Developmental mechanisms in the prodrome to psychosis

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 25, Issue 4 PART 2, 2013, Pages 1585-1600

  Walker, Elaine F ^a   Trotman, Hanan D ^a   Goulding, Sandra M ^a   Holtzman, Carrie W ^a   Ryan, Arthur T ^a   McDonald, Allison ^a   Shapiro, Daniel I ^a   Brasfield, Joy L ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRODROMAL SYMPTOM; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN; HUMANS; PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 84891426942     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000783     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Addington, A. M., & Rapoport, J. L. (2012). Annual research review: Impact of advances in genetics in understanding developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 53, 510-518.
2. Addington, J., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T., Cornblatt, B., McGlashan, T., Perkins, D., et al. (2007). North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study: A collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 665-672.
3. Addington, J., &Heinssen, R. (2012). Prediction and prevention of psychosis in youth at clinical high risk. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 269-289.
4. Addington, J., Stowkowy, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., et al. (2013). Early traumatic experiences in those at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7, 300-330.
5. Adriano, F., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2012). Hippocampal volume reduction in first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis. Neuroscientist, 18, 180-200.
6. Alexander, N., Osinsky, R., Schmitz, A., Mueller, E., Kuepper, Y., & Hennig, J. (2010). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects HPA-axis reactivity to acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 949-953.
7. Allen, P., Luigjes, J., Howes, O. D., Egerton, A., Hirao, K., Valli, I., et al. (2012). Transition to psychosis associated with prefrontal and subcortical dysfunction in ultra high-risk individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 1268-1276.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Arlington, VA: Author.
9. Amminger, G. P., Schafer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Cotton, S. M., Harrigan, S. M., et al. (2010). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 146-154.
10. Antoni, M. H., Lechner, S., Diaz, A., Vargas, S., Holley, H., Phillips, K., et al. (2009). Cognitive behavioral stress management effects on psychosocial and physiological adaptation in women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 580-591.
11. Arnone, D., Cavanagh, J., Gerber, D., Lawrie, S. M., Ebmeier, K. P., & McIntosh, A. M. (2009). Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 194-201.
12. Asarnow, J. R. (2005). Childhood-onset schizotypal disorder: A follow-up study and comparison with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 395-402.
13. Atkinson, R. J., Michie, P. T., & Schall, U. (2012). Duration mismatch negativity and P3a in first-episode psychosis and individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 98-104.
14. Barik, J., Marti, F., Morel, C., Fernandez, S. P., Lanteri, C., Godeheu, G., et al. (2013). Chronic stress triggers social aversion via glucocorticoid receptor in dopaminoceptive neurons. Science, 339, 332-335.
15. Bassett, A. S., & Chow, E. W. (2008). Schizophrenia and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10, 148-157.
16. Bauer, M., Praschak-Rieder, N., Kasper, S., & Willeit, M. (2012). Is dopamine neurotransmission altered in prodromal schizophrenia? A review of the evidence. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 1568-1579.
17. Bebbington, P., Jonas, S., Kuipers, E., King, M., Cooper, C., Brugha, T., et al. (2011). Childhood sexual abuse and psychosis: Data from a cross-sectional national psychiatric survey in England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 29-37.
18. Bechdolf, A., Thompson, A., Nelson, B., Cotton, S., Simmons, M. B., Amminger, G. P., et al. (2010). Experience of trauma and conversion to psychosis in an ultra-high-risk (prodromal) group. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 377-384.
19. Bodatsch, M., Ruhrmann, S., Wagner, M., Muller, R., Schultze-Lutter, F., Frommann, I., et al. (2011). Prediction of psychosis by mismatch negativity. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 959-966.
20. Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2010). Cognitive impairment in affective psychoses: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 112-125.
21. Borgwardt, S. J., Picchioni, M. M., Ettinger, U., Toulopoulou, T., Murray, R., & McGuire, P. K. (2010). Regional gray matter volume in monozygotic twins concordant and discordant for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 956-964.
22. Bramen, J. E., Hranilovich, J. A., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Chen, J., Toga, A.W., et al. (2011). Puberty influences medial temporal lobe and cortical gray matter maturation differently in boys than girls matched for sexual maturity. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 636-646.
