Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants

Water and Sanitation-Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions, and Preventive Measures

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 439-499

  Shaw, Susan D ^a   Kannan, Kurunthachalam ^b,c  

^a Center for Marine Studies   (United States)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c WADSWORTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Marine ecosystems, BFRs, PBDEs; PBDEs impact on animals; PBDEs, environmental "time bomb"

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886338204     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118148594.ch34     Document Type: Chapter

References (207)

1. Birnbaum LS, Staskal DF. Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:9-17.
2. Alaee M, Arias P, Sjodin A, Bergman A. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environ Int 2003;29:683-689.
3. Hale RC, La Guardia MJ, Harvey E, Gaylor MO, Mainor TM. Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media. Chemosphere 2006;64:181-186.
4. Costa LG, Giordano G. Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. NeuroToxicology 2007;28:1047-1067.
5. Shaw SD, Kannan K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine ecosystems of the American continents: foresight from current knowledge. RevEnviron Health 2009;24:157-229.
6. Harley KG, Marks AR, Chevrier J, Bradman A, Sjödin A, Eskenazi B. PBDE concentrations in women's serum and fecundability. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:699-704.
7. Akutsu K, Takatori S, Nozawa S, Yoshiike M, Nakazawa H, Hayakawa K, Makino T, IwamotoT. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum and sperm quality. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2008;80:345-350.
8. Herbstman JB, Sjodin A, Kurzon M, Lederman SA, Jones RS, Rauh V, Needham LL, Tang D, Niedzwiecki M, Wang RY, Perera F. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:712-719.
9. Loganathan BG, Kannan K, Watanabe I, Kawano M, Irvine K, Kumar S, Sikka HC. Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs/PBDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs/PBDFs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBBEs) and extractable organic halogen (EOX) in carp from the Buffalo River, New York. Environ Sci Technol 1995;29:1832-1838.
10. Hites RA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:945-956.
11. deWit CA. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 2002;46:583-624.
12. LawRJ, Allchin CR, de Boer J, Covaci A, Herzke D, Lepom P, Morris S, Tronczynski J, de Wit CA. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 2006;64:187-208.
13. Tanabe S, Ramu K, Isobe T, Takahashi S. Brominated flame retardants in the environment ofAsia-Pacific: anoverview of spatial and temporal trends. J Environ Monit 2008;10:188-197.
14. Covaci A, Gerecke AC, Law RJ, Voorspoels S, Kohler M, Heeb NV, Leslie H, Allchin CR, De Boer J. Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40:3679-3688.
15. Kimbrough KL, Johnson WE, Lauenstein GG, Christensen JD, Apeti DA. 2009. An Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments and Bivalves of the U.S. Coastal Zone. NOS NCCOS 94.
16. Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K. An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. Chemosphere 2009;76:542-548.
17. de Boer J, Wester PG, Klamer HJ, Lewis WE, Boon JP. Do flame retardants threaten ocean life? Nature 1998;394:28-29.
18. Unger MA, Harvey E, Vadas GG, Vecchione M. Persistent pollutants in nine species of deep-sea cephalopods. Mar Pollut Bull 2008;56:1498-1500.
19. Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Mochizuki H, Miyasaka H, Asante KA, Takahashi S, Ota S, Yeh H-S, Nishida S, Tanabe S. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in deep-sea fishes from the Sulu Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2006;52:1827-1832.
20. Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Roosens L, Jacobs W, Blust R, Neels H. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human liver andadipose tissue samples from Belgium. Chemosphere 2008;73:170-175.
21. Oshihoi T, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Kubodera T, Tanabe S. Contamination status of organohalogen compounds in deep-sea fishes in northwest Pacific Ocean, off-Tohoku, Japan. In: Obayashi Y, Isobe T, Subramanian A, Suzuki S, Tanabe S, editors. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry- Environmental Research in Asia. Terrapub, Tokyo, Japan, 2009, pp. 67-72.
22. Toyoshima S, Isobe T, Ramu K, Miyasaka H, Omori K, Takahashi S, Nishida S, Tanabe S. Organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in deep-sea ecosystem of Sagami Bay. In: Obayashi Y, Isobe T, Subramanian A, Suzuki S, Tanabe S, editors. Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry-Environmental Research in Asia. Terrapub, Tokyo, Japan, 2009, pp. 83-90.
23. De Swart RL, Ross PS, Vedder LJ, Timmerman HH, Hoisterkamp S, Van Loveren H, Vos JG, Reijnders PJH, Osterhaus ADME. Impairment of immune function in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters. Ambio 1994;23:155-159.
