Moderators of the Emotion Inhibition-Health Relationship: A Review and Research Agenda

Review of General Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 204-228

  Consedine, Nathan S ^a,c   Magai, Carol ^a   Bonanno, George A ^b  

^a LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c Ctr Studs Ethnicity Hum Devmt   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0010296046     PISSN: 10892680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.204     Document Type: Review

References (202)

1. Afifi, W. A., & Guerrero, L. K. (2000). Motivations underlying topic avoidance in close relationships. In S. Petronio (Ed.), Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 165-179). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Averill, J. R. (1968). Grief: Its nature and significance. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 721-748.
3. Averill, J. R. (1994). Emotions are many splendored things. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 99-102). New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366-380.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
6. Bernard, M. A., & Lampley-Dallas, V. (1997). Common health problems among minority elders. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 771-776.
7. Bluestone, C., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (1999). Correlates of parenting styles in predominantly working-and middle-class African American mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 881-893.
8. Bonanno, G. A. (2001). The self-regulation of emotion. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 251-285). New York: Guilford Press.
9. Bonanno, G. A., & Field, N. P. (2001). Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across five years of bereavement. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 798-806.
10. Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 760-776.
11. Bonanno, G. A., Kellner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 975-989.
12. Bonanno, G. A., & Singer, J. L. (1990). Repressor personality style: Theoretical and methodological implications for health and pathology. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), Repression and dissociation (pp. 435-470). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
13. Bonanno, G. A., Znoj, H., Siddique, H. I., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). Verbal-autonomic dissociation and adaptation to midlife conjugal loss: A follow-up at 25 months. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 605-624.
14. Brice, J. (1992). West-Indian families. In M. McGoldrick, J. K. Pearce, & J. Giordano (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 123-133). New York: Guilford Press.
15. Buck, R. (1999). The biological affects: A typology. Psychological Review, 106, 301-336.
16. Buss, D. M. (1990). Toward a biologically informed psychology of personality. Journal of Personality, 58, 1-16.
17. Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 1-30.
18. Buss, D. M., Haselton, M. G., Shackelford, T. K., & Bleske, A. L. (1998). Adaptations, exaptations, and spandrels. American Psychologist, 53, 533-548.
19. Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (Eds.). (1988a). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans. New York: Clarendon Press.
20. Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (1988b). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 233-273.
21. Campos, J. J., & Barrett, K. C. (1984). Toward a new understanding of emotions and their development. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognitions, and behavior (pp. 229-263). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
22. Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 284-303.
23. Cancian, F. M., & Gordon, S. L. (1988). Norms in marriage: Love and anger in U.S. women's magazines since 1900. Gender and Society, 2, 308-342.
24. Carstensen, L. L. (1993). Motivation for social contact across the life span: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. In J. E. Jacobs (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Developmental perspectives on motivation (pp. 209-254). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
25. Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971-981.
26. Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. (Eds.). (1999). Handbook of attachment: Theory and research. New York: Guilford Press.
27. Christianson, S. (1992). Handbook of emotion and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
28. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1994). Distinguishing functional from dysfunctional affective bursts. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 131-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Clore, G. L., & Parrott, G. (1991). Moods and their vicissitudes: Thoughts and feelings as information. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgements (pp. 107-123). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
30. Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1992). Emotional dysregulation in disruptive behavior disorders. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: Vol. 4. Developmental perspectives on depression (pp. 173-210). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
31. Consedine, N. S. (1999). A dynamic theory of personality and emotion. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
32. Consedine, N. S. (2001). On being clear about function in the study of the emotions: A four level framework for organizing functional analyses (Vol. 2). London: International Society for Research on Emotions Press.
33. Consedine, N. S., Magai, C., Cohen, C., & Gillespie, M. (in press). Ethnic variation in the impact of negative emotion and emotion inhibition on the health of older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences.
34. Cooper, C. L., & Faragher, E. B. (1992). Coping strategies and breast disorders/cancer. Psychological Medicine, 22, 447-455.
35. Cooper, C. L., & Faragher, E. B. (1993). Psychosocial stress and breast cancer: The inter-relationship between stress events, coping strategies and personality. Psychological Medicine, 23, 653-662.
36. Copeland, E. P., & Hess, R. S. (1995). Differences in young adolescents' coping strategies based on gender and ethnicity. Journal of Early Adolescence, 15, 203-219.
37. Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin's dangerous idea. New York: Simon & Schuster.
38. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1984). Emotion, attention, and temperament. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognitions, and behavior (pp. 132-166). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
39. Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1997). Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 633-652.
40. Deurenberg, P., Yap, M., & van Staveren, W. A. (1998). Body mass index and percent body fat: A meta analysis among different ethnic groups. International Journal of Obesity, 22, 1164-1171.
41. de Waal, F. (1998). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
42. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1993). The experience of emotional wellbeing. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 405-416). New York: Guilford Press.
43. Dienstbier, R. A. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96, 84-100.
44. Dilworth-Anderson, P. (1997). Emotional well-being in adult and later life among African Americans: A cultural and sociocultural perspective. In K. Schaie & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Vol. 17): Focus on emotion and adult development (pp. 282-303). New York: Springer.
45. Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotions. In K. Scherer & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-343). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
46. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
47. Ekman, P. (1994). All emotions are basic. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 15-19). New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 45-59). Chichester, England: Wiley.
49. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-129.
50. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1972). Emotion in the human face. New York: Pergamon Press.
51. Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C. A. (1988). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 271-302.
52. Engebretson, T. O., Matthews, K. A., & Scheier, M. F. (1989). Relations between anger expression and cardiovascular reactivity: Reconciling inconsistent findings through a matching hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 513-521.
53. Epping-Jordan, J. A., Compas, B. E., & Howell, D. C. (1994). Predictors of cancer progression in young adult men and women: Avoidance, intrusive thoughts, and psychological symptoms. Health Psychology, 13, 539-547.
54. Esterling, B. A., Antoni, M. H., Fletcher, M. A., Margulies, S., & Schneiderman, N. (1994). Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 130-140.
55. Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Cancer, personality and stress: Prediction and prevention. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 16, 167-215.
56. Faragher, E. B., & Cooper, C. L. (1990). Type A stress prone behavior and breast cancer. Psychological Medicine, 20, 663-670.
57. Fox, B. H., Temoshok, L., & Dreher, H. (1988). Mind-body and behavior in cancer incidence. Advances, 5, 41-56.
58. Francis, M. E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992). Putting stress into words: The impact of writing on physiological, absentee, and self-reported emotional well-being measures. American Journal of Health Promotion, 6, 280-287.
59. Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton. (Original work published 1923)
60. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
61. Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357-387.
62. Frijda, N. H. (1994). Emotions are functional, most of the time. In P. Ekman & R. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 112-122). New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Frijda, N. H., & Mesquita, B. (1994). The social roles and functions of emotions. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 51-87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
64. Frijda, N. H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J., & van Goozen, S. (1991). The duration of affective phenomena or emotions, sentiments and passions. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 187-225). Chichester, England: Wiley.
65. Gopaul-McNicol, S. (1993). Working with West Indian families. New York: Guilford Press.
66. Gottman, J. M. (1994). The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
67. Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992). Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 75-84.
68. Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., & Stone, A. A. (1996). Emotional expression and physical health: Revising traumatic memories or fostering self regulation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 588-602.
69. Greer, S., & Morris, T. (1975). Psychological attributes of women who develop breast cancer: A controlled study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 19, 147-153.
70. Griffiths, P. (1992). Adaptive explanation and the concept of a vestige. In P. Griffiths (Ed.), Trees of life: Essays in philosophy of biology (pp. 111-131). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
71. Gross, J. J. (1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression. Social Science and Medicine, 28, 1239-1248.
72. Gross, J. J. (1998a). Antecedent and response focussed emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
73. Gross, J. J. (1998b). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
74. Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Goestestam Skorpen, C., & Hsu, A. Y. C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599.
75. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.
76. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 970-986.
77. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 95-103.
78. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Bastiaans, J., & Kanazir, D. T. (1985). Psychosocial factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: The Yugoslav prospective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 167-176.
79. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Kanazir, D. T., Schmidt, P., & Vetter, H. (1982). Psychosomatic factors in the process of carcinogenesis: Theoretical models and empirical results. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 38, 284-302.
80. Harre, R. (Ed.). (1986). The social construction of emotion. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
81. Hochschild, A. S. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85, 551-575.
82. Home, S. (1999). Domestic violence in Russia. American Psychologist, 54, 55-61.
83. Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
84. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum.
85. Izard, C. E. (1993). Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 631-641). New York: Guilford Press.
86. Jakobs, E., Manstead, A. S. R., & Fisher, A. H. (1999). Social motives, emotional feelings, and smiling. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 321-345.