23. Bramon, E., Shaikh, M., Broome, M., Lappin, J., Berge, D., Day, F., et al. (2008). Abnormal P300 in people with high risk of developing psychosis. NeuroImage, 41, 553-660.
24. Brockhaus-Dumke, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., Mueller, R., Tendolkar, I., Bechdolf, A., Pukrop, R., et al. (2008). Sensory gating in schizophrenia: P50 and N100 gating in antipsychotic-free subjects at risk, first-episode, and chronic patients. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 376-384.
25. Brockhaus-Dumke, A., Tendolkar, I., Pukrop, R., Schultze-Lutter, F., Klosterkotter, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2005). Impaired mismatch negativity generation in prodromal subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 73, 297-310.
26. Cadenhead, K. S. (2002). Vulnerability markers in the schizophrenia spectrum: Implications for phenomenology, genetics, and the identification of the schizophrenia prodrome. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 837-53.
27. Cadenhead, K. S., Light, G. A., Shafer, K. M., & Braff, D. L. (2005). P50 suppression in individuals at risk for schizophrenia: The convergence of clinical, familial, and vulnerability marker risk assessment. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1504-1509.
28. Cannon, T. D., Cadenhead, K., Cornblatt, B., Woods, S. W., Addington, J., Walker, E., et al. (2008). Prediction of psychosis in youth at high clinical risk: A multisite longitudinal study in North America. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 28-37.
29. Carrion, V. G., & Wong, S. S. (2012). Can traumatic stress alter the brain? Understanding the implications of early trauma on brain development and learning. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, S23-S28.
30. Castro-Fornieles, J., Bargallo, N., Lazaro, L., Andres, S., Falcon, C., Plana, M. T., et al. (2009). A cross-sectional and follow-up voxel-based morphometric MRI study in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 331-340.
31. Catena-Dell'Osso, M., Bellantuono, C., Consoli, G., Baroni, S., Rotella, F., &Marazziti, D. (2011). Inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways in depression: A new avenue for antidepressant development? Current Medicinal Chemistry, 18, 245-255.
32. Charmandari, E., Kino, T., Souvatzoglou, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2003). Pediatric stress: Hormonal mediators and human development. Hormone Research, 59, 161-179.
33. Correll, C. U., Hauser, M., Auther, A. M., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2010). Research in people with psychosis risk syndrome: A review of the current evidence and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51, 390-431.
34. Coyle, J. T., Tsai, G.,& Goff, D. C. (2002). Ionotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets in schizophrenia. Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders, 1, 183-189.
35. Davidson, L., & Heinrichs, R. (2003). Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 122, 69-87.
36. Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 689-695.
37. de la Fuente-Sandoval, C., Leon-Ortiz, P., Favila, R., Stephano, S., Mamo, D., Ramirez-Bermudez, J., et al. (2011). Higher levels of glutamate in the associative-striatum of subjects with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia and patients with first-episode psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 1781-1791.
38. Dempster, E. L., Pidsley, R., Schalkwyk, L. C., Owens, S., Georgiades, A., Kane, F., et al. (2011). Disease-associated epigenetic changes in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Human Molecular Genetics 20, 4786-4796.
39. Douaud, G., Mackay, C., Andersson, J., James, S., Quested, D., Ray, M. K., et al. (2009). Schizophrenia delays and alters maturation of the brain in adolescence. Brain, 132, 2437-2448.
40. D'Souza, D. C., Abi-Saab, W. M., Madonick, S., Forselius-Bielen, K., Doersch, A., Braley, G., et al. (2005). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: Implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 594-608.
41. D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Wu, Y. T., et al. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: Implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1558-1572.
42. D'Souza, D. C., Ranganathan, M., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., Zimolo, Z., Cooper, T., et al. (2008). Blunted psychotomimetic and amnestic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in frequent users of cannabis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 2505-2516.
43. Frank, M. G., Miguel, Z. D.,Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F. (2010). Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 19-30.
44. Frommann, I., Brinkmeyer, J., Ruhrmann, S., Hack, E., Brockhaus-Dumke, A., Bechdolf, A., et al. (2008). Auditory P300 in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70, 192-205.