24. Ross PS, De Swart RL, Addison R, Van Loveren H, Vos JG, Osterhaus ADME. Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: wildlife at risk? Toxicology 1996;112:157-169.
25. Kannan K, Blankenship AL, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Toxicity reference values for the toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls to aquatic mammals. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2000;6:181-201.
26. Shaw SD, Brenner D, Bourakovsky A, Mahaffey CA, Perkins CR. Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwestern Atlantic coast. Mar Pollut Bull 2005;50:1069-1084.
27. Hale RC, Alaee M, Manchester-Neesvig JB, Stapleton HM, Ikonomou MG. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environ Int 2003;29:771-779.
28. Ma J, Addink R, Yun SH, Cheng J, Wang W, Kannan K. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, vegetation, workshop-floor dust, and electronic shredder residue from an electronic waste recycling facility and in soils from a chemical industrial complex in eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:7350-7356.
29. La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-octa-and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40: 6247-6254.
30. Papa E, Kovarich S, Gramatica P. Development, validation and inspection of the applicability domain ofQSPRmodels for physicochemical properties of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. QSAR Comb Sci 2009;28:790-796.
31. Gustafsson K, Björk M, Burreau S, Gilek M. Bioaccumulation kinetics of brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Environ Toxicol Chem 1999;18:1218-1224.
32. Wenning RJ. Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Chemosphere 2002;46:779-796.
33. Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM, Webster TF. Critical factors in assessing exposure to PBDEs via house dust. Environ Int 2008;34:1085-1091.
34. Betts K. New thinking on flame retardants. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:A210-A213.
35. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.2009 Available at http://chm.pops.int/.
36. Blum A. The fire retardant dilemma. Science 2007;318:194-195.
37. Bromine Science and Environmental Forum (BSEF). 2003. Major brominated flame retardants volume estimates: total market demand by region in 2001. Available at www.bsef. com.
38. Stapleton HM, Dodder NG. Photodegredation of decabromodiphenyl ether in natural sunlight. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008;27:306-312.
39. StapletonHM, Alaee M, Letcher RJ, Baker JE. Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:112-119.
40. La Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E. Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:6663-6670.
41. Shaw SD, Berger ML, Brenner D, Kannan K, Lohmann N, Päpke O. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:3323-3329.
42. US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Announcements,2009 Available at www.epa.gov/oppt/pbde/.
43. Jones-Otazo HA, Clarke JP, Diamond ML, Archbold JA, Ferguson G, Harner T, Richardson GM, Ryan JJ, Wilford B. Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:5121-5130.
44. Wilford BH, Shoeib M, Harner T, Zhu J, Jones KC. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:7027-7036.
45. Schecter A, Päpke O, Harris TR, Tung KC, Musumba A, Olson J, Birnbaum LS. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U. S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1515-1520.
46. Schecter A, Harris TR, Shah N, Musumba A, Päpke O. Brominated flame retardants in US food. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:266-272.
47. Harrad SJ, Ibarra C, Diamond ML, Melymuk L, Robson M, Douwes J, Roosens L, Dirtu AC, Covaci A. Polybrominateddiphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States. Environ Int 2008;34:232-238.
48. Lorber M. Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008;18:2-19.
49. Zota AR, Rudel RA, Morello-Frosch RA, Brody JG. Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards? Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:8158-8164.
50. Stapleton HM, Kelly SM, Allen JG, McClean MD, Webster TF. Measurement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on hand wipes: estimating exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Environ Sci Technol 2008a;42:3329-3334.
51. Toms L-ML, Harden FA, Paepke O, Hobson P, Ryan JJ, Mueller JF. Higher accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in infants than adults. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:7510-7515.
52. KannanK, Tanabe S, RameshA, SubramanianA, TatsukawaR. Persistent organochlorine residues in foodstuffs from India andtheir implicationsonhumandietaryexposure. J AgricFood Chem 1992;40:518-524.
53. Kannan K, Tanabe S, Giesy JP, Tatsukawa R. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in foodstuffs from Asian and oceanic countries. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1997;152:1-55.
54. Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung K-C, Staskal DF, Birnbaum LS. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:5306-5311.
55. Huwe JK, Larsen GI. Polychlorinated dioxins, furans and biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U. S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:5606-5611.
56. Bakker MI, de Winter-Sorkina R, de Mul A, Boon PE, van Donkersgoed G, van Klaveren JD, Baumann BA, Hijman WC, van Leeuwen SPJ, de Boer J, Zeilmaker MJ. Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:204-216.
