Cenozoic Evolution of Hinterland Basins in the Andes and Tibet

Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins: Recent Advances

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 427-444

  Horton, Brian K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Altiplano; Andes; Fold thrust belts; Foreland basins; Hinterland; Plateau; Tibet

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886223489     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444347166.ch21     Document Type: Chapter

References (185)

1. Achache, J., Courtillot, V., and Zhou, Y.X. (1984) Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of southern Tibet since middle Cretaceous time: new paleomagnetic data and synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 311-339.
2. Aitchison, J.C., Ali, J.R., and Davis, A.M. (2007) When and where did India and Asia collide? Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, B05423. doi: 10.1029/2006JB004706.
3. Allmendinger, R.W., Jordan, T.E., Kay, S.M., and Isacks, B. L. (1997) The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna plateau of the Central Andes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25, 139-174.
4. Alonso, R.N., Jordan, T.E., Tabbutt, K.T., and Vandervoort, D.S. (1991) Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene central Andes. Geology, 19, 401-404.
5. Babeyko, A.Y., Sobolev, S.V., Trumbull, R.B., Oncken, O., and Lavier, L.L. (2002) Numerical models of crustal scale convection and partial melting beneath the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Lettes, 199, 373-388.
6. Baby, P., Rochat, P., Mascle, G., and Hérail, G. (1997) Neogene shortening contribution to crustal thickening in the back arc of the Central Andes. Geology, 25, 883-886.
7. Bally, A.W., Chou, I.M., Clayton, R., Eugster, H.P., Kidwell, S., Meckel, L.D., Ryder, R.T., Watts, A.B., and Wilson, A. A. (1986) Notes on sedimentary basins in China: report of the American Sedimentary Basins Delegation to the People's Republic of China. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-237, 108 p.
8. Barazangi, M., and Isacks, B.L. (1976) Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath South America. Geology, 4, 686-692.
9. Barnes, J.B., Ehlers, T.A., McQuarrie, N., O'Sullivan, P.B., and Pelletier, J.D. (2006) Eocene to recent variations in erosion across the central Andean fold-thrust belt, northern Bolivia: implications for plateau evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248, 118-133.
10. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., and Lee, B. (2001) Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature, 414 (6865), 738-742.
11. Beck. S.L., and Zandt, G. (2002) The nature of orogenic crust in the Central Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2230. doi: 10.1029/2000JB000124.
12. Beer, J.A., Allmendinger, R.W., Figueroa, D.E., and Jordan, T.E. (1990) Seismic stratigraphy of a Neogene piggyback basin, Argentina. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 74, 1183-1202.
13. Blisniuk, P.M., Hacker, B.R., Glodny, J., Ratschbacher, L., Bi, S.W., Wu, Z.H., McWilliams, M.O., and Calvert, A. (2001) Normal faulting in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago. Nature, 412 (6847), 628-632.
14. Boll, A., and Hernández, R.M. (1986) Interpretación estructural del área Tres Cruces. Boletín de Informaciones Petroleras (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) 7, 2-14.
15. Bonnot, D., Sebrier, M., and Mercier, J. (1988) Evolution geodynamique plio-quaternaire du bassin intracordillerain du Callejon de Huaylas et de la Cordillere Blanche, Perou. Geodynamique, 3, 57-83.
16. Burbank, D.W., Beck, R.A., and Mulder, T. (1996) The Himalayan foreland basin, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonics of Asia. New York, Cambridge University Press, 149-189.
17. Burchfiel, B.C., Chen, Z., Hodges, K.V., Liu, Y., Royden, L.H., Deng, C., and Xu, J. (1992) The south Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan orogen: Extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a col-lisional mountain belt. Geological Society of America Special Paper 269, 41 p.
18. Burchfiel, B.C., Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Zhang, W., Song, F., Deng, Q., Molnar, P., and Royden, L. (1991) Geology of the Haiyuan fault zone, Ningxia-Hui autonomous region, China, and its relation to the evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Tectonics, 10, 1091-1110.