87. Jamner, L. D., & Schwartz, G. E. (1986). Self-deception predicts self-report and endurance of pain. Psychosomatic Medicine, 48, 211-223.
88. Jamner, L. D., Schwartz, G. E., & Leigh, H. (1988). The relationship between repressive and defensive coping styles and monocyte, eosinophile, and serum glucose levels: Support for the opioid peptide hypothesis of repression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 567-575.
89. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
90. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Oatley, K. (1992). Basic emotions, rationality and folk theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 201-223.
91. Jose, P. E., D'Anna, C. A., Cafasso, L. L., Bryant, F. B., Chiker, V., Gein, N., & Zhezmer, N. (1998). Stress and coping among Russian and American early adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 34, 757-769.
92. Kagan, J., & Snidman, N. (1991). Infant predictors of inhibited and uninhibited profiles. Psychological Science, 2, 40-44.
93. Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 441-454.
94. Keltner, D., & Bonnano, G. A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 687-702.
95. Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C., & Edwards, K. (1993). Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 740-752.
96. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467-480.
97. Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2001). Social functions of emotions. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 192-213). New York: Guilford Press.
98. Kennedy-Moore, E., & Watson, J. C. (1999). Expressing emotion: Myths, realities and therapeutic strategies. New York: Guilford Press.
99. King, L. A. (in press). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
100. King, L. A., & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 864-877.
101. King, L. A., & Miner, K. N. (2000). Writing about the perceived benefits of traumatic events: Implications for physical health. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 220-230.
102. Kneier, A. W., & Temoshok, L. (1984). Repressive coping reactions in patients with malignant melanoma as compared to cardiovascular disease patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 28, 145-155.
103. Knight, B. G., & McCallum, T. J. (1998). Heart rate reactivity and depression in African-American and White dementia caregivers: Reporting bias or positive coping. Aging and Mental Health, 2, 212-221.
104. Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998). Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703.
105. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 1-39.
106. Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H., & Dean, J. (1993). Affect and age: Cross-sectional comparisons of structure and prevalence. Psychology and Aging, 8, 165-175.
107. Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H., Rajagopal, D., & Dean, J. (1992). The dimensions of affective experience in three age groups. Psychology and Aging, 7, 171-184.
108. Lazarus, R. S. (1985). The psychology of stress and coping. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 7, 399-418.
109. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
110. Lemerise, E. A., & Dodge, K. A. (1993). The development of anger and hostile interactions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 537-546). New York: Guilford Press.
111. Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotion: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123-126). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
112. Levenson, R. W. (1999). Intrapersonal functions of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 481-504.
113. Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., Heider, K., & Friesen, W. V. (1992). Emotion and autonomic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 972-988.
114. Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1983). Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 587-597.
115. Leventhal, H., & Patrick-Miller, L. (2000). Emotions and physical illness: Causes and indicators of vulnerability. In J. Haviland & M. Lewis (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 523-570). New York: Guilford Press.
116. Leventhal, H., Patrick-Miller, L., Leventhal, E. A., & Burns, E. A. (1998). Does stress-emotion cause illness in elderly people? Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 138-184.
117. Levine, L. J. (1996). The anatomy of disappointment: A naturalistic test of appraisal models of sadness, anger, and hope. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 337-359.
118. Lewis, M., & Haviland-Jones, J. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of emotions (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
119. Lewis, M., & Michalson, L. (1983). Children's emotions and moods: Developmental theory and measurement. New York: Plenum.
120. Littrell, J. (1998). Is the re-experience of painful emotion therapeutic? Clinical Psychology Review, 48, 71-102.
121. Magai, C. (2001). Emotions over the lifespan. In J. Birren & K. W. Schale (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 399-426). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
122. Magai, C., & Cohen, C. (1998). Attachment style and emotion regulation in dementia patients and their relation to caregiver burden. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 53B, p147-p154.
123. Magai, C., Cohen, C., Milburn, N., Thorpe, B., McPherson, R., & Peralta, D. (2001). Attachment styles in older European American and African American adults. Journal of Gerontology, 56, 28-35.
124. Magai, C., & McFadden, S. H. (1995). The role of emotion in social and personality development: History, theory, and research. New York: Plenum.
125. Magai, C., & Passman, V. (1998). The interpersonal basis of emotional behavior and emotion regulation. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 104-137.
126. Malatesta, C. Z., & Wilson, A. (1988). Emotion cognition interaction in personality development: A discrete emotions, functionalist analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 92-112.