57. Bocio A, Llobet J, Domingo J, Corbella J, Teixido A, Casas C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: human exposure through the diet. J Agric Food Chem 2003;51:3191-3195.
58. Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Bjerselius R, Glynn A, Petersson Grawe K, Becker W. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:1597-1606.
59. Domingo JL, Marti-Cid R, Castell V, Llobet JM. Human exposure to PBDEs through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend: a review of recent literature on dietary PBDE intake. Toxicology 2008;248:25-32.
60. Ohta S, Ishizuka D, Nishimura H, Nakao T, Aozasa O, ShimidzuY, Ochiai F, Kida T, Nishi M, Miyata H. Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan. Chemosphere 2002;46:689-696.
61. Schecter A, Colacino J, Haffner D, Patel K, Opel M, Päpke O, Birnbaum L. Perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyl, and organochlorine pesticide contamination in composite food samples from Dallas, Texas. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:796-802.
62. Fischer D, Hooper K, Athanasiadou M, Athanasiadis M, Bergman Å. Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:1581-1584.
63. Wu N, Herrmann T, Paepke O, Tickner J, Hale R, Harvey E, La Guardia M, McClean MD, Webster TF. Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:1584-1589.
64. Lagalante AF, Oswald TD, Calvosa FC. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in dust from previously owned automobiles at United States dealerships. Environ Int 2009;35:539-544.
65. Batterman SA, Chernyak S, Jia C, Godwin C, Charles S. Concentrations and emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from U. S. houses and garages. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:2693-2700.
66. Mandalakis M, Atsarou V, Stephanou EG. Airborne PBDEs in specialized occupational settings, houses and outdoor urban areas in Greece. Environ Pollut 2008;155:375-382.
67. Fraser AJ, Webster TF, McClean MD. Diet contributes significantly to the body burden of PBDEs in the general U. S. population. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:1520-1525.
68. Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE. Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008;212:109-134.
69. Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K, Rapaport D, Rodan B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:8243-8250.
70. Kalantzi OI, Brown FR, CaleffiM, Goth-Goldstein R, Petreas M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast adipose samples from Brazil. Environ Int 2009;35:113-117.
71. Sjödin A, Wong L-Y, Jones RS, Park A, Zhang Y, Hodge C, Dipietro E, McClure C, Turner W, Needham LL, PattersonJr. DG. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003-2004. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:1377-1384.
72. Pérez-Maldonado IN, Ramírez-Jiménez MDR, Martínez-Arévalo LP, López-Guzmán OD, Athanasiadou M, Bergman Å, Yarto-Ramírez M, Gavilán-García A, Yáñez L, Díaz-Barriga F. Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Mexican children. Chemosphere 2009;75:1215-1220.
73. She J, Petreas M, Winker J, Visita P, McKinney M, Kopec D. PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 2002;46:697-707.
74. Petreas M, She J, Brown FR, Winkler J, Windham G, Rogers E, Zhao G, Bhatia R, Charles MJ. High body burdens of 2,20,4, 40-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1175-1180.
75. Rose M, Bennett DH, BergmanÅ, Fangstrom BF, Pessah IN, Hertz-Picciotto I. PBDEs in 2-5-year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44:2648-2653.
76. Bradman A, Fenster L, Sjodin A, Jones RS, PattersonJr.DG, Eskenazi B. Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in the blood of pregnant woman living in an agricultural community in California. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:71-74.
77. Mazdai A, Dodder NG, AbernathyMP, Hites RA, Bigsby RM. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1249-1252.
78. Herbstman JB, Sjodin A, Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Patterson Jr.DG, Halden RU, Jones RS, Park A, Zhang Y, Heidler J, Needham LL, Goldman LR. Determinants of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in an urban population. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1794-1800.
79. Johnson-Restrepo B, Addink R, Wong C, Arcaro K, Kannan K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Massachusetts, USA. J Environ Monit 2007;9:1205-1212.
80. Schecter A, Päpke O, Tung KC, Joseph J, Harris TR, Dahlgren J. Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Occup Environ Med 2005;47:199-211.
81. Daniels JL, Pan I-J, Jones R, Anderson S, PattersonJr.DG, Needham LL, Sjödin A. Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U. S. human milk samples. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:155-160.
82. She J, Holden A, Sharp M, Tanner M, Williams-Derry C, Hooper K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest. Chemosphere 2007;67:S307-S317.
83. Sjödin A, Jones RS, Focant J-F, Lapeza C, Wang RY, McGahee EE, Zhang Y, Turner WE, Slazyk B, Needham LL, Patterson DGJ. Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:654-658.
