Anger induced by interferon-alpha is moderated by ratio of arachidonic acid to omega-3 fatty acids

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 75, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 475-483

  Lotrich, Francis E ^a   Sears, Barry ^b   McNamara, Robert K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b The Inflammation Research Foundation   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggression; Anger; Antidepressant, tumor necrosis factor; Cytokine; Fatty acid; Inflammation; Interferon; Irritability

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CYTOKINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; PHOSPHOLIPID; RIBAVIRIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANGER; ARTICLE; ASSAULT; BLOOD LEVEL; BRAIN; DEPRESSION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EMOTION; FEMALE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; IRRITABILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MONTGOMERY ASBERG DEPRESSION RATING SCALE; NEUROIMMUNOLOGY; PLASMA; PROMOTER REGION; QUESTIONNAIRE; SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS HEPATITIS;

AGGRESSION; ANGER; ANTIDEPRESSANT, TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; CYTOKINE; FATTY ACID; INFLAMMATION; INTERFERON; IRRITABILITY;

ADULT; ANGER; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; ARACHIDONIC ACID; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERFERON-ALPHA; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84886950660     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: 18791360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.07.012     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Jensen PS, Youngstrom EA, Steiner H, Findling RL, Meyer RE, Malone RP, et al. Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across diagnostic categories in child psychiatry: implications for medication studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 46:309-322.
2. Painuly N, Sharan P, Mattoo SK Relationship of anger and anger attacks with depression: a brief review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005, 255:215-222.
3. Nelson RJ Biology of aggression. Nelson RJ, editor 2006, Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Painuly NP, Grover S, Gupta N, Mattoo SK Prevalence of anger attacks in depressive and anxiety disorders: implications for their construct?. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011, 65:165-174.
5. Tsiouris JA, Kim SY, Brown WT, Cohen IL Association of aggressive behaviours with psychiatric disorders, age, sex and degree of intellectual disability: a large-scale survey. J Intl Dis Res 2011, 55:636-649.
6. Ballester J, Goldstein T, Goldstein B, Obreja M, Axelson D, Monk K, et al. Is bipolar disorder specifically associated with aggression?. Bipolar Disord 2012, 14:283-290.
7. Lasko NB, Gurvits TV, Kuhne AA, Orr SP, Pitman RK Aggression and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Comp Psychiatry 1994, 35:373-381.
8. Dillon BL Workplace violence: impact, causes, and prevention. Work 2012, 42:15-20.
9. Howard LM, Trevillion K, Khalifeh H, Woodall A, Agnew-Davies R, Feder G Domestic violence and severe psychiatric disorders: prevalence and interventions. Psychol Med 2010, 40:881-893.
10. Bjorklund GM Driver irritation and aggressive behaviour. Accid Anal Prev 2008, 40:1069-1077.
11. Haw C, Stubbs J A survey of the off-label use of mood stabilizers in a large psychiatric hospital. J Psychopharmacol 2005, 19:402-407.
12. Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Woicik PA, Moeller SJ, Williams B, et al. Neural mechanisms of anger regulation as a function of genetic risk for violence. Emotion 2009, 9:385-396.
13. Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation - a possible prelude to violence. Sci 2000, 289:591-594.
14. Hudziak JJ, Rudiger LP, Neale MC, Heath AC, Todd RD A twin study of inattentive, aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000, 39:469-476.
15. Coccaro EF, Sripada CS, Yanowitch RN, Phan KL Corticolimbic function in impulsive aggressive behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 69:1153-1159.
16. Zalcman SS, Siegel A The neurobiology of aggression and rage: role of cytokines. Br Behav Immunol 2006, 20:507-514.
17. Manuck SB, Kaplan JR, Lotrich FE Brain serotonin and aggressive disposition in humans and nonhuman primates. Biology of aggression 2006, 65-113. Oxford University Press, New York. R.J. Nelson (Ed.).
