High levels of dietary phytosterols affect lipid metabolism and increase liver and plasma TAG in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

British Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 110, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 1958-1967

  Liland, Nina S ^a   Espe, Marit ^a   Rosenlund, Grethe ^b   Waagbo, Rune ^a   Hjelle, Jan I ^a   Lie, Øyvind ^a   Fontanillas, Ramon ^b   Torstensen, Bente E ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b SKRETTING AQUACULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE   (Norway)

Author keywords

Lipids; Phytosterols; Plant protein; Salmon; Vegetable oil

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; FISH OIL; PHYTOSTEROL; RAPESEED OIL; SOYBEAN OIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VEGETABLE OIL; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; ATLANTIC SALMON; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; FISH MEAL; GENE EXPRESSION; LIPID METABOLISM; MEAL; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; STEROL ANALYSIS; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ANIMALS; AQUACULTURE; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL 7-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; DIET; DIETARY PROTEINS; FISH PROTEINS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; LIVER; ORPHAN NUCLEAR RECEPTORS; OXIDOREDUCTASES ACTING ON CH-CH GROUP DONORS; PHYTOSTEROLS; PLANT OILS; PLANT PROTEINS; SALMO SALAR; SOYBEAN OIL; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2; TRIGLYCERIDES; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84888353009     PISSN: 00071145     EISSN: 14752662     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513001347     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Tacon AGJ, Hasan MR & Subasinghe RP (2006) Use of Fishery Resources as Feed Inputs to Aquaculture Development:Trends and Policy Implications. Rome: FAO
2. Turchini GM, Torstensen BE & Ng W-K (2009) Fish oil replacement in finfish nutrition. Rev Aquacult 1, 10-57
3. Torstensen BE, Espe M, Stubhaug I, et al. (2011) Dietary plant proteins and vegetable oil blends increase adiposity and plasma lipids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Br J Nutr 106, 633-647
4. Jordal AEO, Lie Ø & Torstensen BE (2007) Complete replacement of dietary fish oil with a vegetable oil blend affect liver lipid and plasma lipoprotein levels in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquacult Nutr 13, 114-130
5. Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, et al. (2008) Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genomics 9, 299-313
6. Espenshade PJ & Hughes AL (2007) Regulation of sterol synthesis in eukaryotes. Annu Rev Genet 41, 401-427
7. Moreau RA, Whitaker BD & Hicks KB (2002) Phytosterols,phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: Structural diversity,quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 41, 457-500
8. Brufau G, Canela MA & Rafecas M (2008) Phytosterols:physiologic and metabolic aspects related to cholesterollowering properties. Nutr Res 28, 217-225
9. Amemiya-Kudo M, Shimano H, Hasty AH, et al. (2002) Transcriptional activities of nuclear SREBP-1a, -1c, and -2 to different target promoters of lipogenic and cholesterogenic genes. J Lipid Res 43, 1220-1235
10. Gilman CI, Leusch FDL, Carl Breckenridge W, et al. (2003) Effects of a phytosterol mixture on male fish plasma lipoprotein fractions and testis P450scc activity. Gen Comp Endocrinol 130, 172-184
11. Edwards PA, Tabor D, Kast HR, et al. (2000) Regulation of gene expression by SREBP and SCAP. Biochim Biophys Acta 1529, 103-113
12. Zhao C & Dahlman-Wright K (2010) Liver X receptor in cholesterol metabolism. J Endocrinol 204, 233-240
13. Yang C, Yu L, Li W, et al. (2004) Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis by plant sterols. J Clin Invest 114, 813-822
14. Horton JD, Goldstein JL & Brown MS (2002) SREBPs: Activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 109, 1125-1131
15. Torstensen BE, Espe M, Sanden M, et al. (2008) Novel production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protein based on combined replacement of fish meal and fish oil with plant meal and vegetable oil blends. Aquaculture 285, 193-200
16. Liland NS, Rosenlund G, Berntssen MHG, et al. (2012) Net production of Atlantic salmon (FIFO, Fish in Fish out, 1) with dietary plant proteins and vegetable oils. Aquacult Nutr (Epublication ahead of print version 5 June 2012
17. Havel RJ, Eder HA & Bragdon JH (1955) Distribution and chemical composition of ultracentrifugally separated lipoproteins in human serum. J Clin Invest 34, 1345-1353
