Magnetic nanoparticles: New players in antimicrobial peptide therapeutics

Current Protein and Peptide Science

Volumn 14, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 595-606

  Lopez Abarrategui C ^a   Figueroa Espi V ^a   Reyes Acosta, O ^b   Reguera, E ^c   Otero Gonzalez, A J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAVANA   (Cuba)

^b CENTER FOR GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY   (Cuba)

^c INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial peptides; Host defense peptides; Immunomodulation; Magnetic nanoparticles; Therapeutics

Indexed keywords

ALPHA DEFENSIN; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; BACITRACIN; CEFACLOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; GOMESIN; ISEGANAN; LACTOFERRICIN B; LACTOFERRIN; LINEZOLID; MAGAININ; MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLE; OMIGANAN; PEXIGANAN; PLECTASIN; POLYMEDIX; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; QUANTUM DOT; STEROL; TALACTOFERRIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG CONJUGATION; FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY; HUMAN; INFECTION; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NEOPLASM; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; TUMOR VOLUME;

ANIMALS; ANTIMICROBIAL CATIONIC PEPTIDES; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; HUMANS; MAGNETS; NANOPARTICLES;

EID: 84888272710     PISSN: 13892037     EISSN: 18755550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389203711209070682     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Kruijshaar, M. E.; Watson, J. M.; Drobniewski, F.; Anderson, C.; Brown, T. J.; Magee, J. G.; Smith, E. G.; Story, A.; Abubakar, I. Increasing antituberculosis drug resistance in the United Kingdom: analysis of National Surveillance Data. BMJ., 2008, 336(7655), 1231-1234.
2. Snell, N. J. Examining unmet needs in infectious disease. Drug Discov. Today, 2003, 8(1), 22-30.
3. Arias, C. A.; Murray, B. E. Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century-a clinical super-challenge. N. Engl. J. Med., 2009, 360(5), 439-443.
4. Kang, S. J.; Ji, H. Y.; Lee, B. J. Anticancer activity of undecapeptide analogues derived from antimicrobial peptide, Brevinin-1EMa. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2012, 35, 791-799.
5. Afacan, N. J.; Yeung, A. T.; Pena, O. M.; Hancock, R. E. Therapeutic potential of host defense peptides in antibiotic-resistant infections. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2012, 18, 807-819.
6. Riedl, S.; Zweytick, D.; Lohner, K. Membrane-active host defense peptides--challenges and perspectives for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 2011, 164(8), 766-781.
7. Eckert, R. Road to clinical efficacy: challenges and novel strategies for antimicrobial peptide development. Future Microbiol., 2011, 6(6), 635-651.
8. Brogden, N. K.; Brogden, K. A. Will new generations of modified antimicrobial peptides improve their potential as pharmaceuticals? Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2011, 38(3), 217-225.
9. Brandelli, A. Nanostructures as promising tools for delivery of antimicrobial peptides. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2012, 12(8), 731-741.
10. Reddy, L. H.; Arias, J. L.; Nicolas, J.; Couvreur, P. Magnetic nanoparticles: design and characterization, toxicity and biocompatibility, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Chem. Rev., 2012, 112(11), 5818-5878.
11. Zasloff, M. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature, 2002, 415(6870), 389-395.
12. Lehrer, R. I.; Lichtenstein, A. K.; Ganz, T. Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1993, 11, 105-128.
13. Zanetti, M.; Gennaro, R.; Romeo, D. Cathelicidins: a novel protein family with a common proregion and a variable C-terminal antimicrobial domain. FEBS Lett., 1995, 374(1), 1-5.
14. Andra, J.; Berninghausen, O.; Leippe, M. Cecropins, antibacterial peptides from insects and mammals, are potently fungicidal against Candida albicans. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 2001, 189(3), 169-173.
15. Lee, I. H.; Zhao, C.; Cho, Y.; Harwig, S. S.; Cooper, E. L.; Lehrer, R. I. Clavanins, alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from tunicate hemocytes. FEBS Lett., 1997, 400(2), 158-162.
16. Jenssen, H.; Hamill, P.; Hancock, R. E. Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2006, 19(3), 491-511.
17. Alba, A.; Lopez-Abarrategui, C.; Otero-Gonzalez, A. J. Host defense peptides: an alternative as antiinfective and immunomodulatory therapeutics. Biopolymers, 2012, 98(4), 251-267.
18. Matsuzaki, K. Control of cell selectivity of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2009, 1788(8), 1687-1692.
19. Matsuzaki, K.; Sugishita, K.; Miyajima, K. Interactions of an antimicrobial peptide, magainin 2, with lipopolysaccharidecontaining liposomes as a model for outer membranes of gramnegative bacteria. FEBS Lett., 1999, 449(2-3), 221-224.
20. Matsuzaki, K.; Sugishita, K.; Fujii, N.; Miyajima, K. Molecular basis for membrane selectivity of an antimicrobial peptide, magainin 2. Biochemistry, 1995, 34(10), 3423-3429.
21. Wilmes, M.; Cammue, B. P.; Sahl, H. G.; Thevissen, K. Antibiotic activities of host defense peptides: more to it than lipid bilayer perturbation. Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28(8), 1350-1358.
22. Schneider, T.; Kruse, T.; Wimmer, R.; Wiedemann, I.; Sass, V.; Pag, U.; Jansen, A.; Nielsen, A. K.; Mygind, P. H.; Raventos, D. S.; Neve, S.; Ravn, B.; Bonvin, A. M.; De, M. L.; Andersen, A. S.; Gammelgaard, L. K.; Sahl, H. G.; Kristensen, H. H. Plectasin, a fungal defensin, targets the bacterial cell wall precursor Lipid II. Science, 2010, 328(5982), 1168-1172.
