Coping flexibility and trauma: The perceived ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) scale

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 117-129

  Bonanno, George A ^a   Pat Horenczyk, Ruth ^b   Noll, Jennie ^c  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

coping; flexibility; grief; resilience; trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 79959427958     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0020921     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. P.T. Bartone Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army reserve forces Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 51 1999 72 82
2. P.T. Bartone, R.J. Ursano, K.M. Wright, L.H. Ingraham The impact of military air disaster on the health of assistance workers: A prospective study Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177 1989 317 328 (Pubitemid 19159339)
3. J.H. Block, J. Block The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior W.A. Collins The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology 13 1980 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 39 101
4. J. Block, A.M. Kermen IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 1996 349 361 (Pubitemid 126420680)
5. E.A. Bolger Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain Psychotherapy Research 9 1999 342 362
6. N. Bolger, J. Eckenrode Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 1991 440 449
7. G.A. Bonanno Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist 59 2004 20 28 (Pubitemid 38161473)
8. G.A. Bonanno Resilience in the face of potential trauma Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 2005 135 138 (Pubitemid 41311932)
9. G.A. Bonanno, N.P. Field, A. Kovacevic, S. Kaltman Self-enhancement as a buffer against extreme adversity: Civil war in Bosnia and traumatic loss in the United States Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2 2002 194 196
10. G.A. Bonanno, S. Kaltman Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement Psychological Bulletin 125 1999 705 734
11. G.A. Bonanno, S. Kaltman The varieties of grief experience Clinical Psychology Review 21 2001 705 734 (Pubitemid 32564936)
12. G.A. Bonanno, D. Keltner Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 1997 126 137 (Pubitemid 27063198)
13. G.A. Bonanno, D. Keltner, A. Holen, M.J. Horowitz When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 1995 975 989
14. G.A. Bonanno, A.D. Mancini The human capacity to thrive in the face of extreme adversity Pediatrics 121 2008 369 375 (Pubitemid 351198464)
15. G.A. Bonanno, J.T. Moskowitz, A. Papa, S. Folkman Resilience to loss in bereaved spouses, bereaved parents, and bereaved gay men Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 2005 827 843 (Pubitemid 40735505)
16. G.A. Bonanno, C.I. Notarius, L. Gunzerath, D. Keltner, M.J. Horowitz Interpersonal ambivalence, perceived dyadic adjustment, and conjugal loss Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 1998 1012 1022 (Pubitemid 29018400)
17. G.A. Bonanno, A. Papa, K. Lalande, M. Westphal, K. Coifman The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment Psychological Science 15 2004 482 487 (Pubitemid 38920094)
18. Bonanno, G. A., & Pat-Horenczyk, R. (2006, May). Adaptive flexibility and pragmatic coping. In G. A. Bonanno (Chair), Improving the mouse trap: Recent advances in coping research and theory. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Association for Psychological Science, New York City.