19. Burg, J.P., Proust, F., Tapponnier, P., and Chen, G.M. (1983) Deformation phases and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa block (southern Tibet, China). Eclogae Geo-logicae Helvetiae, 76, 643-665.
20. Carrapa, B., and DeCelles, P.G. (2008) Eocene exhumation and basin development in the Puna of northwestern Argentina. Tectonics, 27, TC1015. doi: 10.1029/2007TC002127.
21. Carrapa, B., Hauer, J., Schoenbohm, L., Strecker, M.R., Schmitt, A.K., Villanueva, A., and Gomez, J.S. (2008) Dynamics of deformation and sedimentation in the northern Sierras Pampeanas: an integrated study of the Neogene Flambala basin, NW Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 1518-1543.
22. Chemenda, A.I., Burg, J.P., and Mattauer, M. (2000) Evolutionary model of the Himalaya-Tibet system: geopoem based on new modelling, geological and geophysical data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 174, 397-409.
23. Chen, F.H., Bloemendal, J., Zhang, P.Z., and Liu, G.X. (1999) An 800 ky proxy record of climate from lake sediments of the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 151, 307-320.
24. Chen, X., Yin, A., Gehrels, G.E., Cowgill, E.S., Grove, M., Harrison, T.M., and Wang, X.F. (2003) Two phases of Mesozoic north-south extension in the eastern Altyn Tagh range, northern Tibetan plateau. Tectonics, 22, 1053. doi: 10.1029/2001TC001336.
25. Coney, P.J., and Evenchick, C.A. (1994) Consolidation of the American Cordilleras. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 7, 241-262.
26. Cooper, M.A., Addison, F.T., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R.H., Hayward, A.B., Howe, S., Martínez, J., Naar, J., Penas, R., Pulham, A.J., and Taborda, A. (1995) Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 79, 1421-1443.
27. Coutand, I., Carrapa, B., Deeken, A., Schmitt, A.K., Sobel, E.R., and Strecker, M.R. (2006) Propagation of orographic barriers along an active range front: insights from sandstone petrography and detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the intramontane Angastaco basin, NW Argentina. Basin Research, 18, 1-26.
28. Coutand, I., Cobbold, P.R., de Urreiztieta, M., Gautier, P., Chauvin, A., Gapais, D., Rossello, E.A., and López-Gamundí, O. (2001) Style and history of Andean deformation, Puna plateau, northwestern Argentina. Tectonics, 20, 210-234.
29. Cyr, A.J., Currie, B.S., and Rowley, D.B. (2005) Geochemical evaluation of Fenghuoshan Group lacustrine carbonates, north-central Tibet: implications for the paleoaltimetry of the Eocene Tibetan plateau. Journal of Geology, 113, 517-533.
30. Dalmayrac, B., and Molnar, P. (1981) Parallel thrust and normal faulting in Peru and constraints on the state of stress. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 55, 473-481.
31. Dalziel, I.W.D. (1981) Back-arc extension in the southern Andes: a review and critical reappraisal. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 300 (1454), 319-355.
32. Dalziel, I.W.D. (1986) Collision and cordillera orogenesis: an Andean perspective, in Coward, M.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Collision tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication 19, 389-404.
33. de Berc, S.B., Soula, J.C., Baby, P., Souris, M., Christophoul, F., and Rosero, J. (2005) Geomorphic evidence of active deformation and uplift in a modern continental wedge-top-foredeep transition: example of the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. Tectonophysics, 399, 351-380.
34. DeCelles, P.G., Ducea, M.N., Kapp, P., and Zandt, G. (2009) Cyclicity in Cordilleran orogenic systems. Nature Geoscience, 2, 251-257.
35. DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Quade, J., Ojha, T.P., Kapp, P.A., and Upreti, B.N. (1998) Neogene foreland basin deposits, erosional unroofing, and the kinematic history of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt, western Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 2-21.