23. Thevissen, K.; Francois, I. E.; Takemoto, J. Y.; Ferket, K. K.; Meert, E. M.; Cammue, B. P. DmAMP1, an antifungal plant defensin from dahlia (Dahlia merckii), interacts with sphingolipids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 2003, 226(1), 169-173.
24. Aerts, A. M.; Francois, I. E.; Meert, E. M.; Li, Q. T.; Cammue, B. P.; Thevissen, K. The antifungal activity of RsAFP2, a plant defensin from raphanus sativus, involves the induction of reactive oxygen species in Candida albicans. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2007, 13(4), 243-247.
25. Otero-Gonzalez, A. J.; Magalhaes, B. S.; Garcia-Villarino, M.; Lopez-Abarrategui, C.; Sousa, D. A.; Dias, S. C.; Franco, O. L. Antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates as a new frontier for microbial infection control. FASEB J., 2010, 24(5), 1320-1334.
26. Mor, A. Multifunctional host defense peptides: antiparasitic activities. FEBS J., 2009, 276(22), 6474-6482.
27. Hale, J. D.; Hancock, R. E. Alternative mechanisms of action of cationic antimicrobial peptides on bacteria. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther., 2007, 5(6), 951-959.
28. Barbosa, P. P.; Del Sarto, R. P.; Silva, O. N.; Franco, O. L.; Grosside-Sa, M. F. Antibacterial peptides from plants: what they are and how they probably work. Biochem. Res. Int., 2011, 2011, 250349.
29. Wimley, W. C.; Hristova, K. Antimicrobial peptides: successes, challenges and unanswered questions. J. Membr. Biol., 2011, 239(1-2), 27-34.
30. Zasloff, M. Magainins, a class of antimicrobial peptides from Xenopus skin: isolation, characterization of two active forms, and partial cDNA sequence of a precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1987, 84(15), 5449-5453.
31. Ludtke, S. J.; He, K.; Heller, W. T.; Harroun, T. A.; Yang, L.; Huang, H. W. Membrane pores induced by magainin. Biochemistry, 1996, 35(43), 13723-13728.
32. Brogden, K. A. Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2005, 3(3), 238-250.
33. Schmitt, P.; Wilmes, M.; Pugniere, M.; Aumelas, A.; Bachere, E.; Sahl, H. G.; Schneider, T.; stoumieux-Garzon, D. Insight into invertebrate defensin mechanism of action: oyster defensins inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis by binding to lipid II. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285(38), 29208-29216.
34. Mygind, P. H.; Fischer, R. L.; Schnorr, K. M.; Hansen, M. T.; Sonksen, C. P.; Ludvigsen, S.; Raventos, D.; Buskov, S.; Christensen, B.; De, M. L.; Taboureau, O.; Yaver, D.; Elvig-Jorgensen, S. G.; Sorensen, M. V.; Christensen, B. E.; Kjaerulff, S.; Frimodt-Moller, N.; Lehrer, R. I.; Zasloff, M.; Kristensen, H. H. Plectasin is a peptide antibiotic with therapeutic potential from a saprophytic fungus. Nature, 2005, 437(7061), 975-980.
35. Zhang, J.; Yang, Y.; Teng, D.; Tian, Z.; Wang, S.; Wang, J. Expression of plectasin in Pichia pastoris and its characterization as a new antimicrobial peptide against Staphyloccocus and Streptococcus. Prot. Expr. Purif., 2011, 78(2), 189-196.
36. Park, C. B.; Kim, H. S.; Kim, S. C. Mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptide buforin II: buforin II kills microorganisms by penetrating the cell membrane and inhibiting cellular functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 244(1), 253-257.
37. Jang, S. A.; Kim, H.; Lee, J. Y.; Shin, J. R.; Kim da, J.; Cho, J. H.; Kim, S. C. Mechanism of action and specificity of antimicrobial peptides designed based on buforin IIb. Peptides, 2012, 34, 283-289.
38. Otvos, L., Jr.; Rogers, M. E.; Consolvo, P. J.; Condie, B. A.; Lovas, S.; Bulet, P.; Blaszczyk-Thurin, M. Interaction between heat shock proteins and antimicrobial peptides. Biochemistry, 2000, 39(46), 14150-14159.
39. Rozgonyi, F.; Szabo, D.; Kocsis, B.; Ostorhazi, E.; Abbadessa, G.; Cassone, M.; Wade, J. D.; Otvos, L., Jr. The antibacterial effect of a proline-rich antibacterial peptide A3-APO. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16(30), 3996-4002.
40. Ostorhazi, E.; Holub, M. C.; Rozgonyi, F.; Harmos, F.; Cassone, M.; Wade, J. D.; Otvos, L., Jr. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy of peptide A3-APO in mouse models of multidrug-resistant wound and lung infections cannot be explained by in vitro activity against the pathogens involved. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 2011, 37, 480-484.
41. Hancock, R. E.; Sahl, H. G. Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies. Nat. Biotechnol., 2006, 24(12), 1551-1557.
42. Jenssen, H.; Hancock, R. E. Therapeutic potential of HDPs as immunomodulatory agents. Methods Mol. Biol., 2010, 618, 329-347.
43. Scott, M. G.; Dullaghan, E.; Mookherjee, N.; Glavas, N.; Waldbrook, M.; Thompson, A.; Wang, A.; Lee, K.; Doria, S.; Hamill, P.; Yu, J. J.; Li, Y.; Donini, O.; Guarna, M. M.; Finlay, B. B.; North, J. R.; Hancock, R. E. An anti-infective peptide that selectively modulates the innate immune response. Nat. Biotech., 2007, 25(4), 465-472.