84. Schecter A, Pavuk M, Päpke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum LS, Rosen R. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in US mother's milk. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:1723-1729.
85. Schecter A, Johnson-Welch S, Tung KC, Harris TR, Päpke O, Rosen R. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in livers of U. S. human fetuses and newborns. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 2007;70:1-6.
86. Ryan JJ, Patry B. Determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and levels in Canadian human milks. Organohalogen Compounds 2000;47:57-60.
87. Sandanger TM, Sinotte M, Dumas P, Marchand M, Sandau CD, Pereg D, Bérubé S, Brisson J, Ayotte P. Plasma concentrations of selected organobromine compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls in postmenopausal women of Québec. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1429-1434.
88. Zhu L, Ma B, Hites RA. Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in Northern China. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:6963-6968.
89. Pulkrabová J, Hrádková P, Hajs?lová J, Poustka J, Nápravníková M, Poláček V. Brominated flame retardants and other organochlorine pollutants in human adipose tissue samples from the Czech Republic. Environ Int 2009;35:63-68.
90. Kalantzi OI, Martin FL, Thomas GO, Alcock RE, Tang HR, Drury SC, Carmichael PL, Nicholson JK, Jones KC. Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two U.K. regions. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1085-1091.
91. Vieth B, RüdigerT, Ostermann B, Mielke H. Residues offlame retardants in breast milk from Germany with specific regard to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). UFOPLAN Ref. No. 202 61 218/03. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 2005.
92. Ingelido AM, Ballard T, Dellatte E, di Domenico A, Ferri F, Fulgenzi AR, Herrmann T, Iacovella N, Miniero R, Papke O, Porpora MG, Felip ED. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in milk from Italian women living in Rome and Venice. Chemosphere 2007;67: S301-S306.
93. Carrizo D, Grimalt JO, Ribas-Fitó N, Sunyer J, Torrent M. Influence of breastfeeding in the accumulation of polybromodiphenyl ethers during the first years of child growth. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:4907-4912.
94. Fernandez MF, Araque P, Kiviranta H, Molina-Molina JM, Rantakokko P, Laine O, Vartiainen T, Olea N. PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain. Chemosphere 2007;66:377-383.
95. Jogsten IE, Hagberg J, Lindström G, van Bavel B. Analysis of POPs in human samples reveal a contribution of brominated dioxin of up to 15% of the total dioxin TEQ. Chemosphere 2010;78:113-120.
96. Athanasiadou M, Cuadra SN, Marsh G, Bergman A, Jakobsson K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and bioaccumulative hydroxy PBDE metabolites in young humans from Managua, Nicaragua. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:400-408.
97. Bi X, Thomas G, Jones KC, QuW, Sheng G, Martin FL, Fu J. Exposure of electronics dismantling workers to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in South China. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:5647-5653.
98. Jin J, Wang Y, Yang C, Hu J, Liu W, Cui J, Tang X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the serum and breast milk of the resident population from production area, China. Environ Int 2009;35:1048-1052.
99. Wu K, Xu X, Liu J, Guo Y, Li Y, Huo X. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44:813-819.
100. Yuan J, Chen L, Chen D, Guo H, Bi X, JuY, Jiang P, Shi J, Yu Z, Yang J, Li L, Jiang Q, Sheng G, Fu J, Wu T, Chen X. Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and thyroid-stimulating hormone associated with lymphocytic micronuclei in Chinese workers from an e-waste dismantling site. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:2195-2200.
101. Meng X-Z, Blasius ME, Gossett RW, Maruya KA. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast. Environ Pollut 2009;157:2731-2736.
102. Rayne S, Ikonomou MG, Ross PS, Ellis GM, Barrett-Lennard LG. PBDEs, PBB, and PCNs in three communities of freeranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the northeastern Pacific ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2004;39:4293-4299.
103. Krahn MM, Hanson MB, Baird RW, Boyer RH, Burrows DG, Emmons CK, Ford JKB, Jones LL, Noren DP, Ross PS, Schorr GS, Collier TK. Persistent organic pollutants and stable isotopes in biopsy samples (2004/2006) from southern resident killer whales. Mar Pollut Bull 2007;54:1903-1911.
104. Shaw SD, Brenner D, Berger ML, Fang F, Hong C-S, Addink R, Hilker D. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic. Chemosphere 2008;73:1773-1780.