127. Malatesta-Magai, C. Z., & Culver, L. C. (1991). Identification of emotions, moods, and personality via diary data. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies on emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 163-186). Chichester, England: Wiley.
128. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
129. Matsumoto, D. (1993). Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgements, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 107-123.
130. Mayne, T. J. (1999). Negative affect and health: The importance of being earnest. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 601-635.
131. Mayne, T. J. (2001). Emotions and health. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 361-397). New York: Guilford Press.
132. McConatha, J. T., Leone, F. M., & Armstrong, J. M. (1997). Emotional control in adulthood. Psychological Reports, 80, 499-507.
133. McConatha, J. T., Lightner, E., & Deaner, S. L. (1994). Culture, age, and gender as variables in the expression of emotions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 481-488.
134. Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotions in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Research, 80, 68-74.
135. Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179-204.
136. Meyerowitz, B. E., Richardson, J., Hudson, S., & Leedham, B. (1998). Ethnicity and cancer outcomes: Behavioral and psychosocial considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 47-70.
137. Mitchell, R. W., & Anderson, J. R. (1997). Pointing, withholding information and deception in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 351-361.
138. Morris, T., Greer, S., Pettingale, K. W., & Watson, M. (1981). Patterns of expression of anger and their psychological correlates in women with breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 111-117.
139. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774-789.
140. Nesse, R. M. (1990). Evolutionary explanations of emotions. Human Nature, 1, 261-289.
141. Newton, T. L., & Contrada, R. J. (1992). Repressive coping and verbal-autonomic dissociation: The influence of social context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 159-167.
142. Oatley, K. (1992). Best laid schemes: The psychology of emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
143. Okwumabua, J. O., Baker, F. M., Wong, S. P., & Pilgram, B. O. (1997). Characteristics of depressive symptoms in elderly urban and rural African Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 52, 241-246.
144. Paez, D., Velasco, C., & Gonzalez, J. L. (1999). Expressive writing and the role of alexithymia as a dispositional deficit in self-disclosure and psychological health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 630-641.
145. Parrott, W. G. (1993). Beyond hedonism: Motives for inhibiting good moods and for maintaining bad moods. In D. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 278-305). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
146. Pavletich, J. (1998). Emotions, experience, and social control in the twentieth century. Rethinking Marxism, 10, 51-64.
147. Pennebaker, J. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. New York: Morrow.
148. Pennebaker, J. W. (1993). Overcoming inhibition: Rethinking the roles of personality, cognition, and social behavior. In H. C. Traue & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Emotion inhibition and health (pp. 100-115). Kirkland, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
149. Pennebaker, J. W. (Ed.). (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
150. Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.
151. Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune functions: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245.
152. Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.
153. Pennebaker, J. W., & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1243-1254.
154. Pennebaker, J. W., & Susman, J. R. (1988). Disclosure of trauma and psychosomatic health. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 327-332.
155. Petrie, K. J., Booth, R. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1998). The immunological effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1264-1272.
156. Pinch, A. (1995). Emotion and history: A review article. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37, 100-109.
157. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row.
158. Plutchik, R. (1982). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions. Social Science Information, 21, 529-553.
159. Polivy, J. (1998). The effects of behavioral inhibition: Integrating internal cues, cognition, behavior and affect. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 181-204.
160. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410-424.
161. Roloff, M. E., & Ifert, D. E. (2000). Conflict management through avoidance: Withholding complaints, suppressing arguments, and declaring topics taboo. In S. Petronio (Ed.), Balancing the secrets of private disclosures (pp. 151-163). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
162. Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813-819.
163. Saarni, C. (1989). Children's understanding of strategic control of emotional expression in social transaction. In C. Saarni & P. Harris (Eds.), Children's understanding of emotion (pp. 181-208). New York: Cambridge University Press.
164. Saarni, C. (1992). Children's emotional-expressive behaviors as regulators of others' happy and sad emotional states. In N. Eisenberg & R. A. Fabes (Eds.), Emotion and its regulation in early development (pp. 91-106). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
165. Sackheim, H. A. (1983). Self-deception, self-esteem, and depression: The adaptive value of lying to oneself. In N. J. Masling (Ed.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories (Vol. 1, pp. 101-157). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
166. Savage-Rumbaugh, S., & McDonald, K. (1988). Deception and social manipulation in symbol-using apes. In R. W. Byrne & A. Whiten (Eds.), Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans (pp. 224-237). New York: Clarendon Press.
167. Scherer, K. R. (1982). Emotion as a process: Function, origin, and regulation. Social Science Information, 21, 555-570.