36. DeCelles, P.G., and Giles, K.N. (1996) Foreland basin systems. Basin Research, 8, 105-123.
37. DeCelles, P.G., and Horton, B.K. (2003) Early to middle Tertiary foreland basin development and the history of Andean crustal shortening in Bolivia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 58-77.
38. DeCelles, P.G., Quade, J., Kapp, P., Fan, M.J., Dettman, D.L., and Ding, L. (2007a) High and dry in central Tibet during the Late Oligocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 253, 389-401.
39. DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P., Ding, L., and Gehrels, G.E. (2007b) Late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary basin evolution in the central Tibetan Plateau: changing environments in response to tectonic partitioning, aridification, and regional elevation gain. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119, 654-680.
40. DeCelles, P.G., Robinson, D.M., and Zandt, G. (2002) Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 21, TC1062. doi: 10.1029/2001TC001322.
41. Dengo, C.A., and Covey, M.C. (1993) Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 1315-1337.
42. Dewey, J.F., Cande, S., and Pitman, W.C. (1989) Tectonic evolution of the India-Eurasia collision zone. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 82, 717-734.
43. Dupont-Nivet, G., Horton, B.K., Butler, R.F., Wang, J., Zhou, J., and Waanders, G.L. (2004) Paleogene clockwise tectonic rotation of the Xining-Lanzhou region, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B04401. doi: 10.1029/2003JB002620.
44. Echavarria, L., Hernández, R., Allmendinger, R., and Reynolds, J. (2003) Subandean thrust and fold belt of northwestern Argentina: geometry and timing of the Andean evolution. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 87, 965-985.
45. Ege, H., Sobel, E.R., Scheuber, E., and Jacobshagen, V. (2007) Exhumation history of the southern Altiplano plateau (southern Bolivia) constrained by apatite fission track thermochronology. Tectonics, 26, TC1004. doi: 10.1029/2005TC001869.
46. Elger, K., Oncken, O., and Glodny, J. (2005) Plateaustyle accumulation of deformation: Southern Altiplano. Tectonics, 24, TC4020. doi: 10.1029/2004TC001675.
47. England, P., and Searle, M. (1986) The Cretaceous-Tertiary deformation of the Lhasa block and its implications for crustal thickening in Tibet. Tectonics, 5, 1-14.
48. Fang, X., Garzione, C., Van der Voo, R., Li, J.J., and Fan, M.J. (2003) Flexural subsidence by 29 Ma on the NE edge of Tibet from the magnetostratigraphy of Linxia Basin, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210, 545-560.
49. Garzione, C.N., DeCelles, P.G., Hodkinson, D.G., Ojha, T.P., and Upreti, B.N. (2003) East-west extension and Miocene environmental change in the southern Tibetan plateau: Thakkhola graben, central Nepal. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 3-20.
50. Garzione, C.N., Dettman, D.L., Quade, J., DeCelles, P.G., and Butler, R.F. (2000) High times on the Tibetan Plateau: paleoelevation of the Thakkhola graben, Nepal. Geology, 28, 339-342.
51. Garzione, C.N., Hoke, G.D., Libarkin, J.C., Withers, S., MacFadden, B., Eiler, J., Ghosh, P., and Mulch, A. (2008) Rise of the Andes. Science, 320 (5881) 1304-1307.
52. Garzione, C.N., Molnar, P., Libarkin, J.C., and MacFadden, B.J. (2006) Rapid late Miocene rise of the Bolivian Altiplano: evidence for removal of mantle lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241, 543-556.
53. Gillis, R.J., Horton, B.K., and Grove, M. (2006) Thermochronology, geochronology, and upper crustal structure of the Cordillera Real: implications for Cenozoic exhumation of the central Andean plateau. Tectonics, 25, TC6007. doi: 10.1029/2005TC001887.