44. Nijnik, A.; Madera, L.; Ma, S.; Waldbrook, M.; Elliott, M. R.; Easton, D. M.; Mayer, M. L.; Mullaly, S. C.; Kindrachuk, J.; Jenssen, H.; Hancock, R. E. Synthetic cationic peptide IDR-1002 provides protection against bacterial infections through chemokine induction and enhanced leukocyte recruitment. J. Immunol., 2010, 184(5), 2539-2550.
45. Cullen, T. W.; Giles, D. K.; Wolf, L. N.; Ecobichon, C.; Boneca, I. G.; Trent, M. S. Helicobacter pylori versus the host: remodeling of the bacterial outer membrane is required for survival in the gastric mucosa. PLoS Pathog., 2011, 7(12), e1002454.
46. Wieczorek, M.; Jenssen, H.; Kindrachuk, J.; Scott, W. R.; Elliott, M.; Hilpert, K.; Cheng, J. T.; Hancock, R. E.; Straus, S. K. Structural studies of a peptide with immune modulating and direct antimicrobial activity. Chem. Biol., 2010, 17, 970-980.
47. Modak, R.; Das Mitra, S.; Krishnamoorthy, P.; Bhat, A.; Banerjee, A.; Gowsica, B. R.; Bhuvana, M.; Dhanikachalam, V.; Natesan, K.; Shome, R.; Shome, B. R.; Kundu, T. K. Histone H3K14 and H4K8 hyperacetylation is associated with Escherichia coli-induced mastitis in mice. Epigenetics, 2012, 7(5), 492-501.
48. Wuerth, K.; Hancock, R. E. New insights into cathelicidin modulation of adaptive immunity. Eur. J. Immunol., 2011, 41(10), 2817-2819.
49. Yeung, A. T.; Gellatly, S. L.; Hancock, R. E. Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2011, 68(13), 2161-2176.
50. van der Does, A. M.; Joosten, S. A.; Vroomans, E.; Bogaards, S. J.; van Meijgaarden, K. E.; Ottenhoff, T. H.; van Dissel, J. T.; Nibbering, P. H. The antimicrobial peptide hLF1-11 drives monocytedendritic cell differentiation toward dendritic cells that promote antifungal responses and enhance Th17 polarization. J. Innate Immun., 2012, 4(3), 284-292.
51. de la Rosa, G.; Yang, D.; Tewary, P.; Varadhachary, A.; Oppenheim, J. J. Lactoferrin acts as an alarmin to promote the recruitment and activation of APCs and antigen-specific immune responses. J. Immunol., 2008, 180(10), 6868-6876.
52. Mei, H. F.; Jin, X. B.; Zhu, J. Y.; Zeng, A. H.; Wu, Q.; Lu, X. M.; Li, X. B.; Shen, J. beta-defensin 2 as an adjuvant promotes antimelanoma immune responses and inhibits the growth of implanted murine melanoma in vivo. PLoS One, 2012, 7(2), e31328.
53. Hazlett, L.; Wu, M. Defensins in innate immunity. Cell Tissue Res., 2011, 343(1), 175-188.
54. Verkleij, A. J.; Zwaal, R. F.; Roelofsen, B.; Comfurius, P.; Kastelijn, D.; van Deenen, L. L. The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human red cell membrane. A combined study using phospholipases and freeze-etch electron microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1973, 323(2), 178-193.
55. Bafna, S.; Kaur, S.; Batra, S. K. Membrane-bound mucins: the mechanistic basis for alterations in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Oncogene, 2010, 29(20), 2893-2904.
56. Aviel-Ronen, S.; Lau, S. K.; Pintilie, M.; Lau, D.; Liu, N.; Tsao, M. S.; Jothy, S. Glypican-3 is overexpressed in lung squamous cell carcinoma, but not in adenocarcinoma. Mod. Pathol., 2008, 21(7), 817-825.
57. Dennison, S. R.; Harris, F.; Bhatt, T.; Singh, J.; Phoenix, D. A. A theoretical analysis of secondary structural characteristics of anticancer peptides. Mol. Cell Biochem., 2010, 333(1-2), 129-135.
58. Papo, N.; Shai, Y. Host defense peptides as new weapons in cancer treatment. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2005, 62(7-8), 784-790.
59. Eliassen, L. T.; Berge, G.; Leknessund, A.; Wikman, M.; Lindin, I.; Lokke, C.; Ponthan, F.; Johnsen, J. I.; Sveinbjornsson, B.; Kogner, P.; Flaegstad, T.; Rekdal, O. The antimicrobial peptide, lactoferricin B, is cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells in vitro and inhibits xenograft growth in vivo. Int. J. Cancer, 2006, 119(3), 493-500.
60. Furlong, S. J.; Mader, J. S.; Hoskin, D. W. Bovine lactoferricin induces caspase-independent apoptosis in human B-lymphoma cells and extends the survival of immune-deficient mice bearing Blymphoma xenografts. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 2010, 88(3), 371-375.
61. Papo, N.; Braunstein, A.; Eshhar, Z.; Shai, Y. Suppression of human prostate tumor growth in mice by a cytolytic D-, L-amino acid peptide: membrane lysis, increased necrosis, and inhibition of prostate-specific antigen secretion. Cancer Res., 2004, 64(16), 5779-5786.
62. Papo, N.; Seger, D.; Makovitzki, A.; Kalchenko, V.; Eshhar, Z.; Degani, H.; Shai, Y. Inhibition of tumor growth and elimination of multiple metastases in human prostate and breast xenografts by systemic inoculation of a host defense-like lytic peptide. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(10), 5371-5378.