19. G.A. Bonanno, C. Rennicke, S. Dekel Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 2005 984 998 (Pubitemid 41017462)
20. K.A. Brennan, C.L. Clark, P.R. Shaver Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview J.A. Simpson W.S. Rholes Attachment theory and close relationships 1998 Guilford Press New York 46 76
21. C.R. Brewin Posttraumatic stress disorder: Malady or myth? 2003 Yale University Press New Haven, CT
22. S.L. Brown, R.M. Nesse, A.D. Vinokur, D.M. Smith Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: Results from a prospective study of morality Psychological Science 14 2003 320 327 (Pubitemid 37282828)
23. C.S. Carver, M.F. Scheier On the self-regulation of behavior 2001 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, England
24. C. Cheng Accessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 2001 814 833 (Pubitemid 33594895)
25. S. Cohen, T.A. Wills Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis Psychological Bulletin 98 1985 310 357
26. K.G. Coifman, G.A. Bonanno, E. Rafaeli Affective dynamics, bereavement, and resilience to loss Journal of Happiness Studies 8 2007 371 392
27. K.G. Coifman, G.A. Bonanno, R. Ray, J.J. Gross Does repressive coping promote resilience? Affective-autonomic response discrepancy during bereavement Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 2007 745 758
28. P.T. Costa, R.R. McCrae Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual 1992 Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa, FL
29. D.P. Crowne, D. Marlowe A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology Journal of Consulting Psychology 24 1960 349 354
30. B.E. Depue, M.T. Banich, T. Curran Suppression of emotional and nonemotional content in memory Psychological Science 17 2006 441 447
31. V.L. Douglas, R.G. Barr, J. Desilets, E. Sherman Do high doses of stimulants impair flexible thinking in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 34 1995 877 885
32. M. Driediger, C. Hall, N. Callow Imagery use by injured athletes: A qualitative analysis Journal of Sports Sciences 24 2006 261 271 (Pubitemid 43135632)
33. A. Ehlers, D.M. Clark Early psychological interventions for adult survivors of trauma: A review Biological Psychiatry 53 2003 817 826 (Pubitemid 36513758)
34. S. Epstein The stability of behavior: I. On predicting most of the people most of the time Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 1979 1097 1126
35. E.B. Foa, L. Cashman, L. Jaycox, K. Perry The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale Psychological Assessment 9 1997 445 451 (Pubitemid 28137200)
36. E.B. Foa, M.J. Kozak Trauma focus of fear: Exposure to corrective information Psychological Bulletin 99 1986 20 35
37. E.B. Foa, B.O. Rothbaum Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD 1998 Guilford Press New York
38. S. Folkman, R.S. Lazarus, R.J. Greun, A. DeLongis Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 1986 571 579
39. M. Fournier, D. de Ridder, J. Bensing How optimism contributes to the adaptation of chronic illness. A prospective study into the enduring effects of optimism on adaptation moderated by the controllability of chronic illness Personality and Individual Differences 33 2002 1163 1183
40. B.L. Fredrickson, M.M. Tugade, C.E. Waugh, G.R. Larkin What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 2003 365 376 (Pubitemid 38397286)
41. N. Garnefski, V. Kraaij, P. Spinhoven CERQ: Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire 2002 DATEC Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
42. J.H. Goodman Coping with trauma and hardship among unaccompanied refugee youths from Sudan Qualitative Health Research 14 2004 1177 1196 (Pubitemid 44544587)
43. N. Haan Coping and defending: Processes of self-environment organization 1977 Academic Press New York
44. K.D. Harber, J.W. Pennebaker Overcoming traumatic memories S.A. Christianson The handbook of emotion and memory 1992 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 359 388
45. J.L. Herman Trauma and recovery 1992 Basic Books New York
46. S.E. Hobfoll, B.J. Hall, D. Canetti-Nisim, S. Galea, R.J. Johnson, P. Palmieri Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful Applied Psychology: An International Review 56 2007 345 366
47. S.M. Hofer, J.L. Horn, H.W. Eber A robust five-factor structure of the 16PF: Evidence from independent rotation and confirmatory factorial invariance procedures Personality and Individual Differences 23 1997 247 269 (Pubitemid 127162631)
48. T. Holmes, R. Rahe The social readjustment scale Journal of Psychosomatic Research 11 1967 213 218
49. J.L. Horn, J.J. McArdle A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance Experimental Aging Research 18 1992 117 144
50. M.J. Horowitz Stress response syndromes 2nd ed. 1986 Aronson Northvale, NJ
51. P. Janet L'automatisme psychologique [The psychological automatism] 1889 Librairie Félix Alcan Paris