54. Giovanni, M.K., Horton, B.K., Garzione, C.N., McNulty, B., and Grove, M. (2010) Extensional basin evolution in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: stratigraphic and isotopic records of detachment faulting and orogenic collapse in the Andean hinterland. Tectonics, 29, TC6007. doi: TC2010TC002666.
55. Gómez, E., Jordan, T.E., Allmendinger, R.W., and Cardozo, N. (2005a) Development of the Colombian foreland-basin system as a consequence of diachronous exhumation of the northern Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 1272-1292.
56. Gómez, E., Jordan, T.E., Allmendinger, R.W., Hegarty, K. and Kelley, S. (2005b) Syntectonic Cenozoic sedimentation in the northern middle Magdalena Valley Basin of Colombia and implications for exhumation of the Northern Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 547-569.
57. Gómez, E., Jordan, T.E., Allmendinger, R.W., Hegarty, K., Kelley, S., and Heizler, M. (2003) Controls on architecture of the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic southern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115, 131-147.
58. Graham, S.A., Hendrix, M.S., Wang, L.B., and Carroll, A.R. (1993) Collisional successor basins of western China: impact of tectonic inheritance on sand composition. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105, 323-344.
59. Graham, S.A., Hendrix, M.S., Johnson, C.L., Badamgarav, D., Badarch, G., Amory, J., Porter, M., Barsbold, R., Webb, L.E., and Hacker, B.R. (2001) Sedimentary record and tectonic implications of Mesozoic rifting in southeast Mongolia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 1560-1579.
60. Gubbels, T.L., Isacks, B.L., and Farrar, E. (1993) High-level surfaces, plateau uplift, and foreland development, Bolivian central Andes. Geology, 21, 695-698.
61. Gutscher, M.A., Spakman, W., Bijwaard, H., and Engdahl, E. R. (2000) Geodynamics of flat subduction: Seismicity and tomographic constraints from the Andean margin. Tectonics, 19, 814-833.
62. Hain, M.P., Strecker, M.R., Bookhagen, B., Alonso, R.N., Pingel, H., and Schmitt, A.K. (2011) Neogene to Quaternary broken foreland formation and sedimentation dynamics in the Andes of NW Argentina (25°S). Tectonics, 30, TC2006. doi: 10.1029/2010TC002703.
63. Hampel, A. (2002) The migration history of the Nazca Ridge along the Peruvian active margin: a re-evaluation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203, 665-679.
64. Hampton, B.A., and Horton, B.K. (2007) Sheetflow fluvial processes in a rapidly subsiding basin, Altiplano plateau, Bolivia. Sedimentology, 54, 1121-1147.
65. Hendrix, M.S., Graham, S.A., Carroll, A.R., Sobel, E.R., McKnight, C.L., Schulein, B.J., and Wang, Z. (1992) Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tian Shan: evidence from Mesozoic strata of the north Tarim, south Junggar, and Turpan basins, northwest China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104, 53-79.
66. Hilley, G.E., and Strecker, M.R. (2005) Processes of oscillatory basin filling and excavation in a tectonically active orogen: Quebrada del Toro Basin, NW Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 887-901.
67. Hindle, D., Kley, J., Klosko, E., Stein, S., Dixon, T., and Norabuena, E. (2002) Consistency of geologic and geodetic displacements during Andean orogenesis. Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2001GL013757.
68. Hodges, K.V. (2000) Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 112, 324-350.
69. Hongn, F., del Papa, C., Powell, J., Petrinovic, I., Mon, R., and Deraco, V. (2007) Middle Eocene deformation and sedimentation in the Puna-Eastern Cordillera transition (23 degrees-26 degrees S): control by preexisting heterogeneities on the pattern of initial Andean shortening. Geology, 35, 271-274.
70. Horton, B.K. (1998) Sediment accumulation on top of the Andean orogenic wedge: Oligocene to late Miocene basins of the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 11741192.
71. Horton, B.K. (1999) Erosional control on the geometry and kinematics of thrust belt development in the central Andes. Tectonics, 18, 1292-1304.