45. Furrow, R. E., Christiansen, F. B., & Feldman, M. W. (2011). Environmentsensitive epigenetics and the heritability of complex diseases. Genetics, 189, 1377-1387.
46. Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Crescini, A., Deste, G., Kempton, M. J., Lawrie, S., et al. (2011). Neuroanatomy of vulnerability to psychosis: A voxel-based meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1175-1185.
47. Fusar-Poli, P., Crossley, N., Woolley, J., Carletti, F., Perez-Iglesias, R., Broome, M., et al. (2011). Gray matter alterations related to P300 abnormalities in subjects at high risk for psychosis: Longitudinal MRIEEG study. NeuroImage, 55, 320-328.
48. Galletly, C., Van Hooff, M., &McFarlane, A. (2011). Psychotic symptoms in young adults exposed to childhood trauma-20 year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 127, 76-82.
49. Garner, B., Pariante, C., Wood, S., Velakoulis, D., Phillips, L., Soulsby, B., et al. (2005). Pituitary volume predicts future transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 417-423.
50. Giuliano, A. J., Li, H., Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Sorenson, S. M.,Woodberry, K. A.,& Seidman, L. J. (2012). Neurocognition in the psychosis risk syndrome: A quantitative and qualitative review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18, 399-415.
51. Green, M. F., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., Fiske, A. P., Hellemann, G. S., Horan,W. P., et al. (2012). Social cognition in schizophrenia, Part 1: Performance across phase of illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 854-864.
52. Green, M. F., Penn, D. L., Bentall, R., Carpenter,W. T., Gaebel,W., Gur, R. C., et al. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 1211-1220.
53. Habets, P., Collip, D., Myin-Germeys, I., Gronenschild, E., van Bronswijk, S., Hofman, P., et al. (2012). Pituitary volume, stress reactivity and genetic risk for psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1523-1533.
54. Heins, M., Simons, C., Lataster, T., Pfeifer, S., Versmissen, D., Lardinois, M., et al. (2011). Childhood trauma and psychosis: A case-control and case-sibling comparison across different levels of genetic liability, psychopathology, and type of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1286-1294.
55. Hill, S. K., Schuepbach, D., Herbener, E. S., Keshavan, M. S., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Pretreatment and longitudinal studies of neuropsychological deficits in antipsychotic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 49-63.
56. Hoftman,G.D., &Lewis,D.A. (2011). Postnatal developmental trajectories of neural circuits in the primate prefrontal cortex: Identifying sensitive periods for vulnerability to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 493-503.
57. Holtzman, C. W., Walker, E. F., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T. D., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2011, September 22). Associations between child abuse and symptom severity in participants at clinical high risk for psychosis. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Psychopathology, Boston.
58. Hook, J. N., Giordani, B., Schteingart, D. E., Guire, K., Giles, J., Ryan, K., et al. (2007). Patterns of cognitive change over time and relationship to age following successful treatment of Cushing's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 21-29.
59. Horan,W. P., Ventura, J., Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Hwang, S. S., & Mintz, J. (2005). Stressful life events in recent-onset schizophrenia: Reduced frequencies and altered subjective appraisals. Schizophrenia Research, 75, 363-374.
60. Howes, O., & Kapur, S. (2009). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Version III-The final common pathway. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 549-562.
61. Howes, O., Montgomery, A., Asselin, M., Murray, R., Valli, I., Tabraham, P., et al. (2009). Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 13-20.
62. Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2008). What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 354-366.
63. Hunter, R. G. (2012). Epigenetic effects of stress and corticosteroids in the brain. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 6, 18.
64. Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R., et al. (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38-45.
65. Jeon, Y. W., & Polich, J. (2003). Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: Patients, paradigms, and practical implications. Psychophysiology, 40, 684-701.
66. Karlsgodt, K. H., Sun, D., Jimenez, A. M., Lutkenhoff, E. S., Willhite, R., van Erp, T. G., et al. (2008). Developmental disruptions in neural connectivity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 1297-1327.
67. Kegeles, L. S., Abi-Dargham, A., Zea-Ponce, Y., Rodenhiser-Hill, J., Mann, J. J., Van Heertum, R. L., et al. (2000). Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: Implications for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 627-640.
