Reappraisal of SFA and cardiovascular risk

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 390-398

  Sanders, Thomas A B ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CVD; Lipid; Palmitic acid; Risk factors; Saturated fatty acids

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PALMITIC ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARBON; FIBRINOGEN; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET; ENERGY; FOOD; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; THROMBOSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; DAIRY PRODUCT; DISEASE MARKER; FAT INTAKE; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HEART DEATH; INSULIN RELEASE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RISK REDUCTION; UNITED KINGDOM;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL; DIET; DIETARY FATS; ENDPOINT DETERMINATION; FATTY ACIDS; FOOD HABITS; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES; RISK FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84893079427     PISSN: 00296651     EISSN: 14752719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665113003364     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. WHO/FAO (2010) Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition. Report of an Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy: Food and Agricultural Organisation; available at http://www.fao.org (accessed 01 August 2012).
2. Department of Health (1994) Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. Report on Health and Social Subjects No 46. London: HMSO.
3. Degirolamo C & Rudel LL (2010) Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids appear not to provide cardioprotection. Curr Atheroscler Rep 12, 391-396.
4. McGill HC Jr & Strong JP (1968) The geographic pathology of atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 149, 923-927.
5. Webber BJ, Seguin PG, Burnett DG, et al. (2012) Prevalence of and risk factors for autopsy-determined atherosclerosis among US service members, 2001-2011. JAMA 308, 2577-2583.
6. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA & Gidding SS (2008) Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: Implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Circulation 117, 1216-1227.
7. Humphries SE, Whittall RA, Hubbart CS, et al. (2006) Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: Relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk. J Med Genet 43, 943-949.
8. Thompson GR (2009) History of the cholesterol controversy in Britain. QJM 102, 81-86.
9. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, et al. (2009) Body mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900000 adults: Collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet 373, 1083-1096.
10. Smart MC, Dedoussis G, Louizou E, et al. (2010) APOE, CETP and LPL genes show strong association with lipid levels in Greek children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20, 26-33.
11. Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Travis RC, et al. (2013) Risk of hospitalization or death from ischemic heart disease among British vegetarians and nonvegetarians: Results from the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 97, 597-603.
12. Sanders TA, Ellis FR & Dickerson JW (1978) Studies of vegans: The fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. Am J Clin Nutr 31, 805-813.
13. Lewington S (2007) Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: A meta-Analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths. Lancet 370, 1829-1839.
14. Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, et al. (2012) Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: A Mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 380, 572-580.
15. Law MR, Wald NJ & Rudnicka AR (2003) Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. BMJ 326, 1423.
16. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. (2010) Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: A meta-Analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376, 1670-1681.
17. Keys A, Anderson JT & Grande F (1957) Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet 273, 959-966.
18. Keys A, Anderson JT & Grande F (1965) Serum cholesterol response to changes in the diet. IV. Particular saturated fatty acids in the diet. Metabolism 14, 776-776.
19. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, et al. (1965) Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 17, 281-295.
20. Mensink RP & Katan MB (1992) Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-Analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb 12, 911-919.
21. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, et al. (2003) Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-Analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 1146-1155.
22. Ng TKW, Hassan K, Lim JB, et al. (1991) Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm-oil diet in Malaysian volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 53, 1015S-1020S.
23. Sundram K, Hayes KC & Siru OH (1994) Dietary palmitic acid results in lower serum cholesterol than does a lauricmyristic acid combination in normolipemic humans. Am J Clin Nutr 59, 841-846.
24. Voon PT, Ng TKW, Lee VKM, et al. (2011) Diets high in palmitic acid (16: 0), lauric and myristic acids (12 :0+14: 0), or oleic acid (18: 1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1451-1457.
25. Fless GM, Fischer-Dzoga K, Juhn DJ, et al. (1982) Structural and functional changes of rhesus serum low density lipoproteins during cycles of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Arteriosclerosis 2, 475-486.