18. Rujescu D, Giegling I, Bondy B, Gietl A, Zill P, Moller H-J Association of anger-related traits with SNPs in the TPH gene. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:1023-1029.
19. Suarez EC, Lewis JG, Kuhn C The relation of aggression, hostility, and anger to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a by blood monocytes from normal men. Br Behav Immunol 2002, 16:675-684.
20. Suarez EC, Lewis JG, Krishnan RR, Young KH Enhanced expression of cytokines and chemokines by blood monocytes to in vitro lipopolysaccharide stimulation are associated with hostility and severity of depressive symptoms in healthy women. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2004, 29:1119-1128.
21. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Loving TJ, Stowell JR, Malarkey WB, Lemeshow S, Dickinson SL, et al. Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:1377-1384.
22. Gidron Y, Gilutz H, Berger R, Huleihel M Molecular and cellular interface between behavior and acute coronary syndromes. Cardiovasc Res 2002, 56:15-21.
23. Musselman DL, Evans DL, Nemeroff B The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55:580-592.
24. Petitto JM, Gariepy7 JL, Gendreau PL, Rodriguiz R, Lewis MH, Lysle DT Differences in NK cell function in mice bred for high and low aggression: genetic linkage between complex behavioral and immunological traits?. Br Behav Immunol 1994, 13:175-186.
25. Kronenberger B, Berg T, Herrmann E, Hinrichsen H, Gerlach T, Buggisch P, et al. Efficacy of amantadine on quality of life in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha and ribavirin: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 19:639-646.
26. Kraus MR, Schafer A, Csef H, Scheurlen M Psychiatric side effects of pegylated interferon alfa-2b as compared to conventional interferon alfa-2b in patients with chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2005, 11:1769-1774.
27. Kraus MR, Schafer A, Faller H, Csef H, Scheurlen M Psychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving interferon alfa-2b therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:708-714.
28. McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Schiff ER, Shiffman ML, Lee WM, Rustgi V, et al. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. NEJM 1998, 339:1485-1492.
29. Preau M, Marcellin F, Spire B, Ravaux I, Dellamonica P, Blanc D, et al. Impaired anger control as an underappreciated side effect of treatments for chronic HCV infection in HIV-HCV coinfected patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008, 42:92-96.
30. Dan AA, Crone C, Wise TN, Martin LM, Ramsey L, Magee S, et al. Anger experiences among hepatitis C patients: relationship to depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life. Psychosom 2007, 48:223-229.
31. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FLJ, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. NEJM 2002, 347:975-982.
32. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, Rustgi VK, Shiffman M, Reindollar R, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001, 358:958-965.
33. Franzen PL, Buysse DJ, Rabinovitz M, Pollock BG, Lotrich FE Poor sleep quality predicts onset of either major depression or subsyndromal depression with irritability during interferon-alpha treatment. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 177:240-245.
34. Lotrich FE, Rabinovitz F, Gironda P, Pollock BG Depression following pegylated interferon-alpha: characteristics and vulnerability. J Psychosom Res 2007.
35. Lotrich FE, Ferrell RF, Rabinovitz M, Pollock BG Labile anger during interferon-alpha treatment is associated with a polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Clin Neuropharmacol 2010, 33:191-197.
36. Witthoft T, Moller B, Wiedmann KH, Mauss S, Link R, Lohmeyer J, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C in clinical practice: the German Open Safety Trial. J Viral Hepat 2007, 14:788-798.
37. Lotrich FE Inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and depression. Curr Pharmacol Des 2012, 18:5920-5935.
38. Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 65:732-741.
39. Capuron L, Raison CL, Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Nemeroff CB, Miller AH Association of exaggerated HPA axis response to the initial injection of interferon-alpha with development of depression during interferon-alpha therapy. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1342-1345.
40. Felger JC, Alagbe O, Pace TWW, Woolwine BJ, Hu F, Raison CL, et al. Early activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase is associated with interferon-alpha-induced depression and fatigue. Br Behav Immunol 2011, 25:1094-1098.