63. Papo, N.; Shahar, M.; Eisenbach, L.; Shai, Y. A novel lytic peptide composed of DL-amino acids selectively kills cancer cells in culture and in mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(23), 21018-21023.
64. Makovitzki, A.; Fink, A.; Shai, Y. Suppression of human solid tumor growth in mice by intratumor and systemic inoculation of histidine-rich and pH-dependent host defense-like lytic peptides. Cancer Res., 2009, 69(8), 3458-3463.
65. Soletti, R. C.; del, B. L.; Daffre, S.; Miranda, A.; Borges, H. L.; Moura-Neto, V.; Lopez, M. G.; Gabilan, N. H. Peptide gomesin triggers cell death through L-type channel calcium influx, MAPK/ERK, PKC and PI3K signaling and generation of reactive oxygen species. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2010, 186(2), 135-143.
66. Xu, N.; Wang, Y. S.; Pan, W. B.; Xiao, B.; Wen, Y. J.; Chen, X. C.; Chen, L. J.; Deng, H. X.; You, J.; Kan, B.; Fu, A. F.; Li, D.; Zhao, X.; Wei, Y. Q. Human alpha-defensin-1 inhibits growth of human lung adenocarcinoma xenograft in nude mice. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2008, 7(6), 1588-1597.
67. Berge, G.; Eliassen, L. T.; Camilio, K. A.; Bartnes, K.; Sveinbjornsson, B.; Rekdal, O. Therapeutic vaccination against a murine lymphoma by intratumoral injection of a cationic anticancer peptide. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2010, 59(8), 1285-1294.
68. Demoulin, S.; Herfs, M.; Delvenne, P.; Hubert, P. Tumor microenvironment converts plasmacytoid dendritic cells into immunosuppressive/ tolerogenic cells: insight into the molecular mechanisms. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2013.
69. Lindau, D.; Gielen, P.; Kroesen, M.; Wesseling, P.; Adema, G. J. The immunosuppressive tumor network: MDSCs, Tregs and NKT cells. Immunology, 2012, 138(2), 105-115.
70. Umansky, V. New strategies for melanoma immunotherapy: how to overcome immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology, 2012, 1(5), 765-767.
71. Choi, K. Y.; Mookherjee, N. Multiple immune-modulatory functions of cathelicidin host defense peptides. Front. Immunol., 2012, 3, 149.
72. Ganguly, D.; Chamilos, G.; Lande, R.; Gregorio, J.; Meller, S.; Facchinetti, V.; Homey, B.; Barrat, F. J.; Zal, T.; Gilliet, M. Self-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8. J. Exp. Med., 2009, 206(9), 1983-1994.
73. Niyonsaba, F.; Ushio, H.; Nakano, N.; Ng, W.; Sayama, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Nagaoka, I.; Okumura, K.; Ogawa, H. Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2007, 127(3), 594-604.
74. Dunn, G. P.; Old, L. J.; Schreiber, R. D. The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity, 2004, 21(2), 137-148.
75. Ge, Y.; MacDonald, D. L.; Holroyd, K. J.; Thornsberry, C.; Wexler, H.; Zasloff, M. In vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1999, 43(4), 782-788.
76. Gottler, L. M.; Ramamoorthy, A. Structure, membrane orientation, mechanism, and function of pexiganan--a highly potent antimicrobial peptide designed from magainin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2009, 1788(8), 1680-1686.
77. Giles, F. J.; Redman, R.; Yazji, S.; Bellm, L. Iseganan HCl: a novel antimicrobial agent. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2002, 11(8), 1161-1170.
78. Sader, H. S.; Fedler, K. A.; Rennie, R. P.; Stevens, S.; Jones, R. N. Omiganan pentahydrochloride (MBI 226), a topical 12-amino-acid cationic peptide: spectrum of antimicrobial activity and measurements of bactericidal activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2004, 48, 3112-3118.
79. Melo, M. N.; Castanho, M. A. Omiganan interaction with bacterial membranes and cell wall models. Assigning a biological role to saturation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2007, 1768, 1277-1290.
80. Gao, N.; Kumar, A.; Guo, H.; Wu, X.; Wheater, M.; Yu, F. S. Topical flagellin-mediated innate defense against Candida albicans keratitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2011, 52(6), 3074-3082.
81. Tomalka, J.; Ganesan, S.; Azodi, E.; Patel, K.; Majmudar, P.; Hall, B. A.; Fitzgerald, K. A.; Hise, A. G. A novel role for the NLRC4 inflammasome in mucosal defenses against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 2011, 7(12), e1002379.
82. Lebeer, S.; Claes, I. J.; Verhoeven, T. L.; Vanderleyden, J.; De Keersmaecker, S. C. Exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG form a protective shield against innate immune factors in the intestine. Microb. Biotechnol., 2011, 4(3), 368-374.
83. Alegado, R. A.; Chin, C. Y.; Monack, D. M.; Tan, M. W. The twocomponent sensor kinase KdpD is required for Salmonella typhimurium colonization of Caenorhabditis elegans and survival in macrophages. Cell Microbiol., 2011, 13(10), 1618-1637.
84. Glittenberg, M. T.; Kounatidis, I.; Christensen, D.; Kostov, M.; Kimber, S.; Roberts, I.; Ligoxygakis, P. Pathogen and host factors are needed to provoke a systemic host response to gastrointestinal infection of Drosophila larvae by Candida albicans. Dis. Model. Mech., 2011, 4(4), 515-525.
