    • Wang J, Wolf RM, Caldwell JW, Kollman PA, Case DA (2004) Development and testing of a general amber force field. J Comput Chem 25:1157-1174
    • (2004) J Comput Chem , vol.25 , pp. 1157-1174
    • Wang, J.1    Wolf, R.M.2    Caldwell, J.W.3    Kollman, P.A.4    Case, D.A.5
  • 43
    • 0032562985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK1czgs1Sitw%3D%3D 9643862 10.1001/jama.279.24.1977
    • Wainberg MA, Friedland G (1998) Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance. JAMA 279:1977-1983
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1977-1983
    • Wainberg, M.A.1    Friedland, G.2
  • 44
    • 84876296670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How conformational changes can affect catalysis, inhibition and drug resistance of enzymes with induced-fit binding mechanism such as the HIV-1 protease
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjtFWnt7w%3D 23376188 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.027
    • Weikl TR, Hemmateenejad B (2013) How conformational changes can affect catalysis, inhibition and drug resistance of enzymes with induced-fit binding mechanism such as the HIV-1 protease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1834:867-873
    • (2013) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1834 , pp. 867-873
    • Weikl, T.R.1    Hemmateenejad, B.2
  • 45
    • 0033614004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asparagine and glutamine: Using hydrogen atom contacts in the choice of side-chain amide orientation
    • 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtV2ht7g%3D 9917408 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2401
    • Word JM, Lovell SC, Richardson JS, Richardson DC (1999) Asparagine and glutamine: using hydrogen atom contacts in the choice of side-chain amide orientation. J Mol Biol 285:1735-1747
    • (1999) J Mol Biol , vol.285 , pp. 1735-1747
    • Word, J.M.1    Lovell, S.C.2    Richardson, J.S.3    Richardson, D.C.4
  • 46
    • 70350515927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluorine bonding - How does it work in protein-ligand interactions?
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtF2lur7E 19788294 10.1021/ci9002393
    • Zhou P, Zou J, Tian F, Shang Z (2009a) Fluorine bonding - how does it work in protein-ligand interactions? J Chem Inf Model 49:2344-2355
    • (2009) J Chem Inf Model , vol.49 , pp. 2344-2355
    • Zhou, P.1    Zou, J.2    Tian, F.3    Shang, Z.4
  • 47
    • 65449123873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2D depiction of nonbonding interactions for protein complexes
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjvFant70%3D 18942722 10.1002/jcc.21109
    • Zhou P, Tian F, Shang Z (2009b) 2D depiction of nonbonding interactions for protein complexes. J Comput Chem 30:940-951
    • (2009) J Comput Chem , vol.30 , pp. 940-951
    • Zhou, P.1    Tian, F.2    Shang, Z.3
  • 48
    • 84877997444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational peptidology: A new and promising approach to therapeutic peptide design
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXotl2is7o%3D 23317161 10.2174/0929867311320150005
    • Zhou P, Wang C, Ren Y, Yang C, Tian F (2013) Computational peptidology: a new and promising approach to therapeutic peptide design. Curr Med Chem 20:1985-1996
    • (2013) Curr Med Chem , vol.20 , pp. 1985-1996
    • Zhou, P.1    Wang, C.2    Ren, Y.3    Yang, C.4    Tian, F.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.