105. Fair PA, Mitchum GB, Hulsey TC, Adams J, Zolman ES, McFee W, Wirth E, Bossart GD. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007;53:483-494.
106. Guvenius DM, Noren K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. The follow-up study. Second InternationalWorkshop on Brominated Flame Retardants. University of Stockholm, Sweden, May 14-16, 2001.
107. Ikonomou MG, Fernandez MP, Hickman ZL. Spatio-temporal and species-specific variation in PBDE levels/patterns in British Columbia's coastal waters. Environ Pollut 2006;140:355-363.
108. Rayne S, Ikonomou MG, Antcliffe B. Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000. Environ Sci Technol 2003;37:2847-2854.
109. Johnson-Restrepo B, Kannan K, Addink R, Adams DH. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in a marine food web of coastal Florida. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:8243-8250.
110. Elliott JE, Wilson LK, Wakeford B. Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002. Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:5584-5591.
111. Lebeuf M, Gouteux B, Measures L, Trottier S. Levels and temporal trends (1988-1999) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:2971-2977.
112. Ikonomou MG, Rayne S, Fischer M, Fernandez MP, Cretney W. Occurrence and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples from coastal British Columbia, Canada. Chemosphere 2002;46: 649-663.
113. Arkoosh MR, Boylen D, Dietrich J, Anulacion BF, Ylitalo GM, Bravo CF, Johnson LL, Loge FJ, Collier TK. Disease susceptibility of salmon exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Aquat Toxicol 2010; in press. doi: 10.1016/j. aquatox.2010.01.013.
114. Chou C-T, Hsiao Y-C, Ko F-C, Cheng J-O, Cheng Y-M, Chen T-H. Chronic exposure of 2,20,4, 40-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) alters locomotion behavior in juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquat Toxicol 2010;98:51-59.
115. Darnerud PO. Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters. Int J Androl 2008;31:152-160.
116. Legler J. New insights into the endocrine disrupting effects of brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 2008;73:216-222.
117. Zhang Y, Guo GL, Han X, Zhu C, Kilfoy BA, Zhu Y, Boyle P, ZhengT. Do polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) increase the risk of thyroid cancer? Biosci Hypo 2008;1:195-199.
118. Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Molin Y, Lilienthal H, Blomberg J, Ilbäck N-G. Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver. Toxicology 2007;242:100-108.
119. Kuriyama SN, Wanner A, Fidalgo-Neto AA, Talsness CE, Koerner W, Chahoud I. Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels. Toxicology 2007;242:80-90.
120. Lilienthal H, Hack A, Roth-Härer A, GrandeSW, Talsness CE. Effects of developmental exposure to 2,20,4,40,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:194-201.
121. McDonald T. Polybrominated diphenyl ether levels among United States residents: daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs. Integr Environ Assess Manage 2005;1:343-354.
122. Talsness CE. Overview of toxicological aspects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: a flame-retardant additive in several consumer products. Environ Res 2008;108:158-167.
123. Martin PA, Mayne GJ, Bursian SJ, Tomy GT, Palace VP, Pekarik C, Smits J. Immunotoxicity of the commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture DE-71 in ranch mink (Mustela vision). Environ Toxicol Chem 2007;26:988-997.
124. Eriksson P, Jakobsson E, Fredriksson A. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? Environ Health Perspect 2001;109: 903-908.
125. Eriksson P, Viberg H, Jakobsson E, Orn U, Fredriksson A. A brominated flame retardant, 2, 20,4,40,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether: uptake, retention, and induction of neurobehavioralalterations in mice during a critical phase of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci 2002;67:98-103.
126. Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;192:95-106.
127. Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Jakobsson E, Orn U, Eriksson P. Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development. Toxicol Sci 2003;76:112-120.
128. Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to the brominated flame-retardant, 2,20,4,40,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, decreases cholinergic nicotinic receptors in hippocampus and affects spontaneous behaviour in the adult mouse. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2004;17:61-65.
129. Viberg H, Johansson N, Fredriksson A, Eriksson J, Marsh G, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice. Toxicol Sci 2006;92:211-218.
130. Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209). NeuroToxicology 2007;28:136-142.
131. Johansson N, Viberg H, Fredriksson A, Eriksson P. Neonatal exposure to deca-brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) causes dose-response changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic susceptibility in adult mice. NeuroToxicology 2008;29:911-919.
132. Rice DC, Reeve EA, Herlihy A, Zoeller RT, Thompson WD, Markowski VP. Developmental delays and locomotor activity in the C57BL6/J mouse following neonatal exposure to the fully-brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2007;29:511-520.