68. Kegeles, L. S.,Martinez,D.,Kochan,L.D.,Hwang, D. R.,Huang,Y.,Mawlawi, O., et al. (2002). NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Positron emission tomography studies in humans. Synapse, 43, 19-29.
69. Kelleher, I., Harley, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Fitzpatrick, C., &Cannon, M. (2008). Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193, 378-382.
70. Khansari, P. S., & Halliwell, R. F. (2009). Evidence for neuroprotection by the fenamate NSAID, mefenamic acid. Neurochemistry International, 55, 683-688.
71. Kim, H. S., Shin, N. Y., Jang, J. H., Kim, E., Shim, G., Park, H. Y., et al. (2011). Social cognition and neurocognition as predictors of conversion to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk. Schizophrenia Research, 130, 170-175.
72. Kim, J. J., & Haller, J. (2007). Glucocorticoid hyper-and hypofunction: Stress effects on cognition and aggression. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1113, 291-303.
73. Kinney, D. K., Hintz, K., Shearer, E. M., Barch, D. H., Riffin, C., Whitley, K., et al. (2010). A unifying hypothesis of schizophrenia: Abnormal immune system development may help explain roles of prenatal hazards, post-pubertal onset, stress, genes, climate, infections, and brain dysfunction. Medical Hypotheses, 74, 555-563.
74. Knoops, A. J., Gerritsen, L., van der Graaf, Y., Mali,W. P., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010). Basal hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis activity and hippocampal volumes: The SMART-Medea study. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1191-1198.
75. Kong, A., Frigge, M. L., Masson, G., Besenbacher, S., Sulem, P., Magnusson, G., et al. (2012). Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father's age to disease risk. Nature, 488, 471-475.
76. Kristensen, K., & Cadenhead, K. S. (2007). Cannabis abuse and risk for psychosis in a prodromal sample. Psychiatry Research, 151, 151-154.
77. Ladouceur, C. D., Peper, J. S., Crone, E. A.,&Dahl, R. E. (2012). White matter development in adolescence: The influence of puberty and implications for affective disorders. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2, 36-54.
78. Large, M., Sharma, S., Compton, M. T., Slade, T., & Nielssen, O. (2011). Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: A systematic meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 555-561.
79. Levitt, J. J., Bobrow, L., Lucia, D., & Srinivasan, P. (2010). A selective review of volumetric and morphometric imaging in schizophrenia. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 4, 243-281.
80. Mainz, V., Schulte-Ruther, M., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2012). Structural brain abnormalities in adolescent anorexia nervosa before and after weight recovery and associated hormonal changes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74, 574-582.
81. Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2011). Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology 214, 89-106.
82. Mesholam-Gately, R. I., Giuliano, A. J., Goff, K. P., Faraone, S. V., & Seidman, L. J. (2009). Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia:A metaanalytic review. Neuropsychology, 23, 315-36.
83. Meyer, U. (2011). Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 42, 20-34.
84. Michaeli, B., Berger, M. M., Revelly, J. P., Tappy, L., & Chiolero, R. (2007). Effects of fish oil on the neuro-endocrine responses to an endotoxin challenge in healthy volunteers. Clinical Nutrition, 26, 70-77.
85. Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T., Ventura, J., et al. (2003). Prodromal assessment with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: Predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29, 703-715.
86. Miyake, N., Thompson, J., Skinbjerg, M., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2011). Presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 17, 104-109.
87. Mizrahi, R., Addington, J., Rusjan, P. M., Suridjan, I., Ng, A., Boileau, I., et al. (2012). Increased stress-induced dopamine release in psychosis. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 561-567.
88. Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Gabilondo, A., Tournikioti, K., Walshe, M., Marshall, N., et al. (2008). Pituitary volume in unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 1004-1012.
89. Mondelli, V., Pariante, C. M., Navari, S., Aas, M., D'Albenzio, A., Di Forti, M., et al. (2010). Higher cortisol levels are associated with smaller left hippocampal volume in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 119, 75-78.
90. Moore, T. H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R., Jones, P. B., Burke, M., et al. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370, 319-328.
91. Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
92. Myin-Germeys, I., Krabbendam, L., Delespaul, P. A., & van Os, J. (2003). Do life events have their effect on psychosis by influencing the emotional reactivity to daily life stress? Psychological Medicine, 33, 327-333.