85. Velden, W. J.; van Iersel, T. M.; Blijlevens, N. M.; Donnelly, J. P. Safety and tolerability of the antimicrobial peptide human lactoferrin 1-11 (hLF1-11). BMC. Med., 2009, 7, 44.
86. Hilpert, K.; Fjell, C. D.; Cherkasov, A. Short linear cationic antimicrobial peptides: screening, optimizing, and prediction. Methods Mol. Biol., 2008, 494, 127-159.
87. Fjell, C. D.; Hiss, J. A.; Hancock, R. E.; Schneider, G. Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2011, 11, 37-51.
88. Brandelli, A. Nanostructures as promising tools for delivery of antimicrobial peptides. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2012, 12, 731-741.
89. Seil, J. T.; Webster, T. J. Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 2012, 7, 2767-2781.
90. Wang, M. D.; Shin, D. M.; Simons, J. W.; Nie, S. Nanotechnology for targeted cancer therapy. Expert. Rev. Anticancer Ther., 2007, 7(6), 833-837.
91. Kingsley, J. D.; Dou, H.; Morehead, J.; Rabinow, B.; Gendelman, H. E.; Destache, C. J. Nanotechnology: a focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2006, 1(3), 340-350.
92. Urban, P.; Valle-Delgado, J. J.; Moles, E.; Marques, J.; Diez, C.; Fernandez-Busquets, X. Nanotools for the delivery of antimicrobial peptides. Curr. Drug Targets, 2012, 13, 1158-1172.
93. Costa, F.; Carvalho, I. F.; Montelaro, R. C.; Gomes, P.; Martins, M. C. Covalent immobilization of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) onto biomaterial surfaces. Acta Biomater., 2011, 7(4), 1431-1440.
94. Horak, D.; Babic, M.; Mackova, H.; Benes, M. J. Preparation and properties of magnetic nano-and microsized particles for biological and environmental separations. J. Sep. Sci., 2007, 30(11), 1751-1772.
95. Mahmoudi, M.; Stroeve, P.; Milani, A. S.; Arbab, S. A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface engineering, cytotoxicity and biomedical applications; Nova Science Publisher: New York, 2011.
96. Salaklang, J.; Steitz, B.; Finka, A.; O'Neil, C. P.; Moniatte, M.; Giorgio, T. D.; Hofmann, H.; Hubbell, J. A.; Petri-Fink, A. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles as a powerful systems biology characterization tool in the physiological context. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2008, 47(41), 7857-7860.
97. Xu, W.; Kattel, K.; Park, J. Y.; Chang, Y.; Kim, T. J.; Lee, G. H. Paramagnetic nanoparticle T1 and T2 MRI contrast agents. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14(37), 12687-12700.
98. Laurent, S.; Dutz, S.; Hafeli, U. O.; Mahmoudi, M. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: focus on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 2011, 166(1-2), 8-23.
99. Taira, S.; Moritake, S.; Hatanaka, T.; Ichiyanagi, Y.; Setou, M. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as an in vivo delivery system. Methods Mol. Biol., 2009, 544, 571-587.
100. Laurentt, N.; Sapet, C.; Le Gourrierec, L.; Bertosio, E.; Zelphati, O. Nucleic acid delivery using magnetic nanoparticles: the magnetofection technology. Ther. Deliv., 2011, 2(4), 471-482.
101. Gu, H.; Xu, K.; Xu, C.; Xu, B. Biofunctional magnetic nanoparticles for protein separation and pathogen detection. Chem. Commun. (Camb.), 2006, (9), 941-949.
102. Hadjipanayis, C. G.; Bonder, M. J.; Balakrishnan, S.; Wang, X.; Mao, H.; Hadjipanayis, G. C. Metallic iron nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and local hyperthermia. Small, 2008, 4(11), 1925-1929.
103. Lee, J. H.; Jang, J. T.; Choi, J. S.; Moon, S. H.; Noh, S. H.; Kim, J. W.; Kim, J. G.; Kim, I. S.; Park, K. I.; Cheon, J. Exchange-coupled magnetic nanoparticles for efficient heat induction. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2011, 6(7), 418-422.
104. Arruebo, M.; Fernández-Pacheco, R.; Ibarra, M. R.; Santamaría, J. Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nano. Today, 2007, 2(3), 22-32.
105. Gupta, A. K.; Curtis, A. S. Surface modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery: interaction studies with human fibroblasts in culture. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 2004, 15(4), 493-496.
106. Wilhelm, C.; Billotey, C.; Roger, J.; Pons, J. N.; Bacri, J. C.; Gazeau, F. Intracellular uptake of anionic superparamagnetic nanoparticles as a function of their surface coating. Biomaterials, 2003, 24(6), 1001-1011.
107. Berry, C. C.; Wells, S.; Charles, S.; Curtis, A. S. Dextran and albumin derivatised iron oxide nanoparticles: influence on fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials, 2003, 24(25), 4551-4557.
108. de Freitas, E. R.; Soares, P. R.; Santos, R. P.; dos Santos, R. L.; da, S., Jr.; Porfirio, E. P.; Bao, S. N.; Lima, E. C.; Morais, P. C.; Guillo, L. A. In vitro biological activities of anionic gamma-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on human melanoma cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2008, 8(5), 2385-2391.
109. Kim, J. S.; Yoon, T. J.; Yu, K. N.; Kim, B. G.; Park, S. J.; Kim, H. W.; Lee, K. H.; Park, S. B.; Lee, J. K.; Cho, M. H. Toxicity and tissue distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in mice. Toxicol. Sci., 2006, 89(1), 338-347.
