Inter-episode mood lability in mood disorders: Residual symptom or natural course of illness?

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Volumn 58, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 480-486

  Benazzi, Franco ^a,b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY   (Italy)

^b NONE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bipolar II disorder; Depression; Major depressive disorder; Mood lability; Residual symptoms

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR II DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE DURATION; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MENTAL INSTABILITY; MOOD DISORDER; RISK;

ADULT; AFFECT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RECURRENCE;

EID: 7944230440     PISSN: 13231316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01289.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ et al. A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003; 60: 261-269.
2. Judd LL, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: reanalysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 123-131.
3. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002; 59: 530-537.
4. Judd LL, Paulus MJ, Schettler PJ et al. Does incomplete recovery from first lifetime major depressive episode herald a chronic course of illness? Am. J. Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1501-1504.
5. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD et al. Major depressive disorder: a prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. J. Affect. Disord. 1998; 50: 97-108.
6. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD et al. A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998; 55: 694-700.
7. Fava GA, Fabbri S, Sonino N. Residual symptoms in depression: an emerging therapeutic target. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2002; 26: 1019-1027.
8. Benazzi F. Prevalence and clinical correlates of residual depressive symptoms in bipolar II disorder. Psychother. Psychosom. 2001; 70: 232-238.
9. Fava GA. Subclinical symptoms in mood disorders: pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Psychol. Med. 1999; 29: 47-61.
10. Paykel ES, Scott J, Teasdale JD et al. Prevention of relapse in residual depression by cognitive therapy: a controlled trial. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1999; 56: 829-835.
11. Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr. Boundaries of major depression: evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. Am. J. Psychiatry 1998; 155: 172-177.
12. Angst J, Sellaro R, Merikangas KR. Depressive spectrum diagnoses. Compr. Psychiatry 2000; 41 (Suppl. 1): 39-47.
13. Angst J, Merikangas K. The depressive spectrum, diagnostic classification and course. J. Affect. Disord. 1997; 45: 31-39.
14. Angst J, Merikangas KR, Preisig M. Subthreshold syndromes of depression and anxiety in the community. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 1997; 58 (Suppl. 8): 6-10.
15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000.
16. Baldessarini RJ, Ghaemi SN, Viguera AC. Tolerance in antidepressant treatment. Psychother. Psychosom. 2002; 71: 177-179.
17. Fava M, Schmidt ME, Zhang S, Gonzales J, Raute NJ, Judge R. Treatment approaches to major depressive disorder relapse. Part 2: reinitiation of antidepressant treatment. Psychother. Psychosom. 2002; 71: 195-199.
18. Schmidt ME, Fava M, Zhang S, Gonzales J, Raute NJ, Judge R. Treatment approaches to major depressive disorder relapse. Part 1: dose increase. Psychother. Psychosom. 2002; 71: 190-194.
19. Fava GA, Rafanelli C, Grandi S, Conti S, Belluardo P. Prevention of recurrent depression with cognitive behavioral therapy: preliminary findings. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998; 55: 816-820.
20. Fava GA, Bartolucci G, Rafanelli C, Mangelli L. Cognitive-behavioral management of patients with bipolar disorder who relapsed while on lithium prophylaxis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2001; 62: 556-559.
21. Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1921.
22. Koukopoulos A. Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 199-205.
23. Sedler MJ. Falret's discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Am. J. Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1127-1133.
24. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF. Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: 'dark' and 'sunny' expressions of soft bipolarity. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 49-57.
25. Perugi G, Toni C, Travierso MC, Akiskal HS. The role of cyclothymia in atypical depression: toward a data-based reconceptualization of the borderline-bipolar II connection. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 87-98.
26. Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Lencrenon S et al. Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a french national multi-site study (EPIDEP). J. Affect. Disord. 1998; 50: 163-173.
27. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ et al. Switching from 'unipolar' to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1995; 52: 114-123.
28. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 133-146.
29. Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J. Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003; 418: 15-19.
30. Benazzi F. Validating Angst's ups & downs personality trait as a new marker of bipolar II disorder. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004; 254: 48-54.
31. Post RM. Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 1992; 149: 999-1010.
32. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 113-122.
33. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania. J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 33-38.
34. Benazzi F. Bipolar II disorder is common among depressed outpatients. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1999; 53: 607-609.
35. Akiskal HS, Pinto O. The Evolving Bipolar Spectrum: prototypes I, II, III and IV. Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am. 1999; 22: 517-534.
36. Benazzi F. Borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder in private practice depressed outpatients. Compr. Psychiatry 2000; 41: 106-110.
37. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-CV). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1997.
38. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1994.
39. Williams JBW, Terman M, Link MJ, Amira L, Rosenthal NE. Hypomania Interview Guide (Including Hyperthymia). Current Assessment Version (HIGH-C). Clinical Assessment Tools Packet, Center for Environmental Therapeutics, Norwood, NJ, (revised 2000).
40. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams P, Wolk S, Verdeli H, Olfson M. Brief screening for family psychiatric history. The family history screen. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2000; 57: 675-682.
41. Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, Post R, Moller H-J, Hirschfeld R. Re-evaluating the prevalence and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2000; 59 (Suppl. 1): S5-S30.
42. Dunner DL. Diagnostic revisions for DSM-IV. In: Goodnick PL (ed). Mania. Clinical and Research Perspectives. pp. 3-10. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1998.
43. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 1998; 50: 143-151.
44. Benazzi F. Is 4 days the minimum duration of hypomania in bipolar II disorder? Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2001; 251: 32-34.
45. Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G, Soriani A. Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J. Affect. Disord. 1992; 26: 127-140.
46. Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Keller MB, Leon AC, Akiskal HS. Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 385-390.
47. Akiskal HS, Djenderedjian AH, Rosenthal RH, Khani MK. Cyclothymic disorder: validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am. J. Psychiatry 1977; 134: 1227-1233.
48. Akiskal HS, Khani MK, Scott-Strauss A. Cyclothymic temperamental disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 1979; 2: 527-554.
49. Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Bourgeois ML et al. Toward a refined phenomenology of mania: combining clinician-assessment and self-report in the French EPIMAN study. J. Affect. Disord. 2001; 67: 89-96.
50. Benazzi F. Frequency of bipolar spectrum in 111 private practice depression outpatients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2003; 253: 203-208.
51. Koukopoulos A, Koukopoulos A. Agitated Depression as a Mixed State and the Problem of Melancholia. Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am. 1999; 22: 547-564.
52. Benazzi F. Which could be a clinically useful definition of depressive mixed state? Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2002; 26: 1105-1111.
53. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. Clinical and factor analytic-validation of depressive mixed states: a report from the Ravenna-San Diego collaboration. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 2003; 16 (Suppl. 2): S71-S78.
54. Benazzi F. Bipolar II depressive mixed state: finding a useful definition. Compr. Psychiatry 2003; 44: 21-27.
55. Benazzi F. Clinical and family history markers of bipolar II disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry 2003; 48: 208-209.
56. Sato T, Bottlender R, Schroter A, Moller H-J. Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar 'depressive mixed state' as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003; 107: 268-274.
57. Sato T, Bottlender R, Sievers M, Schroter A, Kleindienst N, Moller H-J. Evaluating the inter-episode stability of depressive mixed states. J. Affect. Disord. 2004; 81: 103-113.
58. Benazzi F, Akiskal HS. A downscaled practical measure of mood lability as a screening tool for bipolar II. J. Affect Disord. (in press).
59. Benazzi F, Helmi S, Bland L. Agitated depression, unipolar? Bipolar? Or both? Ann. Clin. Psychiatry 2002; 14: 97-104.
60. Akiskal HS. Validating 'hard' and 'soft' phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity? J. Affect. Disord. 2003; 73: 1-5.
61. Coryell W. Bipolar II disorder: the importance of hypomania. In: Goldberg JF, Harrow M (eds). Bipolar Disorders. Clinical Course and Outcome. pp. 219-236. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 1999.
62. Robins E, Guze SB. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1970; 126: 983-987.
63. Kendler KS. Toward a scientific psychiatric nosology. Strengths and limitations. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1990; 47: 969-973.
64. Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, McInnis MG et al. Diagnostic reliability of bipolar II diagnosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2002; 59: 736-740.
65. Dunner DL, Tay KL. Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr. Psychiatry 1993; 34: 303-307.
66. Brugha TS, Jenkins R, Taub N, Meltzer H, Bebbington PE. A general population comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Psychol. Med. 2001; 31: 1001-1013.