93. Myin-Germeys, I., Krabbendam, L., Delespaul, P. A., & van Os, J. (2004). Sex differences in emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 805-809.
94. Myin-Germeys, I., Marcelis, M., Krabbendam, L., Delespaul, P.,&van Os, J. (2005). Subtle fluctuations in psychotic phenomena as functional states of abnormal dopamine reactivity in individuals at risk. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 105-110.
95. Myin-Germeys, I., van Os, J., Schwartz, J. E., Stone, A. A., & Delespaul, P. A. (2001). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1137-1144.
96. Myles-Worsley, M., Ord, L., Blailes, F., Ngiralmau, H., & Freedman, R. (2004). P50 sensory gating in adolescents from a Pacific island isolate with elevated risk for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 663-667.
97. Nieman, D., Becker, H., van de Fliert, R., Plat, N., Bour, L., Koelman, H., et al. (2007). P50 sensory gating in adolescents from a Pacific island risk for developing psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 9, 54-60.
98. Niendam, T. A., Jalbrzikowski, M., & Bearden, C. E. (2009). Exploring predictors of outcome in the psychosis prodrome: Implications for early identification and intervention. Neuropsychology Review, 19, 280-293.
99. O'Donovan, M. C., Craddock, N. J., & Owen, M. J. (2009). Genetics of psychosis; Insights from views across the genome. Human Genetics, 126, 3-12.
100. Ozgurdal, S., Gudlowski, Y.,Witthaus, H., Kawohl,W., Uhl, I., Hauser, M., et al. (2008). Reduction of auditory event-related P300 amplitude in subjects with at-risk mental state for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 105, 272-278.
101. Palmer, B. W., Dawes, S. E., & Heaton, R. K. (2009). What do we know about neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenia? Neuropsychology Review, 19, 365-384.
102. Palmier-Claus, J. E., Dunn, G., & Lewis, S.W. (2012). Emotional and symptomatic reactivity to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1003-1012.
103. Pariante, C. M., Dazzan, P., Danese, A., Morgan, K. D., Brudaglio, F., Morgan, C., et al. (2005). Increased pituitary volume in antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated patients of the AEsop first-onset psychosis study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1923-1931.
104. Pariante, C. M., Vassilopoulou, K., Velakoulis, D., Phillips, L., Soulsby, B., Wood, S. J., et al. (2004). Pituitary volume in psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 5-10.
105. Peper, J. S., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Crone, E. A., & van Honk, J. (2011). Sex steroids and brain structure in pubertal boys and girls: A mini-review of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience, 191, 28-37.
106. Perez, A. R., Bottasso, O., &Savino,W. (2009). The impact of infectious diseases upon neuroendocrine circuits. Neuroimmunomodulation, 16, 96-105.
107. Phillips, L. J., Edwards, J., McMurray, N., &Francey, S. (2012). Comparison of experiences of stress and coping between young people at risk of psychosis and a non-clinical cohort. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 69-88.
108. Phillips, L. J., Francey, S. M., Edwards, J., & McMurray, N. (2007). Stress and psychosis: Towards the development of new models of investigation. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 307-317.
109. Pruessner, M., Iyer, S. N., Faridi, K., Joober, R., & Malla, A. K. (2011). Stress and protective factors in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, first episode psychosis and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research, 129, 29-35.
110. Puri, B. K. (2010). Progressive structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 10, 33-42.
111. Quednow, B. B., Frommann, I., Berning, J., Kuhn, K. U., Maier, W., & Wagner, M. (2008). Impaired sensorimotor gating of the acoustic startle response in the prodrome of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 64, 766-773.
112. Ranganathan, M., Braley, G., Pittman, B., Cooper, T., Perry, E., Krystal, J., et al. (2009). The effects of cannabinoids on serum cortisol and prolactin in humans. Psychopharmacology, 203, 737-744.
113. Renwick, L., Jackson, D., Turner, N., Sutton, M., Foley, S., McWilliams, S., et al. (2009). Are symptoms associated with increased levels of perceived stress in first-episode psychosis? International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 18, 186-194.
114. Schenkel, L. S., Spaulding, W. D., DiLillo, D., & Silverstein, S. M. (2005). Histories of childhood maltreatment in schizophrenia: Relationships with premorbid functioning, symptomatology, and cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 76, 273-286.