110. Dong, H.; Huang, J.; Koepsel, R. R.; Ye, P.; Russell, A. J.; Matyjaszewski, K. Recyclable antibacterial magnetic nanoparticles grafted with quaternized poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes. Biomacromolecules, 2011, 12(4), 1305-1311.
111. Dong, A.; Lan, S.; Huang, J.; Wang, T.; Zhao, T.; Xiao, L.; Wang, W.; Zheng, X.; Liu, F.; Gao, G.; Chen, Y. Modifying Fe3O4-functionalized nanoparticles with N-halamine and their magnetic/ antibacterial properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2011, 3(11), 4228-4235.
112. Zhang, W.; Shi, X.; Huang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Xian, Y. Bacitracin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity. Chem. Phys. Chem., 2012, 13(14), 3388-3396.
113. Subbiahdoss, G.; Sharifi, S.; Grijpma, D. W.; Laurent, S.; van der Mei, H. C.; Mahmoudi, M.; Busscher, H. J. Magnetic targeting of surface-modified superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles yields antibacterial efficacy against biofilms of gentamicin-resistant staphylococci. Acta Biomater., 2012, 8(6), 2047-2055.
114. Mahmoudi, M.; Serpooshan, V. Silver-coated engineered magnetic nanoparticles are promising for the success in the fight against antibacterial resistance threat. ACS Nano., 2012, 6(3), 2656-2664.
115. Wang, L.; Luo, J.; Shan, S.; Crew, E.; Yin, J.; Zhong, C. J.; Wallek, B.; Wong, S. S. Bacterial inactivation using silver-coated magnetic nanoparticles as functional antimicrobial agents. Anal. Chem., 2011, 83(22), 8688-8695.
116. Prucek, R.; Tucek, J.; Kilianova, M.; Panacek, A.; Kvitek, L.; Filip, J.; Kolar, M.; Tomankova, K.; Zboril, R. The targeted antibacterial and antifungal properties of magnetic nanocomposite of iron oxide and silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 2011, 32(21), 4704-4713.
117. Inbaraj, B. S.; Kao, T. H.; Tsai, T. Y.; Chiu, C. P.; Kumar, R.; Chen, B. H. The synthesis and characterization of poly(gammaglutamic acid)-coated magnetite nanoparticles and their effects on antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology, 2011, 22(7), 075101.
118. Bromberg, L.; Chang, E. P.; Hatton, T. A.; Concheiro, A.; Magarinos, B.; Varez-Lorenzo, C. Bactericidal core-shell paramagnetic nanoparticles functionalized with poly(hexamethylene biguanide). Langmuir, 2011, 27(1), 420-429.
119. Bromberg, L.; Bromberg, D. J.; Hatton, T. A.; Bandin, I.; Concheiro, A.; varez-Lorenzo, C. Antiviral properties of polymeric aziridine-and biguanide-modified core-shell magnetic nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2012, 28(9), 4548-4558.
120. Wang, S. Y.; Liu, M. C.; Kang, K. A. Magnetic nanoparticles and thermally responsive polymer for targeted hyperthermia and sustained anti-cancer drug delivery. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2013, 765, 315-321.
121. Xie, J.; Jon, S. Magnetic nanoparticle-based theranostics. Theranostics, 2012, 2, 122-124.
122. Bonnemain, B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review. J. Drug Target., 1998, 6(3), 167-174.
123. Vithanarachchi, S. M.; Allen, M. J. Strategies for target-specific contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Curr. Mol. Imaging, 2012, 1(1), 12-25.
124. Papisov, M. I.; Bogdanov Jr, A.; Schaffer, B.; Nossiff, N.; Shen, T.; Weissleder, R.; Brady, T. J. Colloidal magnetic resonance contrast agents: effect of particle surface on biodistribution. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 1993, 122(1-3), 383-386.
125. Kimura, K.; Tanigawa, N.; Matsuki, M.; Nohara, T.; Iwamoto, M.; Sumiyoshi, K.; Tanaka, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Narumi, Y. Highresolution MR lymphography using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) in the evaluation of axillary lymph nodes in patients with early stage breast cancer: preliminary results. Breast Cancer, 2010, 17(4), 241-246.
126. Koh, D. M.; George, C.; Temple, L.; Collins, D. J.; Toomey, P.; Raja, A.; Bett, N.; Farhat, S.; Husband, J. E.; Brown, G. Diagnostic accuracy of nodal enhancement pattern of rectal cancer at MRI enhanced with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: findings in pathologically matched mesorectal lymph nodes. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 2010, 194(6), W505-W513.
127. Yoo, M. K.; Park, I. K.; Lim, H. T.; Lee, S. J.; Jiang, H. L.; Kim, Y. K.; Choi, Y. J.; Cho, M. H.; Cho, C. S. Folate-PEGsuperparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for lung cancer imaging. Acta Biomater., 2012, 8(8), 3005-3013.
128. Ma, Q.; Nakane, Y.; Mori, Y.; Hasegawa, M.; Yoshioka, Y.; Watanabe, T. M.; Gonda, K.; Ohuchi, N.; Jin, T. Multilayered, core/shell nanoprobes based on magnetic ferric oxide particles and quantum dots for multimodality imaging of breast cancer tumors. Biomaterials, 2012, 33(33), 8486-8494.
129. Ghosh, D.; Lee, Y.; Thomas, S.; Kohli, A. G.; Yun, D. S.; Belcher, A. M.; Kelly, K. A. M13-templated magnetic nanoparticles for targeted in vivo imaging of prostate cancer. Nat. Nanotechnol., 2012, 7(10), 677-682.