41. Raison CL, Borisov AS, Broadwell SD, Capuron L, Woolwine BJ, Jacobson IM, et al. Depression during pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy: prevalence and prediction. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:41-48.
42. Su K-P, Huang S-Y, Peng C-Y, Lai H-C, Huang C-L, CHen Y-C, et al. Phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase 2 genes influence the risk of interferon-a-induced depression by regulating polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:550-557.
43. Lotrich FE, Sears B, McNamara RK Elevated ratio of arachidonic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids predicts depression development following interferon-alpha treatment: relationship with interleukin-6. Br Behav Immunol 2013, 31:48-53.
44. Conklin SM, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Flory JD, Hibbeln JR, Muldoon MF High omega-6 and low omega-3 fatty acids are associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. Psychosom Med 2007, 69:932-934.
45. Tiemeier H, van Tuijl HR, Hofman A, Kiliaan AJ, Breteler MM Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:40-46.
46. Frasur-Smith N, Lesperance F, Julien P Major depression is associated with lower omega-3 fatty acid levels in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 55:891-896.
47. Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer H Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20:4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J Affect Dis 1996, 38:35-46.
48. Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, Sinclair AJ Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 1996, 31:S157-S161.
49. Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 68:140-147.
50. Hibbeln JR Seafood consumption and homicide mortality: a cross-national ecological analysis. World Rev Nutr Diet 2001, 88:41-46.
51. Iribarren C, Markovitz JH, Jacobs JDR, Schreiner PJ, Daviglus M, Hibbeln JR Dietary intake of n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish: relationship with hostility in young adults - the CARDIA study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:24-31.
52. Watari M, Hamazak IK, Hirata T, Hamazaki T, Okubo Y Hostility of drug-free patients with schizophrenia and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in red blood cells. Psychiatry Res 2010, 177:22-26.
53. Golomb BA, Evans MA, White HL, Dimsdale JE Trans fat consumption and aggression. PLoS One 2012, 7:e32175.
54. Umhau JC, Dauphinais KM, Patel SH, Nahrwold DA, Hibbeln JR, Rawlings RR, et al. The relationship between folate and docosahexaenoic acid in men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60:352-357.
55. Conklin SM, Harris JI, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Hibbeln JR, Muldoon MF Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers. Psychiatry Res 2007, 152:1-10.
56. Emanuele E, Brondino N, Re S, Bertona M, Geroldi D Serum omega-3 fatty acids are associated with ultimatum bargaining behavior. Physiol Behav 2009, 96:180-183.
57. Fedorova I, Salem NJ Omega-3 fatty acids and rodent behavior. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006, 75:271-289.
58. DeMar JCJ, Ma K, Bell JM, Igarashi M, Greenstein D, Rapoport S One generation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation increases depression and aggression test scores in rats. J Lipid Res 2006, 47:172-180.
59. Re S, Zanoletti M, Emanuele E Aggressive dogs are characterized by low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status. Vet Res Commun 2008, 32:225-230.
60. Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease feelings of anger in substance abusers. Psychiatry Res 2008, 157:95-104.
61. Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M, Hibbeln JR Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008, 32:568-575.
62. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:167-169.
63. Sagduyu K, Dokucu ME, Eddy BA, Craigen G, Baldassano CF, Yildiz A Omega-3 fatty acids decreased irritability of patients with bipolar disorder in an add-on open label study. Nutr J 2005, 4:1-6.
64. Amminger GP, Berger GE, Schafer M, Klier C, Friedrich MH, Feucht M Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:551-553.
65. Itomura M, Hamazaki K, Sawazaki S, Kobayashi M, Terasawa K, Watanabe S, et al. The effect of fish oil on physical aggression in schoolchildren-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr Biochem 2005, 16:163-171.
66. Gesch CB, Hammond SM, Hampson SE, Hampson SE, Eves A, Crowder MJ, et al. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behavior of young adult prisoners: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 181:22-28.
67. Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, Asaoka E, Nagao Y, Nishimura N, et al. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. Clin Investig 1996, 97:1129-1133.
68. Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Nagao Y, Kuwamori T, Yazawa K, Mizushima Y, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid does not affect aggression of normal volunteers under nonstressful conditions. A randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind study. Lipids 1998, 33:663-667.
69. Hallahan B, Hibbeln JR, Davis JM, Garland MR Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with recurrent self-harm. Single-centre double-blind randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2007, 190:118-122.
70. Vedin I, Cederholm T, Levi YF, Basun H, Garlind A, Faxén Irving G, et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine release from blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:1616-1622.
71. Calder PC The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008, 79:101-108.
72. Hong S, Gronert K, Devchand P, Moussignac RL, Serhan CN Novel docosatrienes and 17S-resolvins generated from docosahexaenoic acid in murine brain, human blood, and glial cells. Autacoids in anti-inflammation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:14677-14687.
73. Zhao Y, Calon F, Julien C, Winkler JW, Petasis NA, Lukiw WJ, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 induces neuronal survival via secretase- and PPAR-mediated mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease models. PLoS One 2011, 6:e15816.
74. Gavins FNE Are formyl peptide receptors novel targets for therapeutic intervention in ischaemia-reperfusion injury?. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010, 31:266-276.
75. Wang P, Zhu F, Konstantopoulos K Prostaglandin E2 induces interleukin-6 expression in human chondrocytes via cAMP/protein kinase A- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010, 298:C1445-C1456.
76. Portanova JP, Zhang Y, Anderson GD, Houser SD, Masferrer JL, Seibert K, et al. Selective neutralization of prostaglandin E2 blocks inflammation, hyperalgesia, and interleukin 6 production in vivo. J Exp Med 1998, 184:883-891.
77. Mingam R, Moranis A, Bluthe R-M, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Kelley KW, Guesnet P, et al. Uncoupling of interleukin-6 from its signalling pathway by dietary n-3-polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation alters sickness behaviour in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 28:1877-1886.
78. Song C, Leonard BE, Horrobin DF Dietary ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid but not soybean oil reverses central interleukin-1-induced changes in behavior, corticosterone and immune responses in rats. Stress 2004, 7:43-54.
79. Oliver E, McGillicuddy FC, Harford KA, Reynolds CM, Phillips CM, Ferguson JF, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates macrophage-induced inflammation and improves insulin sensitivity in adipocytes-specific differential effects between LC n-3 PUFA. J Nutr Biochem 2012, 23:1192-1200.
80. Chiu C-Y, Gomolka B, Dierkes C, Huang NR, Schroeder M, Purschke M, et al. Omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid-derived resolvins and 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid modulate macrophage function and alleviate experimental colitis. Inflamm Res 2012, 61:967-976.
81. McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Cole-Strauss A, Lipton JW Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency increases constitutive pro-inflammatory cytokine production in rats: relationship with central serotonin turnover. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010, 83:185-191.
82. Kraus MR, Schaaf M, Faller H, Csef H, Scheurlen M Paroxetine for the treatment of interferon-alpha-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002, 16:1091-1099.
83. McNamara RK, Strawn JR, Chang KD, DelBello MP Interventions for youth at high risk for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2012, 21:739-751.
84. Coccaro EF, Harvey PD, Kupsaw-Lawrence E, Herbert JL, Bernstein DP Development of neuropharmacologically based behavioral assessments of impulsive aggressive behavior. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991, 3:S44-S51.
85. Ventura J, Liberman RP, Green MF, Shaner A, Mintz J Training and quality assurance with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I/P). Psychiatry Res 1998, 79:163-173.
86. Beck A, Steer R, Garbin M Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 1988, 8:77-100.
87. Nathan C, Ding A Nonresolving inflammation. Cell 2010, 140:871-882.
88. Tabas I, Glass CK Anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic disease: challenges and opportunities. Science 2013, 339:166-172.