115. Seidman, L. J., Giuliano, A. J., Meyer, E. C., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., et al. (2010). Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS consortium: Relationship to family history and conversion to psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 578-588.
116. Shalev, I., Lerer, E., Israel, S., Uzefovsky, F., Gritsenko, I., Mankuta, D., et al. (2009). BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with HPA axis reactivity to psychological stress characterized by genotype and gender interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 382-388.
117. Shapiro, D. I., Cubells, J. F., Ousley, O. Y., Rockers, K., & Walker, E. F. (2011). Prodromal symptoms in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 129, 20-28.
118. Shevlin, M., Houston, J. E., Dorahy, M. J., & Adamson, G. (2008). Cumulative traumas and psychosis: An analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 193-199.
119. Siever, L., & Davis, K. (2004). The pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorders: Perspectives from the spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 398-413.
120. Smieskova, R., Fusar-Poli, P., Allen, P., Bendfeldt, K., Stieglitz, R. D., Drewe, J., et al. (2010). Neuroimaging predictors of transition to psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 1207-1222.
121. Sorensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Reinisch, J. M., & Mednick, S. A. (2009). Parental psychiatric hospitalisation and offspring schizophrenia. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 10, 571-575.
122. Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R.,Wittchen, H. U.,& van Os, J. (2006). Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: Relationship with psychosis proneness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 527-533.
123. Stone, J. M., Bhattacharyya, S., Barker, G. J., & McGuire, P. K. (2012). Substance use and regional gray matter volume in individuals at high risk of psychosis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 114-122.
124. Strelzyk, F., Hermes, M., Naumann, E., Oitzl, M., Walter, C., Busch, H. P., et al. (2012). Tune it down to live it up? Rapid, nongenomic effects of cortisol on the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 616-625.
125. Takahashi, T., Wood, S. J., Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Soulsby, B., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2009). Insular cortex gray matter changes in individuals at ultra-high-risk of developing psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 111, 94-102.
126. Tessner, K. D., Mittal, V., & Walker, E. F. (2011). Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 432-441.
127. Tessner, K. D., Walker, E. F., Dhruv, S. H., Hochman, K., & Hamann, S. (2007). The relation of cortisol levels with hippocampus volumes under baseline and challenge conditions. Brain Research, 1179, 70-78.
128. Thompson, A. D., Bartholomeusz, C., & Yung, A. R. (2011). Social cognition deficits and the "ultra high risk" for psychosis population: A review of literature. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 5, 192-202.
129. Thompson, J. L., Kelly, M., Kimhy, D., Harkavy-Friedman, J. M., Khan, S., Messinger, J. W., et al. (2009). Childhood trauma and prodromal symptoms among individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 108, 176-181.
130. Thompson, K. N., Berger, G., Phillips, L. J., Komesaroff, P., Purcell, R., & McGorry, P. D. (2007). HPA axis functioning associated with transition to psychosis: Combined DEX/CRH test. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41, 446-450.
131. Toth, S. L., Pickreign Stronach, E., Rogosch, F. A., Caplan, R., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Illogical thinking and thought disorder in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 659-668.
132. Trotman, H. D.,Holtzman, C.W.,Ryan, A.T., Shapiro,D. I.,MacDonald,A.N., Goulding, S. N., et al. (in press). The development of psychotic disorders in adolescence: A potential role for hormones. Hormones and behavior.
133. Turetsky, B. I., Calkins, M. E., Light, G. A., Olincy, A., Radant, A. D., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2007). Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: The viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 69-94.
134. Uchida, H., Takeuchi, H., Graff-Guerrero, A., Suzuki, T., Watanabe, K., & Mamo, D. C. (2011). Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and clinical effects: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31, 497-502.
135. Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2011). The development of neural synchrony and large-scale cortical networks during adolescence: Relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 514-523.
136. van der Stelt, O., & Belger, A. (2007). Application of electroencephalography to the study of cognitive and brain functions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 955-970.
137. van der Stelt, O., Lieberman, J. A., & Belger, A. (2005). Auditory P300 in high-risk, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 77, 309-320.