130. Trivedi, R. A.; Mallawarachi, C.; King-Im, J. M.; Graves, M. J.; Horsley, J.; Goddard, M. J.; Brown, A.; Wang, L.; Kirkpatrick, P. J.; Brown, J.; Gillard, J. H. Identifying inflamed carotid plaques using in vivo USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to label plaque macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26(7), 1601-1606.
131. Sosnovik, D. E.; Nahrendorf, M.; Weissleder, R. Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging: agents, techniques and cardiovascular applications. Basic Res. Cardiol., 2008, 103(2), 122-130.
132. Rausch, M.; Sauter, A.; Frohlich, J.; Neubacher, U.; Radu, E. W.; Rudin, M. Dynamic patterns of USPIO enhancement can be observed in macrophages after ischemic brain damage. Magn. Reson. Med., 2001, 46(5), 1018-1022.
133. Gorelik, M.; Orukari, I.; Wang, J.; Galpoththawela, S.; Kim, H.; Levy, M.; Gilad, A. A.; Bar-Shir, A.; Kerr, D. A.; Levchenko, A.; Bulte, J. W.; Walczak, P. Use of MR cell tracking to evaluate targeting of glial precursor cells to inflammatory tissue by exploiting the very late antigen-4 docking receptor. Radiology, 2012, 265(1), 175-185.
134. Kanno, S.; Lee, P. C.; Dodd, S. J.; Williams, M.; Griffith, B. P.; Ho, C. A novel approach with magnetic resonance imaging used for the detection of lung allograft rejection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2000, 120(5), 923-934.
135. Latorre, M.; Rinaldi, C. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine: magnetic fluid hyperthermia. P. R. Health Sci. J., 2009, 28(3), 227-238.
136. Kobayashi, T. Cancer hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnol. J., 2011, 6(11), 1342-1347.
137. Ito, A.; Shinkai, M.; Honda, H.; Kobayashi, T. Medical application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2005, 100(1), 1-11.
138. Mehdaoui, B.; Meffre, A.; Carrey, J.; Lachaize, S.; Lacroix, L.-M.; Gougeon, M.; Chaudret, B.; Respaud, M. Optimal size of nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia: a combined theoretical and experimental study. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2011, 21(23), 4573-4581.
139. Hergt, R.; Dutz, S.; Zeisberger, M. Validity limits of the Neel relaxation model of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia. Nanotechnology, 2010, 21(1), 015706.
140. Giustini, A. J.; Ivkov, R.; Hoopes, P. J. Magnetic nanoparticle biodistribution following intratumoral administration. Nanotechnology, 2011, 22(34), 345101.
141. Levy, M.; Wilhelm, C.; Devaud, M.; Levitz, P.; Gazeau, F. How cellular processing of superparamagnetic nanoparticles affects their magnetic behavior and NMR relaxivity. Contrast Media Mol. Imaging., 2012, 7(4), 373-383.
142. Fortin, J. P.; Gazeau, F.; Wilhelm, C. Intracellular heating of living cells through Neel relaxation of magnetic nanoparticles. Eur. Biophys. J., 2008, 37(2), 223-228.
143. Dutz, S.; Kettering, M.; Hilger, I.; Muller, R.; Zeisberger, M. Magnetic multicore nanoparticles for hyperthermia--influence of particle immobilization in tumour tissue on magnetic properties. Nanotechnology, 2011, 22(26), 265102.
144. Zhao, Q.; Wang, L.; Cheng, R.; Mao, L.; Arnold, R. D.; Howerth, E. W.; Chen, Z. G.; Platt, S. Magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia for head & neck cancer in mouse models. Theranostics, 2012, 2, 113-121.
145. Yan, S.; Zhang, D.; Gu, N.; Zheng, J.; Ding, A.; Wang, Z.; Xing, B.; Ma, M.; Zhang, Y. Therapeutic effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles combined with magnetic fluid hyperthermia on cultured liver cancer cells and xenograft liver cancers. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2005, 5(8), 1185-1192.
146. Balivada, S.; Rachakatla, R. S.; Wang, H.; Samarakoon, T. N.; Dani, R. K.; Pyle, M.; Kroh, F. O.; Walker, B.; Leaym, X.; Koper, O. B.; Tamura, M.; Chikan, V.; Bossmann, S. H.; Troyer, D. L. A/C magnetic hyperthermia of melanoma mediated by iron(0)/iron oxide core/shell magnetic nanoparticles: a mouse study. BMC. Cancer, 2010, 10, 119.
147. Kannagi, R. Molecular mechanism for cancer-associated induction of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A expression-The Warburg effect revisited. Glycoconj. J., 2003, 20(5), 353-364.
148. Rachakatla, R. S.; Balivada, S.; Seo, G. M.; Myers, C. B.; Wang, H.; Samarakoon, T. N.; Dani, R.; Pyle, M.; Kroh, F. O.; Walker, B.; Leaym, X.; Koper, O. B.; Chikan, V.; Bossmann, S. H.; Tamura, M.; Troyer, D. L. Attenuation of mouse melanoma by A/C magnetic field after delivery of bi-magnetic nanoparticles by neural progenitor cells. ACS Nano., 2010, 4(12), 7093-7104.
149. Basel, M. T.; Balivada, S.; Wang, H.; Shrestha, T. B.; Seo, G. M.; Pyle, M.; Abayaweera, G.; Dani, R.; Koper, O. B.; Tamura, M.; Chikan, V.; Bossmann, S. H.; Troyer, D. L. Cell-delivered magnetic nanoparticles caused hyperthermia-mediated increased survival in a murine pancreatic cancer model. Int. J. Nanomed., 2012, 7, 297-306.