89. Constant A, Castera L, Dantzer R, Couzig P, de Ledinghen V, Demotes-Mainard J, et al. Mood alterations during interferon-alfa therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: evidence for an overlap between manic-hypomanic and depressive symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:1050-1057.
90. Castera L, Constant A, Henry C, Champbeniot P, Bernard PH, de Ledinghen V, et al. Impact on adherence and sustained virological response of psychiatric side effects during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Alimentary Pharmacol Therapeut. 2006, 24:1223-1230.
91. Kim B, Wang HR, Son JI, Kim CY, Joo YH Bipolarity in depressive patients without histories of diagnosis of bipolar disorder and the use of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for detecting bipolarity. Comp Psychiatry 2008, 49:469-475.
92. O'Donovan C, Garnham JS, Hajek T, Alda M Antidepressant monotherapy in pre-bipolar depression; predictive value and inherent risk. J Affect Dis 2008, 107:293-298.
93. Utsumi T, Sasaki T, Shimada I, Mabuchi M, Motonaga T, Ohtani T, et al. Clinical features of soft bipolarity in major depressive inpatients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006, 60:611-615.
94. Akiskal HS, Kilzieh N, Maser JD, Clayton PJ, Schettler PJ, Traci Shea M, et al. The distinct temperament profiles of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar patients. J Affect Dis 2006, 92:19-33.
95. Benazzi F Mood patterns and classification in bipolar disorder. Curr Ophthalmol Psychiatry 2006, 19:1-8.
96. Bowden CL A different depression: clinical distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression. J Affect Dis 2005, 84:117-125.
97. Benazzi F Inter-episode mood lability in mood disorders: residual symptom or natural course of illness?. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004, 58:480-486.
98. Henry C, Demotes-Mainard J SSRIs, suicide and violent behavior: is there a need for a better definition of the depressive state?. Curr Drug Saf 2006, 1:59-62.
99. Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Soldani F, Goodwin FK Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Dis 2003, 5:421-433.
100. McNamara RK, Nandagopal JJ, Strakowski SM, DelBello MP Preventative strategies for early-onset bipolar disorder: towards a clinical staging model. CNS Drugs 2010, 24:983-996.
101. Lotrich FE Risk factors and prevention of interferon-induced depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009, 11:417-426.
102. Raison CL, Woolwine BJ, Demetrashvili MF, Borisov AS, Weinreib R, Staab JP, et al. Paroxetine for prevention of depressive symptoms induced by interferon-alpha and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 25:1163-1174.
103. Musselman DL, Lawson DH, Gumnick JF, Manatunga AK, Penna S, Goodkin RS, et al. Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alfa. NEJM 2001, 344:961-966.
104. Schaefer M, Sarkar R, Knop V, Effenberger S, Friebe A, Heinze L, et al. Escitalopram for the prevention of peginterferon-alpha-2a-associated depression in hepatitis C virus-infected patients without previous psychiatric disease. Ann Int Med 2012, 157:94-103.
105. Kohjima M, Enjoji M, Yoshimoto T, Yada R, Fujino T, Aoyagi Y, et al. Add-on therapy of pitavastatin and eicosapentaenoic acid improves outcome of peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2013, 85:250-260.
106. de Pablos RM, Villaran RF, Arguelles S, Herrera AJ, Venero JL, Ayala A, et al. Stress increases vulnerability to inflammation in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2006, 26:5709-5719.
107. Gibb J, Hayley S, Gandhi R, Poulter MO, Anisman H Synergistic and additive actions of a psychosocial stressor and endotoxin challenge: circulating and brain cytokines, plasma corticosterone and behavioral changes in mice. Br Behav Immunol 2008, 22:573-589.
108. Tonelli LH, Postolache TT Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and major histocompatibility complex molecules in the normal brain and after peripheral immune challenge. Neurol Res 2006, 27:679-684.