168. Scherer, K. R. (1984). Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 37-63.
169. Scherer, K. R. (1994). Emotions function to decouple stimulus and response. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 127-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
170. Scherer, K. R., Matsumoto, D., Wallbott, H. G., & Kudoh, T. (1988). Emotional experience in cultural context: A comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States. In K. R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotion: Recent research (pp. 5-30). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
171. Scherer, K. R., & Wallbott, H. G. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotion response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 310-328.
172. Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. M., & Summerfield, A. B. (Eds.). (1986). Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
173. Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. L., Greenberg, P. S., Freedman, M., & Klerman, J. L. (1974). Facial electromyography in the assessment of emotion. Psychophysiology, 11, 237.
174. Schwartz, G. E., Fair, P. L., Salt, P., Mandel, M. R., & Klerman, J. L. (1976). Facial muscle patterning to affective imagery in depressed and nondepressed subjects. Science, 192, 489-491.
175. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Vol. 2. Foundations of social behaviour (pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford Press.
176. Searle, B., & Meara, N. M. (1999). Affective dimensions of attachment styles: Exploring self-reported attachment style, gender, and emotional experience among college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 147-158.
177. Sherman, R., Bonanno, G. A., Wiener, L., & Battles, H. B. (2000). When children tell their friends they have AIDS: Possible consequences for psychological well-being and disease progression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 238-247.
178. Siegman, A. W., Townsend, S. T., Blumenthal, R. S., Sorkin, J. D., & Civelek, A. C. (1998). Dimensions of anger and CHD in men and women: Self-ratings versus spouse ratings. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 315-336.
179. Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 233-269.
180. Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
181. Solomon, R. C. (1993). The philosophy of emotions. In M. D. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 3-16). New York: Guilford Press.
182. Spera, S. P., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1994). Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722-733.
183. Stearns, C. Z. (1993). Sadness. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 547-562). New York: Guilford Press.
184. Stearns, P. N. (1993). History of emotions: The issue of change. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 17-28). New York: Guilford Press.
185. Stein, N. L., & Levine, L. J. (1990). Making sense out of emotion: The representation and use of goal-structured knowledge. In N. L. Stein, B. Leventhal, & T. Trabasso (Eds.), Psychological and biological approaches to emotion (pp. 45-73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
186. Stroebe, M., Gergen, M. M., Gergen, K. J., & Stroebe, W. (1992). Broken hearts or broken bonds: Love and death in historical perspective. American Psychologist, 47, 1205-1212.
187. Tavris, C. (1984). On the wisdom of counting to ten: Personal and social dangers of anger expression. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 170-191.
188. Tavris, C. (1989). Anger: The misunderstood emotion (Rev. ed.). New York: Touchstone Books.
189. Temoshok, L. (1987). Personality, coping style, emotion, and cancer: Towards an integrative model. Cancer Surveys, 6, 544-567.
190. Temoshok, L. (1993). Emotions and health outcomes: Some theoretical and methodological considerations. In H. C. Traue & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Emotion, inhibition and health (pp. 247-256). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.
191. Temoshok, L., Heller, B. W., Sagebiel, R. W., Blois, M. S., Sweet, D. M., DiClemente, R. J., & Gold, M. L. (1985). The relationship of psychosocial factors to prognostic indicators of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 139-153.
192. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424.
193. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). Psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
194. Tran, T. V., Wright, R., & Chatters, L. (1991). Health, stress, psychological resources, and subjective well-being among older Blacks. Psychology and Aging, 6, 100-108.
195. Tseng, W. S. (1974). The development of psychiatric concepts of Chinese
196. Vanman, E. J., Dawson, M. E., & Brennan, P. A. (1998). Affective reactions in the blink of an eye: Individual differences in the subjective experience and physiological responses to emotion stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 994-1005.
197. Wallbott, H. G., & Scherer, K. R. (1989). Assessing emotion by questionnaire. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience (Vol. 4, pp. 55-82). New York: Academic Press.
198. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 465-490.
199. Wierzbicka, A. (1998). Russian emotional expression. Ethos, 26, 456-483.
200. Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. Paris: Cambridge University Press.
201. Wouters, C. (1992). On status competition and emotion management: The study of emotions as a new field. Theory, Culture and Society, 9, 229-252.
202. Wouters, C. (1995). Etiquette books and emotion management in the 20th century: Part 2. The integration of the sexes. Journal of Social History, 29, 325-339.