133. Hoppe AA, Carey GB. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as endocrine disruptors of adipocyte metabolism. Obesity 2007;15:2942-2950.
134. Harley KG, Chevrier J, Bradman A, Sjodin A, Eskenazi B. Associations between maternal PBDE serum concentrations and birth weight and duration of gestation. Organohalogen Compounds 2009;71:2251.
135. Chao H-R, Wang S-L, Lee W-J, Wang Y-F, Päpke O. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environ Intl 2007;33:239-245.
136. Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakebaek NE, Toppari J. Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1519-1526.
137. Meeker JD, Johnson PI, Camann D, Hauser R. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in house dust are related to hormone levels in men. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:3425-3429.
138. Turyk ME, Persky VW, Imm P, Knobeloch L, Chatterton RJ, Anderson HA. Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:1635-1641.
139. Dallaire R, Dewailly E, Pereg D, Dery S, Ayotte P. Thyroid function and plasma concentrations of polyhalogenated compounds in Inuit adults. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117:1380-1386.
140. Lim J-S, Lee D-H, Jacobs DRJ. Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U.S. population, 2003-2004. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1802-1807.
141. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of decabromodiphenyl oxide (CAS No. 1163-19-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (feed studies). TR-309. Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.
142. Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lindstrom G, Van Bavel B, Linde A, Carlberg M, Liljegren G. Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;42:619-629.
143. Zhang S, Bursian S, Martin PA, Chan HM, Martin JW. Dietary accumulation, disposition and metabolism of technical pentabrominated diphenyl ether (DE-71) in pregnant mink (Mustela vision) and their offspring. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008b;27:1184-1183.
144. Fernie KJ, Shutt JL, Letcher RJ, Ritchie IJ, Bird DM. Environmentally relevant concentrations of DE-71 andHBCD alter eggshell thickness and reproductive success of American kestrels. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:2124-2130.
145. Johansson AK, Sellstrom U, Lindberg P, Bignert A, de Wit CA. Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns, hexabromocyclododecane, and brominated biphenyl 153 in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009;28:9-17.
146. McKernan MA, Rattner BA, Hale RC, Ottinger MA. Toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (DE-71) in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American kestral (Falco sparverius) embryos and hatchlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009;28:1007-1012.
147. Ross PS. The role of immunotoxic environmental contaminants in facilitating the emergence of infectious diseases in marine mammals. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2002;8:277-292.
148. Hall AJ, Kalantzi OI, Thomas GO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in grey seals during their first year of life-are they thyroid hormone endocrine disruptors? Environ Pollut 2003;126:29-37.
149. Hall AJ, Thomas GO. Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organic pesticides in United Kingdom harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)-mixed exposures and thyroid homeostasis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007;26:851-861.
150. Beineke A, Siebert U, McLachlan M, Bruhn R, Thron K, Failing K, Müller G, Baumgärtner W. Investigations of thepotential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environ Sci Technol 2005;39:3933-3938.
151. Kannan K, Perrotta E, Thomas NJ, Aldous KM. A comparative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters that died of infectious diseases and noninfectious causes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2007;53:293-302.
152. Hall AJ, Thomas GO, McConnell BJ. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and first-year survival probability in gray seal pups. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:6364-6369.
153. Van Bressem M-F, Raga JA, De Guardo G, Jepson PD, Duignan PJ, Siebert U, Barrett T, de Oliveira Santos MC, Moreno IB, Siciliano S, Aguilar A, Van Waerebeek K. Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors. Dis Aquat Organ 2009;86:143-157.
154. Jensen T, van de Bildt M, Dietz HH, Andersen TH, Hammer AS, Kuiken T, Osterhaus A. Another phocine distemper outbreak in Europe. Science 2002;297:209.
155. Kajiwara N, Watanabe M, Wilson S, Eybatov T, Mitrofanov IV, Aubrey DG, Khuraskin LS, Miyazaki N, Tanabe S. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Caspian seals of unusual mortality event during 2000 and 2001. Environ Pollut 2008;152:431-442.
156. Kannan K, Tanabe S, Borrell A, Aguilar A, Focardi S, Tatsukawa R. Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls in striped dolphins affected by an epizootic in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1993;25:227-233.
157. Noyes PD, McElwee MK, Miller HD, Clark BW, Van Tiem LA, Walcott KC, Erwin KN, Levin ED. The toxicology of climate change: environmental contaminants in a warming world. Environ Int 2009;35:971-986.