109. van Heel DA, Udalova IA, De Silva AP, McGovern DP, Kinouch iY, Hull J, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a TNF polymorphism that affects an interaction between the OCT1 and NFkB transcription factors. Hum Mol Genet 2002, 11:1281-1289.
110. Hohjoh H, Tokunaga K Allele-specific binding of the ubiquitous transcription factor OCT-1 to the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the tumor necrosis factor-gene (TNFA) promoter. Genes Immunol 2001, 2:105-109.
111. Bayley JP, Ottenhoff TH, Verweij C Is there a future for TNF promoter polymorphisms? Genes Immun 2004;5:315-329. Genes Immunol 2004, 5:315-329.
112. Baseggio L, Bartholin L, Chantome A, Charlot C, Rimokh R, Salles G Allele-specific binding to the -308 single nucleotide polymorphism site in the tumour necrosis factor-promoter. Eur J Immunogenet 2004, 31:15-19.
113. Kroeger KM, Steer JH, Joyce DA, Abraham LJ Effects of stimulus and cell type on the expression of the -308 tumour necrosis factor promoter polymorphism. Cytokine 2000, 12:110-119.
114. Kaneko N, Kudo K, Mabuchi T, Takemoto K, Fujimaki K, Wati H, et al. Suppression of cell proliferation by interferon-alpha through interleukin-1 production in adult rat dentate gyrus. Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 31:2619-2626.
115. Baune BT, Ponath G, Rothermundt M, Riess O, Funke H, Berger K Association between genetic variants of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha cytokines and cognitive performance in the elderly general population of the MEMO-study. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2008, 33:68-76.
116. Hibbeln JR, Linnoila M, Umhau JC, Rawlings R, George DT, Salem JN Essential fatty acids predict metabolites of serotonin and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid among healthy control subjects, and early- and late-onset alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 1998, 44:235-242.
117. Olsson NU, Shoaf SE, Salem JN The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol on neurotransmitter levels in rat brain. Nutr Neurosci 1998, 1:133-140.
118. Garland MR, Hallahan B Essential fatty acids and their role in conditions characterised by impulsivity. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006, 18:99-105.
119. Hibbeln JR, Ferguson TA, Blasbalg TL Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in neurodevelopment, aggression and autonomic dysregulation: opportunities for intervention. Int Rev Psychiatry 2006, 18:107-118.
120. Song C, Li X, Leonard BE, Horrobin DF Effects of dietary n-3 or n-6 fatty acids on interleukin-1beta-induced anxiety, stress, and inflammatory responses in rats. J Lipid Res 2003, 44:1984-1991.
121. Kozak W, Soszynski D, Rudolph K, Conn DA, Kluger MJ Dietary n-3 fatty acids differentially affect sickness behavior in mice during local and systemic inflammation. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:R1298-R1307.
122. Kodas E, Galineau L, Bodard S, Vancassel S, Guilloteau D, Besnard JC, et al. Serotoninergic neurotransmission is affected by n-3 polyunsaterated fatty acids in the rat. J Neurochem 2004, 89:695-702.
123. Linthorst ACE, Flachskamm C, Holsboer F, Reul JMHM Activation of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat hippocampus after peripheral administration of bacterial endotoxin: involvement of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. Neurosci 1996, 72:989-997.
124. Muller N, Schwarz MJ The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: towards an integrated view of depression. Mol Psychiatry 2007, 12:988-1000.
125. Raison CL, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Lawson MA, Woolwine BJ, Vogt GJ, et al. CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15:393-403.
126. Dyall SC, Michael GJ, Whelpton R, Scott AG, Michael-Titus AT Dietary enrichment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reverses age-related decreases in the GluR2 and NR2B glutamate receptor subunits in rat forebrain. Neurobiol Aging 2007, 28:424-439.
127. Harbeby E, Jouin M, Alessandri J-M, Lallemand M-S, Linard A, Lavialle M, et al. n-3 PUFA status affects expression of genes involved in neuroenergetics differently in the fronto-parietal cortex compared to the CA1 area of the hippocampus: effect of rest and neuronal activation in the rat. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012, 86:211-220.