138. van Haren, N. E., Picchioni, M. M., McDonald, C., Marshall, N., Davis, N., Ribchester, T., et al. (2004). A controlled study of brain structure in monozygotic twins concordant and discordant for schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 454-461.
139. van Os, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., & Verdoux, H. (2002). Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 319-327.
140. van Tricht, M. J., Nieman, D. H., Koelman, J. H., Bour, L. J., van der Meer, J. N., van Amelsvoort, T. A., et al. (2011). Auditory ERP components before and after transition to a first psychotic episode. Biological Psychology, 87, 350-357.
141. van Tricht, M. J., Nieman, D. H., Koelman, J. H., van der Meer, J. N., Bour, L. J., de Haan, L., et al. (2010). Reduced parietal P300 amplitude is associated with an increased risk for a first psychotic episode. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 642-648.
142. Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., et al. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective-and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 661-671.
143. Walder, D., Trotman, H., Cubells, J., Brasfield, J., Tang, Y., & Walker, E. (2010). Catechol-O-methyltransferase modulation of cortisol secretion in psychiatrically at-risk and healthy adolescents. Psychiatric Genetics, 20, 166-170.
144. Walker, E. F. (1994). Developmentallymoderated expressions of the neuropathology underlying schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 453-480.
145. Walker, E. F., Brennan, P. A., Esterberg, M., Brasfield, J., Pearce, B., & Compton, M. T. (2010). Longitudinal changes in cortisol secretion and conversion to psychosis in at-risk youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 401-8.
146. Walker, E. F., & Diforio, D. (1997). Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model. Psychological Review, 104, 667-685.
147. Walker, E. F., Mittal, V., & Tessner, K. (2008). Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 189-216.
148. Walker, E. F., Trotman, H. D., Pearch, B. D., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., et al. (in press). Cortisol levels and risk for psychosis: Initial findings from the North American longitudinal study. Biological Psychiatry.
149. Walker, E. F.,Walder, D., & Reynolds, F. (2001). Developmental changes in cortisol secretion in normal and at-risk youth. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 721-732.
150. Weinberg, S. M., Jenkins, E. A., Marazita, M. L., & Maher, B. S. (2007). Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 89, 72-85.
151. Weinstein, D. D., Diforio, D., Schiffman, J., Walker, E., & Bonsall, R. (1999). Minor physical anomalies, dermatoglyphic asymmetries, and cortisol levels in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder. American Journal of
152. Welch, K. A., McIntosh, A. M., Job, D. E., Whalley, H. C., Moorhead, T.W., Hall, J., et al. (2011). The impact of substance use on brain structure in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 1066-76.
153. Wisdom, J. P., Manuel, J. I., & Drake, R. E. (2011). Substance use disorder among people with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review of course and treatment. Psychiatric Services, 62, 1007-1012.
154. Witthaus, H., Kaufmann, C., Bohner, G., Ozgurdal, S., Gudlowski, Y., Gallinat, J., et al. (2009). Gray matter abnormalities in subjects at ultra-high risk for schizophrenia and first-episode schizophrenic patients compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Research, 173, 163-169.
155. Woods, S., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T., Cornblatt, B., Heinssen, R., et al. (2009). Validity of the prodromal risk syndrome for first psychosis: Findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 894-908.
156. Yehuda, S., Rabinovitz, S., & Mostofsky, D. I. (2005). Mixture of essential fatty acids lowers test anxiety. Nutritional Neuroscience, 8, 265-267.
157. Ziermans, T. B., Schothorst, P., Magnee, M., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2011). Reduced prepulse inhibition in adolescents at risk for psychosis: A 2-year follow-up study. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 36, 127-134.
158. Ziermans, T. B., Schothorst, P. F., Schnack, H. G., Koolschijn, P. C., Kahn, R. S., van Engeland, H., et al. (2012). Progressive structural brain changes during development of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 519-530.
159. Ziermans, T. B., Schothorst, P. F., Sprong, M., Magnee,M. J., van Engeland, H., &Kemner, C. (2012). Reduced prepulse inhibition as an early vulnerability marker of the psychosis prodrome in adolescence. Schizophrenia Research, 134, 10-15.
160. Zunszain, P. A., Anacker, C., Cattaneo, A., Carvalho, L. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2011). Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 35, 722-729.