158. Schipper J, Chanson JS, Chiozza F, Cox NA, Hoffmann M, Katariya V, Lamoreux J, Rodrigues ASL, Stuart SN, Temple HJ, Baillie J, Boitani L, Jr. TEL, Mittermeier RA, Smith AT, et al. The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 2008;322:225-230.
159. Stapleton HM, Klosterhaus S, Eagle S, Fuh J, Meeker JD, Blum A, Webster TF. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U. S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:7490-7495.
160. Stapleton HM, Allen JG, Kelly SM, Konstantinov A, Klosterhaus S, Watkins D, McClean MD, Webster TF. Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U. S. house dust. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:6910-6916.
161. Klosterhaus S, Konstantinov A, Stapleton H. Characterization of the brominated chemicals in a pentaBDE replacement mixture and their detection in biosolids collected from two San Francisco Bay area wastewater treatment plants. 2008. Available at http://www.sfei.org/rmp/posters/08BFR_Poster_klosterhaus_shrunk.pdf.
162. Lam JCW, Lau RKF, Murphy MB, Lam PKS. Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and detection of two novel flame retardants in marine mammals from HongKong, South China. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:6944-6949.
163. Bearr JS, Stapleton HM, Mitchelmore CL. Accumulation and DNA damage in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 2 brominated flame-retardant mixtures, Firemaster 550 and Firemaster BZ-54. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010;29:1-8.
164. Lin K. Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to Daphnia magna. Environ Chem Lett 2009;7:309-312.
165. Chemtura. Material Safety Data Sheet #694, 2006. Product: Durad 150. Available at www.chemtura.com.
166. Babich MA, Thomas TA, Hatlelid KM. CPSC staff preliminary risk assessment of flame retardant (FR) chemicals in upholstered furniture foam. January 30, 2006. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
167. Gold MD, Blum A, Ames BN. Another flame retardant, tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate, and its expected metabolites are mutagens. Science 1978;200:785-787.
168. National Toxicology Program (NTP). Tris(2 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate CAS No. 126-72-7. Report on Carcinogens, 11th edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2005.
169. Hudec T, Thean J, Kuehl D, Dougherty RC. Tris(dichloropropyl) phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: frequent occurrence in human seminal plasma. Science 1981;211:951-952.
170. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (U.S., EPA). 2005. Furniture flame retardancy partnership: environmental profiles of chemical flame-retardant alternatives for low-density polyurethane foam. Available at http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/index.htm.
171. Meeker JD, Stapleton HM. House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:318-323.
172. Betts K. Endocrine damper? Flame retardants linked to male hormone, sperm count changes. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118:A130.
173. Betts K. Glut of data on "new" flame retardant documents its presence all over the world. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:236-237.
174. Ricklund N, Kierkegaard A, McLachlan MS. An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples. Chemosphere 2008;73:1799-1804.
175. Gauthier LT, Hebert CE, Weseloh DVC, Letcher RJ. Dramatic changes in the temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in herring gull eggs from the Laurentian Great Lakes: 1982-2006. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:1524-1530.
176. Gao Z, Xu J, Xian Q, Feng J, Chen X, Yu H. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic biota from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, East China. Chemosphere 2009;75:1273-1279.
177. Hu G-C, Luo X-J, Dai J-Y, Zhang X-L, Wu H, Zhang C-L, Guo W, Xu M-Q, Mai B-X, Wei F-W. Brominated flame retardants, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides in captive Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) from China. Environ Sci Technol 2008;42:4704-4709.
178. Chen S-J, Ma Y-J, Wang J, Chen D, Luo X-J, Mai B-X. Brominated flame retardants in children's toys: concentration, composition, and children's exposure and risk assessment. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:4200-4206.
179. National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI). Draft of the EU Risk Assessment Report on Hexabromocyclododecane. Sundbyberg, Sweden, 2005.
180. Stapleton HM, Dodder NG, Kucklick JR, Reddy CM, Schantz MM, Becker PR, Gulland F, Porter BJ, Wise SA. Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003 Mar Pollut Bull 2006;52:522-531.
181. Birnbaum LS, Staskal DF, Diliberto JJ. Health effects of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs). Environ Int 2003;29:855-860.
182. Sakai S, Watanabe J, HondaY, Takatsuki H, Aoki I, Futamatsu M, Shiozaki K. Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its by-products. Chemosphere 2001;42:519-531.
183. Wang L-C, Wang Y-F, Hsi H-C, Chang-Chien G-P. Characterizing the emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from metallurgical processes. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44:1240-1246.