26. Khosla P & Hayes KC (1992) Comparison between the effects of dietary saturated (16: 0), monounsaturated (18: 1), and polyunsaturated (18: 2) fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein metabolism in cebus and rhesus monkeys fed cholesterol-free diets. Am J Clin Nutr 55, 51-62.
27. Ng TK, Hayes KC, DeWitt GF, et al. (1992) Dietary palmitic and oleic acids exert similar effects on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in normocholesterolemic men and women. J Am Coll Nutr 11, 383-390.
28. Choudhury N, Tan L & Truswell AS (1995) Comparison of palmolein and olive oil: Effects on plasma lipids and vitamin E in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 61, 1043-1051.
29. Tholstrup T, Hjerpsted J & Raff M (2011) Palm olein increases plasma cholesterol moderately compared with olive oil in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1426-1432.
30. Jebb SA, Lovegrove JA, Griffin BA, et al. (2010) Effect of changing the amount and type of fat and carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk: The RISCK (Reading, Imperial, Surrey, Cambridge, and Kings) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 748-758.
31. Tierney AC, McMonagle J, Shaw DI, et al. (2011) Effects of dietary fat modification on insulin sensitivity and on other risk factors of the metabolic syndrome-LIPGENE: A European randomized dietary intervention study. Int J Obes (2005) 35, 800-809.
32. Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Dujovne CA, et al. (1993) The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. N Eng J Med 328, 1213-1219.
33. Smolina K, Wright FL, Rayner M, et al. (2012) Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in England between 2002 and 2010: Linked national database study. BMJ 344, d8059.
34. Keogh JB, Grieger JA, Noakes M, et al. (2005) Flow-mediated dilatation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25, 1274-1279.
35. Andriantsitohaina R, Auger C, Chataigneau T, et al. (2012) Molecular mechanisms of the cardiovascular protective effects of polyphenols. Br J Nutr 108, 1532-1549.
36. Fuentes F, Lopez-Miranda J, Sanchez E, et al. (2001) Mediterranean and low-fat diets improve endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Ann Int Med 134, 1115-1119.
37. Jimenez-Morales AI, Ruano J, Delgado-Lista J, et al. (2011) NOS3 Glu298Asp polymorphism interacts with virgin olive oil phenols to determine the postprandial endothelial function in patients with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96, E1694-E1702.
38. Sanders TA, Lewis FJ, Goff LM, et al. (2013) SFAs do not impair endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Am J Clin Nutr 98, 677-683.
39. Ong PJ, Dean TS, Hayward CS, et al. (1999) Effect of fat and carbohydrate consumption on endothelial function. Lancet 354, 2134.
40. Berry SE, Tucker S, Banerji R, et al. (2008) Impaired postprandial endothelial function depends on the type of fat consumed by healthy men. J Nutr 138, 1910-1914.
41. Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Pennells L, et al. (2012) C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. N Eng J Med 367, 1310-1320.
42. Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, et al. (1999) Dietary oleic and palmitic acids and postprandial factor VII in middle-Aged men heterozygous and homozygous for factor VII R353Q polymorphism. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 220-225.
43. Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Miller GJ, et al. (2000) Influence of fatty acid chain length and cis/trans isomerization on postprandial lipemia and factor VII in healthy subjects (postprandial lipids and factor VII). Atherosclerosis 149, 413-420.
44. Berry SE, Miller GJ & Sanders TA (2007) The solid fat content of stearic acid-rich fats determines their postprandial effects. Am J Clin Nutr 85, 1486-1494.
45. Berry SE, Woodward R, Yeoh C, et al. (2007) Effect of interesterification of palmitic acid-rich triacylglycerol on postprandial lipid and factor VII response. Lipids 42, 315-323.
46. Oakley FR, Sanders TA & Miller GJ (1998) Postprandial effects of an oleic acid-rich oil compared with butter on clotting factor VII and fibrinolysis in healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 1202-1207.