128. Kim H-Y, Spector AA, Xiong Z-M A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2011, 96:114-120.
129. Kariv-Inbal Z, Yacobson S, Berkecz R, Peter M, Janaky T, Lutjohann D, et al. The isoform-specific pathological effects of apoE4 in vivo are prevented by a fish oil (DHA) diet and are modified by cholesterol. J Alz Dis 2012, 28:667-683.
130. Grintal B, Champeil-Potokar G, Lavialle M, Vancassel S, Breton S, Denis I Inhibition of astroglial glutamate transport by polyunsaturated fatty acids: evidence for a signalling role of docosahexaenoic acid. Neurochem Int 2009, 54:535-543.
131. Rao JS, Ertley RN, DeMar JC, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP, Lee HJ Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation alters expression of enzymes of the arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascades in rat frontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2007, 12:151-157.
132. Rao JS, Ertley RN, Lee HJ, DeMar JCJ, Arnold JT, Rapoport SI, et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deprivation in rats decreases frontal cortex BDNF via a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism. Mol Psychiatry 2007, 12:36-46.
133. Lotrich FE, Albusaysi S, Ferrell RE Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels and genotype: association with depression during interferon-alpha treatment. Neuropsychopharmacol 2013, 38:989-995.
134. Balanza-Martinez V, Fries GR, Colpo GD, Silveira PP, Portella AK, Tabares-Seisdedos R, et al. Therapeutic use of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Exp Rev Neurother 2011, 11:1029-1047.
135. Sala-Vila A, Harris WS, Cofan M, Perez-Heras AM, Pinto X, Lamuela-Raventos RM, et al. Determinants of the omega-3 index in a Mediterranean population at increased risk for CHD. Br J Nutr 2011, 106:425-431.
136. Harris WS The omega-3 index: from biomarker to risk marker to risk factor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009, 11:411-417.
137. Harris W, Mozaffarian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton P, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, et al. AHA Science Advisory: omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease. Circ 2009, 119:902-907.
138. Sands SA, Reid KJ, Windsor SL, et al. The impact of age, body mass index, and fish intake on the EPA and DHA content of human erythrocytes. Lipids 2005, 40:343-347.
139. Simopoulos AP Evolutionary aspects of diet: the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and the brain. Mol Neurobiol 2011, 44:203-215.
140. Lands WEM, Pawlosky RJ, Salem JN Alcoholism, antioxidant status and essential fatty acids. Antioxidants in nature and health 1998, 299-344. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. A.M. Pappas (Ed.).
141. Bufalino C, Hepgul N, Aguglia E, Pariante CM The role of immune genes in the association between depression and inflammation: a review of recent clinical studies. Br Behav Immunol 2013, 31:31-47.
142. Bull SJ, Huezo-Diaz P, Binder EB, Cubells JF, Ranjith G, Maddock C, et al. Functional polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 and serotonin transporter genes, and depression and fatigue induced by interferon-alpha and ribavirin treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14:1095-1104.
143. Lotrich FE, Loftis JM, Ferrell RE, Rabinovitz M, Hauser P IL28B polymorphism is associated with both side effects and clearance of hepatitis C during interferon-alpha therapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011, 31:331-336.
144. Oxenkrug G, Perianayagam M, Mikolich D, Requintina P, Shick L, Ruthazer F, et al. Interferon-gamma (+874) T/A genotypes and risk of IFN-alpha-induced depression. J Neural Transm 2011, 118:271-274.
145. Yoshida K, Alagbe O, Want X, Woolwine B, Thornbury M, Raison CL, et al. Promoter polymorphisms of the interferon-alpha receptor gene and development of inteferon-induced depressive symptoms in patients with chronic hepatitis C: preliminary findings. Neuropsychobiol 2005, 52:55-61.