184. Steen PO, Grandbois M, McNeill K, ArnoldWA. Photochemical formation of halogenated dioxins from hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and chlorinated derivatives (OH-PBCDEs). Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:4405-4411.
185. Hagberg J, Olsman H, van Bavel B, Engwall M, Lindström G. Chemical and toxicological characterisation of PBDFs from photolytic decomposition of decaBDE in toluene. Environ Int 2006;32:851-857.
186. Weber R, Kuch B. Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated--chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Int 2003;29:699-710.
187. Gullett BK, Wyrzykowska B, Grandesso E, Touati A, Tabor DG, Ochoa GS. PCDD/F, PBDD/F, and PBDE emissions from open burning of a residential waste dump. Environ Sci Technol 2010;44:394-399.
188. Yu X, Zennegg M, Engwall M, Rotander A, Larsson M, Wong MH, Weber R. E-waste recycling heavily contaminates a Chinese city with chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins. Organohalogen Compounds 2008;70:813-816.
189. Zennegg M, Xiezhi Y, Wong MH, Weber RR. Fingerprints of chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins at two e-waste recycling sites in Guiyu, China. Organohalogen Compounds 2009;71:2263-2267.
190. LeMasters GK, Genaidy AM, Succop P, Deddens JA, Sobeih T, Berriera-Viruet H, Dunning K, Lockey J. Cancer risk among firefighters: a review and meta-analysis of 32 studies. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:1189-1202.
191. Brandt-Rauf PW, Fallon LFJ, Tarantini T, Idema C, Andrews L. Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:606-612.
192. Li H, Yu L, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in air around an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:5641-5646.
193. Olsman H, Engwall M, Kammann U, Klempt M, Otte J, van Bavel B, Hollert H. Relative differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated response for 18 polybrominated and mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in cell lines from four different species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007;26:2448-2454.
194. Samara F, Gullett BK, Harrison RO, Chu A, Clark GC. Determination of relative assay response factors for toxic chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a chemically-activated luciferase gene expression cell bioassay (CALUX). Environ Int 2009;35:588-593.
195. Weber LWD, Greim H. The toxicity of brominated and mixedhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: an overview. J Toxicol Environ Health 1997;50:195-215.
196. Behnisch PA, Hosoe K, Sakai S. Brominated dioxin-like compounds: in vitro assessment in comparison to classical dioxin-like compounds and other polyaromatic compounds. Environ Int 2003;29:861-877.
197. World Health Organization (WHO). Polybrominated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Health Criteria 205 1998. Geneva. Available at http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc205.htm.
198. Franzblau A, Zwica L, Knutson K, Chen Q, Lee S-Y, Hong B, Adriaems P, Demond A, Garabrant D, Gillespie B, Lepkowski J, Luksemburg WJ, Maier M, Towey T. An investigation of homes with high concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and/or dioxin-Like PCBs in house dust. J Occup Environ Hyg 2009;6:188-199.
199. Takigami H, Sozuki G, Hirai Y, Sakai S-I. Transfer of brominated flame retardants from components into dust inside television cabinets. Chemosphere 2008;73:161-169.
200. Ashizuka Y, Nakagawa R, Hori T, Yasutake D, Tobiishi K, Sasaki K. Determination of brominated flame retardants and brominated dioxins in fish collected from three regions of Japan. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:273-283.
201. Choi J-W, Fujimaki S, Kitamura K, Hashimoto S, Ito H, Suzuki N, Sakai S-I, Morita M. Polybrominated dibenzo-pdioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Environ Sci Technol 2003;37:817-821.
202. Kotz A, Malisch R, Kypke K, Oehme M. PBDE, PBDD/F and mixed chlorinated-brominated PXDD/F in pooled human milk samples from different countries. Organohalogen Compounds 2009;71:1540-1544.
203. Kang D, Davis LK, Hunt P, Kriebel D. Cancer incidence among male Massachusetts firefighters, 1987-2003. Am J Ind Med 2008;51:329-335.
204. Prevedourous K, Jones KC, Sweetman AJ. Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:3224-3231.
205. Weschler CJ, NazaroffWW. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments. Atmos Environ 2008;42:9018-9040.
206. Harrad SJ, Diamond ML. New directions: exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): current and future scenarios. Atmos Environ 2006;40:1187-1188.
207. Johannessen SC, Macdonald RW, Wright CA, Burd B, Shaw DP, van Roodselaar A. Joined by geochemistry, divided by history: PCBs and PBDEs in Strait of Georgia sediments. Mar Environ Res 2008;66:S112-S120.