Glycemic index, glycemic load, carbohydrates, and type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Diabetes Care

Volumn 36, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 4166-4171

  Greenwood, Darren C ^a   Threapleton, Diane E ^a   Evans, Charlotte E L ^a   Cleghorn, Christine L ^a   Nykjaer, Camilla ^a   Woodhead, Charlotte ^a   Burley, Victoria J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; GLYCEMIC INDEX; GLYCEMIC LOAD; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUGAR INTAKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; BLOOD; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; DOSE RESPONSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; METABOLISM; RISK FACTOR;

CARBOHYDRATE DIET; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84891864511     PISSN: 01495992     EISSN: 19355548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0325     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2012. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 2012
2. Sheard NF, Clark NG, Brand-Miller JC, et al. Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004; 27:2266-2271
3. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:362-366
4. Salmerón J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 1997;20: 545-550
5. Salmerón J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997;277:472-477
6. Krishnan S, Rosenberg L, Singer M, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cereal fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US black women. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:2304-2309
7. Villegas R, Liu S, Gao YT, et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167:2310-2316
8. Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, van der A DL, et al. Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:905-911
9. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71: 921-930
10. Stevens J, Ahn K, Juhaeri, Houston D, Steffan L, Couper D. Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American andwhite adults: the ARIC study. Diabetes Care 2002;25: 1715-1721
11. Similä ME, Valsta LM, Kontto JP, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Low-, medium-and highglycaemic index carbohydrates and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1258-1264
12. Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetesd 2006: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2140-2157
13. Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, et al. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease riskda meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:627-637
14. Dong JY, Zhang L, Zhang YH, Qin LQ. Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2011;106:1649-1654
15. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al.; Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Group. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA 2000;283: 2008-2012
16. Greenland S, Longnecker MP. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135: 1301-1309
17. Orsini N, Bellocco R, Greenland S. Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data. Stata J 2006;6:40-57
18. Der Simonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7: 177-188
19. White IR. Multivariate random-effects meta-analysis. Stata J 2009;9:40-56
20. Orsini N, Greenland S. A procedure to tabulate and plot results after flexible modeling of a quantitative covariate. Stata J 2011;11:1-29
21. Larsson SC, Orsini N. Coffee consumption and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:993-1001
22. Orsini N, Li R, Wolk A, Khudyakov P, Spiegelman D. Meta-analysis for linear and nonlinear dose-response relations: examples, an evaluation of approximations, and software. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:66-73
23. Hodge AM, English DR, O'Dea K, Giles GG. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2701-2706
24. Barclay AW, Flood VM, Rochtchina E, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. Glycemic index, dietary fiber, and risk of type 2 diabetes in a cohort of older Australians. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2811-2813
25. Schulz M, Liese AD, Fang F, Gilliard TS, Karter AJ. Is the association between dietary glycemic index and type 2 diabetes modified by waist circumference? Diabetes Care 2006;29:1102-1104
26. van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Feskens EJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load and their association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes. J Nutr Metab 2011;2011:623076
27. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002;21:1539-1558
28. Stata Corp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, Stata Corporation, 2011
29. Patel AV, McCullough ML, Pavluck AL, Jacobs EJ, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Glycemic load, glycemic index, and carbohydrate intake in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in a large US cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:287-294
30. Sonestedt E, Lyssenko V, Ericson U, et al. Genetic variation in the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor modifies the association between carbohydrate and fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E810-E818
31. Halton TL, Liu S, Manson JE, Hu FB. Lowcarbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:339-346
32. Mekary RA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, et al. Joint association of glycemic load and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes incidence in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:1525-1532
33. Similä ME, Kontto JP, Valsta LM, Männistö S, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Carbohydrate substitution for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:716-721
34. Hopping BN, Erber E, Grandinetti A, Verheus M, Kolonel LN, Maskarinec G. Dietary fiber, magnesium, and glycemic load alter risk of type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii. J Nutr 2010;140: 68-74
35. Leonetti DL, Tsunehara CH, Wahl PW, Fujimoto WY. Baseline dietary intake and physical activity of Japanese American men in relation to glucose tolerance at 5-year follow-up. Am J Hum Biol 1996;8:55-67
36. Montonen J, Järvinen R, Knekt P, Heliövaara M, Reunanen A. Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose predict type 2 diabetes occurrence. J Nutr 2007;137:1447-1454
37. Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:348-356
38. Mosdøl A, Witte DR, Frost G, Marmot MG, Brunner EJ. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline but not with increased risk of diabetes in the Whitehall II study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:988-994
39. Sahyoun NR, Anderson AL, Tylavsky FA, Lee JS, Sellmeyer DE, Harris TB; Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:126-131
40. Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, et al. Dietary glycemic index and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men. Metabolism 2012;61:47-55
41. Yu R, Woo J, Chan R, et al. Relationship between dietary intake and the development of type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population: the Hong Kong Dietary Survey. Public Health Nutr 2011;14:1133-1141
42. Schulze MB, Schulz M, Heidemann C, Schienkiewitz A, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. Carbohydrate intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study. Br J Nutr 2008;99: 1107-1116
43. Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:5-56
44. Pi-Sunyer FX. Glycemic index and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:290S-298S
45. Venn BJ, Green TJ. Glycemic index and glycemic load:measurement issues and their effect on diet-disease relationships. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61(Suppl. 1):S122-S131
46. Flint A, Møller BK, Raben A, et al. The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of composite breakfast meals. Br J Nutr 2004;91:979-989