47. Sanders TA, Oakley FR, Cooper JA, et al. (2001) Influence of a stearic acid-rich structured triacylglycerol on postprandial lipemia, factor VII concentrations, and fibrinolytic activity in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 73, 715-721.
48. Sanders TA, Berry SE & Miller GJ (2003) Influence of triacylglycerol structure on the postprandial response of factor VII to stearic acid-rich fats. Am J Clin Nutr 77, 777-782.
49. Sanders TA, Filippou A, Berry SE, et al. (2011) Palmitic acid in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols acutely influences postprandial lipid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1433-1441.
50. Sanders TA, Lewis F, Slaughter S, et al. (2006) Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: The OPTILIP study. Am J Clin Nutr 84, 513-522.
51. Sanders TA, de Grassi T, Acharya J, et al. (2004) Postprandial variations in fibrinolytic activity in middle-Aged men are modulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor I 4G-675/5G genotype but not by the fat content of a meal. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 577-581.
52. Miller GJ (2005) Dietary fatty acids and the haemostatic system. Atherosclerosis 179, 213-227.
53. Riserus U, Willett WC & Hu FB (2009) Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res 48, 44-51.
54. Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, et al. (2001) Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 44, 312-319.
55. Bos MB, de Vries JH, Feskens EJ, et al. (2010) Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acids diet and a Mediterranean diet on serum lipids and insulin sensitivity in adults with mild abdominal obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 20, 591-598.
56. Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Elwood P, et al. (2011) The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Where does the evidence stand in 2010? Am J Clin Nutr 93, 684-688.
57. Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, et al. (1995) Serum total cholesterol and long-Term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-fiveyear follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 274, 131-136.
58. Huijbregts P, Feskens E, Rasanen L, et al. (1997) Dietary pattern and 20 year mortality in elderly men in Finland, Italy, and The Netherlands: Longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 315, 13-17.
59. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, et al. (2010) Meta-Analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 535-546.
60. Mozaffarian D & Clarke R (2009) Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils. Eur J Clin Nutr 63, Suppl. 2, S22-S33.
61. Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, et al. (2009) Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: A pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 89, 1425-1432.
62. Jakobsen MU, Dethlefsen C, Joensen AM, et al. (2010) Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: Importance of the glycemic index. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 1764-1768.
63. Howard BV, Van Horn L, Hsia J, et al. (2006) Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular disease: TheWomen's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 295, 655-666.
64. Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, et al. (2012) Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5, CD002137.
65. Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ & Van Horn L (2011) Components of a cardioprotective diet: New insights. Circulation 123, 2870-2891.
66. Legrand P, Morise A & Kalonji E (2011) Update of French nutritional recommendations for fatty acids. World Rev Nutr Diet 102, 137-143.
67. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, et al. (1994) Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents. Circulation 90, 583-612.
68. Hoare LHJ, Bates C, Prentice A, et al. (2004) The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years. London: The Stationary Office.
69. Bates BLL, Prentice A, Bates C, et al. (2012) National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Headline results from Years 1, 2 and 3 (combined) of the Rolling Programme(2008/2009-2010/11); available at http://webarchive.nationalarchives. gov.uk. (accessed 30 July 2013).
70. Hooper L, Abdelhamid A, Moore HJ, et al. (2012) Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: Systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 345, e7666.
71. Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. (2013) Meat consumption and mortality-results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med 11, 63.
72. Patterson E, Larsson SC, Wolk A, et al. (2013) Association between dairy food consumption and risk of myocardial infarction in women differs by type of dairy food. J Nutr 143, 74-79.
73. Khaw KT, Friesen MD, Riboli E, et al. (2012) Plasma phospholipid fatty acid concentration and incident coronary heart disease in men and women: The EPIC-Norfolk prospective study. PLoS Med 9, e1001255.
74. de Oliveira Otto MC, Nettleton JA, Lemaitre RN, et al. (2013) Biomarkers of dairy fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2, e000092.