52. R. Janoff-Bulman Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma 1992 Free Press New York
53. A.E. Kelly, K.J. McKillop Consequences of revealing personal secrets Psychological Bulletin 120 1996 450 465
54. D. Keltner, G.A. Bonanno A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 1997 687 702 (Pubitemid 127688974)
55. R.C. Kessler, A. Sonnega, E. Bromet, M. Hughes, C.B. Nelson Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Archives of General Psychiatry 52 1995 1048 1060
56. R.B. Kline Principles and practice of structural equation modeling 3rd ed. 2010 Guilford Press New York
57. S.C. Kobasa Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 1979 1 11
58. S.C. Kobasa, S.R. Maddi, S. Kahn Hardiness and health: A prospective study Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 1982 168 177
59. R.S. Lazarus, S. Folkman Stress, appraisal, and coping 1984 Springer New York
60. S.R. Maddi, M. Hightower Hardiness and optimism as expressed in coping patterns Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 51 1999 95 105
61. A.C. McFarlane, G. de Girolamo The nature of traumatic stressors and the epidemiology of posttraumatic stress B.A. van der Kolk A.C. McFarlane L. Weisaeth Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society 1996 Guilford New York 129 154
62. W. Meredith Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance Psychometrica 58 1993 525 543
63. M. Mikulincer, V. Florian Exploring individual differences in reactions to mortality salience: Does attachment style regulate terror management mechanism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 2000 260 273
64. W. Mischel Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality Psychological Review 80 1973 252 283
65. J.T. Moskowitz, S. Folkman, L. Collette, E. Vittinghoff Coping and mood during AIDS-related caregiving and bereavement Annals of Behavioral Medicine 18 1996 49 57 (Pubitemid 26251394)
66. A. Papa, G.A. Bonanno Smiling in the face of adversity: Interpersonal and intrapersonal functions of smiling Emotion 8 2008 1 12 (Pubitemid 351274173)
67. R. Pat-Horenczyk Post-traumatic distress in adolescents exposed to ongoing terror: Findings from a school-based screening project in the Jerusalem area Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 9 2004 335 347 (Pubitemid 40604658)
68. R. Pat-Horenczyk, R. Abramovitz, O. Peled, D. Brom, A. Daie, C.M. Chemtob Adolescent exposure to recurrent terrorism in Israel: Posttraumatic distress and functional impairment Journal of Orthopsychiatry 77 2007 76 85 (Pubitemid 46433159)
69. S.J. Rachman Fear and courage 2nd ed. 1990 Freeman New York
70. M.F. Scheier, C.S. Carver Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies Health Psychology 4 1985 219 247
71. M.F. Scheier, C.S. Carver Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update Cognitive Therapy and Research 16 1992 201 228
72. M.F. Scheier, C.S. Carver On the power of positive thinking Current Directions in Psychological Science 2 1993 26 30
73. M.F. Scheier, C.S. Carver, M.W. Bridges Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 1994 1063 1078
74. M.F. Scheier, K.A. Matthews, J.F. Owens, R. Schulz, M.W. Bridges, G.J. Magovern, C.S. Carver Optimism and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery Archives of Internal Medicine 159 1999 829 835 (Pubitemid 29200309)
75. J.E. Schwartz, J. Neale, C. Marco, S.S. Shiffman, A.A. Stone Does trait coping exist? A momentary assessment approach to the evaluation of traits Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 1999 360 369
76. A.A. Stone, J.E. Schwartz, J.M. Neale, S.S. Shiffman, C.A. Marco, M. Hilcox, L.J. Cruise A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 1998 1670 1680 (Pubitemid 128658128)
77. M. Stroebe, H. Schut The dual-process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description Death Studies 23 1999 174 184
78. K. Sweeny, P.J. Carroll, J.A. Shepperd Is optimism always best? Future outlook and preparedness Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 2006 302 306 (Pubitemid 44952728)
79. S.E. Taylor, J.D. Brown Illusion and well-being: A social-psychological perspective on mental health Psychological Bulletin 103 1988 193 213
80. M.M. Thompson, M.P. Zanna The conflicted individual: Personality-based and domain-specific antecedents of ambivalent social attitudes Journal of Personality 63 1995 269 288
81. M.M. Tugade, B.L. Fredrickson Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 2004 320 333 (Pubitemid 38254768)
82. M. Westphal, G.A. Bonanno, P. Bartone Resilience and personality B. Lukey V. Tepe Biobehavioral resilience to stress 2008 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 219 258
83. M. Westphal, N.H. Seivert, G.A. Bonanno Expressive flexibility Emotion 10 2010 92 100
84. R.W. White Strategies of adaptation: An attempt at systematic description G.V. Coelho D.A. Hamburg J.E. Adams Coping and adaptation 1974 Basic Books New York 47 68