150. Johannsen, M.; Gneveckow, U.; Thiesen, B.; Taymoorian, K.; Cho, C. H.; Waldofner, N.; Scholz, R.; Jordan, A.; Loening, S. A.; Wust, P. Thermotherapy of prostate cancer using magnetic nanoparticles: feasibility, imaging, and three-dimensional temperature distribution. Eur. Urol., 2007, 52(6), 1653-1661.
151. Johannsen, M.; Gneveckow, U.; Taymoorian, K.; Thiesen, B.; Waldofner, N.; Scholz, R.; Jung, K.; Jordan, A.; Wust, P.; Loening, S. A. Morbidity and quality of life during thermotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles in locally recurrent prostate cancer: results of a prospective phase I trial. Int. J. Hyperthermia, 2007, 23(3), 315-323.
152. Johannsen, M.; Thiesen, B.; Wust, P.; Jordan, A. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for prostate cancer. Int. J. Hyperthermia, 2010, 26(8), 790-795.
153. Ito, A.; Shinkai, M.; Honda, H.; Yoshikawa, K.; Saga, S.; Wakabayashi, T.; Yoshida, J.; Kobayashi, T. Heat shock protein 70 expression induces antitumor immunity during intracellular hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2003, 52(2), 80-88.
154. Sato, A.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, N.; Yamashita, T.; Takada, T.; Sato, M.; Osai, Y.; Okura, M.; Ono, I.; Ito, A.; Honda, H.; Wakamatsu, K.; Ito, S.; Jimbow, K. Melanoma-targeted chemo-thermo-immuno (CTI)-therapy using N-propionyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol-magnetite nanoparticles elicits CTL response via heat shock protein-peptide complex release. Cancer Sci., 2010, 101(9), 1939-1946.
155. More, S. H.; Breloer, M.; von Bonin, A. Eukaryotic heat shock proteins as molecular links in innate and adaptive immune responses: Hsp60-mediated activation of cytotoxic T cells. Int. Immunol., 2001, 13(9), 1121-1127.
156. Basta, S.; Stoessel, R.; Basler, M.; van den, B. M.; Groettrup, M. Cross-presentation of the long-lived lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein does not require neosynthesis and is enhanced via heat shock proteins. J. Immunol., 2005, 175(2), 796-805.
157. Breloer, M.; Dorner, B.; More, S. H.; Roderian, T.; Fleischer, B.; von Bonin, A. Heat shock proteins as "danger signals": eukaryotic Hsp60 enhances and accelerates antigen-specific IFN-g production in T cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 2001, 31, 2051-2059.
158. Asea, A.; Kraeft, S. K.; Kurt-Jones, E. A.; Stevenson, M. A.; Chen, L. B.; Finberg, R. W.; Koo, G. C.; Calderwood, S. K. HSP70 stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-dependant pathway, demonstrating its dual role as a chaperone and cytokine. Nat. Med., 2000, 6(4), 435-442.
159. Matera, L.; Forno, S.; Galetto, A.; Moro, F.; Garetto, S.; Mussa, A. Increased expression of HSP70 by colon cancer cells is not always associated with access to the dendritic cell cross-presentation pathway. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett., 2007, 12(2), 268-279.
160. Rock, K. L.; Shen, L. Cross-presentation: underlying mechanisms and role in immune surveillance. Immunol. Rev., 2005, 207, 166-183.
161. Tanaka, K.; Ito, A.; Kobayashi, T.; Kawamura, T.; Shimada, S.; Matsumoto, K.; Saida, T.; Honda, H. Heat immunotherapy using magnetic nanoparticles and dendritic cells for T-lymphoma. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2005, 100(1), 112-115.
162. Nowak, A. K.; Lake, R. A.; Marzo, A. L.; Scott, B.; Heath, W. R.; Collins, E. J.; Frelinger, J. A.; Robinson, B. W. Induction of tumor cell apoptosis in vivo increases tumor antigen cross-presentation, cross-priming rather than cross-tolerizing host tumor-specific CD8 T cells. J. Immunol., 2003, 170(10), 4905-4913.
163. Selenko, N.; Majdic, O.; Jager, U.; Sillaber, C.; Stockl, J.; Knapp, W. Cross-priming of cytotoxic T cells promoted by apoptosisinducing tumor cell reactive antibodies? J. Clin. Immunol., 2002, 22(3), 124-130.
164. Xi, S. B.; Lu, W. J.; Wu, H. Y.; Tong, P.; Sun, Y. P. Surface spinglass, large surface anisotropy, and depression of magnetocaloric effect in La(0.8)Ca(0.2)MnO(3) nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys., 2012, 112(12), 123903.
165. Ito, A.; Tanaka, K.; Kondo, K.; Shinkai, M.; Honda, H.; Matsumoto, K.; Saida, T.; Kobayashi, T. Tumor regression by combined immunotherapy and hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles in an experimental subcutaneous murine melanoma. Cancer Sci., 2003, 94(3), 308-313.
166. Lai, Y.; Gallo, R. L. AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense. Trends. Immunol., 2009, 30(3), 131-141.
167. Yang, D.; Chen, Q.; Chertov, O.; Oppenheim, J. J. Human neutrophil defensins selectively chemoattract naive T and immature dendritic cells. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2000, 68(1), 9-14.
168. Yang, D.; Oppenheim, J. J. Antimicrobial proteins act as "Alarmins" in joint immune defense. Arthritisrheum, 2004, 50(11), 3401-3403.
169. Davidson, D. J.; Currie, A. J.; Reid, G. S.; Bowdish, D. M.; MacDonald, K. L.; Ma, R. C.; Hancock, R. E.; Speert, D. P. The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization. J. Immunol., 2004, 172(2), 1146-1156.