18. Espe M, Ruohonen K & El-Mowafi A (2012) Effect of taurine supplementation on the metabolism and body lipid-to-protein ratio in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquacult Res 43, 349-360
19. Suckling KE, Benson GM, Bond B, et al. (1991) Cholesterol lowering and bile acid excretion in the hamster with cholestyramine treatment. Atherosclerosis 89, 183-190
20. Laakso P (2005) Analysis of sterols from various food matrices. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 107, 402-410
21. Rozen S & Skaletsky HJ (2000) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers (source code available at: Http://fokker.wi.mit. edu/primer3/). In Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology, pp. 365-386 [S Krawetz and S Misener, editors]. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press
22. R Development Core Team (2010) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. http://www. R-project.org/ Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing
23. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, et al. (2010) nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models, R package (version 3.1-97
24. Vandesompele J, De Preter K, Pattyn F, et al. (2002) Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes. Genome Biol 3, RESEARCH0034
25. Olsvik P, Lie K, Jordal A-E, et al. (2005) Evaluation of potential reference genes in real-time RT-PCR studies of Atlantic salmon. BMC Mol Biol 6, 21-29
26. Laraki L, Pelletier X, Mourot J, et al. (1993) Effects of dietary phytosterols on liver lipids and lipid metabolism enzymes. Ann Nutr Metab 37, 129-133
27. Miller MR, Nichols PD & Carter CG (2008) The digestibility and accumulation of dietary phytosterols in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt fed diets with replacement plant oils. Lipids 43, 549-557
28. Gylling H & Miettinen TA (1999) Phytosterols, analytical and nutritional aspects. In Functional Foods. A New Challenge for the Food Chemist, p. 109 [R Lasztity, W Pfannhauser, L Simon- Sarkadi and S To?mo?ko?zi, editors]. Budapest: Publishing Company of TUB
29. Wergedahl H, Liaset B, Gudbrandsen OA, et al. (2004) Fish protein hydrolysate reduces plasma total cholesterol,increases the proportion of HDL cholesterol, and lowers acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in liver of Zucker rats. J Nutr 134, 1320-1327
30. Yokogoshi H, Mochizuki H, Nanami K, et al. (1999) Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Nutr 129, 1705-1712
31. Espe M, Rathore RM, Du ZY, et al. (2010) Methionine limitation results in increased hepatic FAS activity, higher liver
32. 1 to 18 : 0 fatty acid ratio and hepatic TAG accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Amino Acids 39, 449-460
33. Pirinen E, Gylling H, Itkonen P, et al. (2010) Activated polyamine catabolism leads to low cholesterol levels by enhancing bile acid synthesis. Amino Acids 38, 549-560
34. Torstensen BE, Lie Ø & Frøyland L (2000) Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - effects of capelin oil, palm oil, and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources. Lipids 35, 653-664
35. National Research Council (2011) Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, p. 327. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
36. Altmann SW, Davis HR, Zhu L-J, et al. (2004) Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science 303, 1201-1204
37. Jesch ED, Seo JM, Carr TP, et al. (2009) Sitosterol reduces messenger RNA and protein expression levels of Niemann- Pick C1-like 1 in FHs 74 Int cells. Nutr Res 29,859-866
38. Chiang JYL (1998) Regulation of bile acids synthesis. Front Biosci 3, 176-193
39. Repa JJ, Liang GS, Ou JF, et al. (2000) Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP- 1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXR alpha and LXR beta. Genes Dev 14, 2819-2830
40. Janowski BA, Willy PJ, Devi TR, et al. (1996) An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR[alpha]. Nature 383, 728-731
41. Minghetti M, Leaver MJ & Tocher DR (2011) Transcriptional control mechanisms of genes of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) established cell line, SHK-1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1811, 194-202
42. Cruz-Garcia L, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Gutierrez J, et al. (2011) Regulation of LXR and LXR target genes by insulin,growth hormone and tumour necrosis factor-a in rainbow trout myocytes (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 160, 125-136