72. Horton, B.K. (2005) Revised deformation history of the central Andes: inferences from Cenozoic foredeep and intermontane basins of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia. Tectonics, TC3011, 24. doi: 10.1029/2003TC001619.
73. Horton, B. K, and DeCelles, P.G. (1997) The modern foreland basin system adjacent to the Central Andes. Geology, 25, 895-898.
74. Horton, B.K., Dupont-Nivet, G., Zhou, J., Waanders, G.L., Butler, R.F., and Wang, J. (2004) Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Xining-Minhe and Dangchang basins, northeastern Tibetan plateau: magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B04402. doi: 10.1029/2003JB002913.
75. Horton, B.K., Hampton, B.A., LaReau, B.N., and Baldellán, E. (2002a) Tertiary provenance history of the northern and central Altiplano (central Andes, Bolivia): a detrital record of plateau-margin tectonics. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72, 711-726.
76. Horton, B.K., Hampton, B.A., and Waanders, G.L. (2001) Paleogene synorogenic sedimentation in the Altiplano plateau and implications for initial mountain building in the central Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 1387-1400.
77. Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Nie, J., Mora, A., Parra, M., Reyes-Harker, A., and Stockli, D.F. (2010) Linking sedimentation in the northern Andes to basement configuration, Mesozoic extension, and Cenozoic shortening: evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 1423-1442
78. Horton, B.K., Yin, A., Spurlin, M.S., Zhou, J., and Wang, J. (2002b) Paleocene-Eocene syncontractional sedimentation in narrow, lacustrine-dominated basins of east-central Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 771-786.
79. Hungerbühler, D., Steinmann, M., Winkler, W., Seward, D., Egüez, E., Heller, F., and Ford, M. (1995) An integrated study of fill and deformation in the Andean intermontane basin of Nabon (late Miocene) southern Ecuador. Sedimentary Geology, 96, 257-279.
80. Hungerbühler, D., Steinmann, M., Winkler, W., Seward, D., Egüez, A., Peterson, D.E., Helg, U., and Hammer, C. (2002) Neogene stratigraphy and Andean geodynamics of southern Ecuador. Earth-Science Reviews, 57, 75-124.
81. Isacks, B.L. (1988) Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 3211-3231.
82. Jaeger, J.J., Courtillot, V., and Tapponnier, P. (1989) Paleontological view of the ages of the Deccan traps, the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, and the India-Asia collision. Geology, 17, 316-319.
83. James, D.E. (1971) Plate-tectonic model for the evolution of the central Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82, 3325-3346.
84. James, D.E., and Sacks, S. (1999) Cenozoic formation of the central Andes: a geophysical perspective, in Skinner, B. J., ed., Geology and ore deposits of the central Andes. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, 1-25.
85. Johnson, C.L. (2004) Polyphase evolution of the East Gobi basin: sedimentary and structural records of Mesozoic-Cenozoic intraplate deformation in Mongolia. Basin Research, 16, 79-99.
86. Jordan, T.E. (1995) Retroarc foreland and related basins, in Busby, C.J., and Ingersoll, R.V., eds., Tectonics of sedimentary basins. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 331-362.
87. Jordan, T.E., and Alonso, R.N. (1987) Cenozoic stratigraphy and basin tectonics of the Andes Mountains, 20-28° south latitude. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 71, 49-64.
88. Jordan, T.E., Isacks, B.L., Allmendinger, R.W., Brewer, J.A., Ramos, V.A., and Ando, C.J. (1983) Andean tectonics related to geometry of subducted Nazca plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 94, 341-361.
89. Kapp, P., DeCelles, P.G., Leier, A.L., Fabijanic, J.M., He, S., Pullen, A., and Gehrels, G.E. (2007) The Gangdese retroarc thrust belt revealed. GSA Today, 17, 4-9.
90. Kapp, P., and Guynn, J.H. (2004) Indian punch rifts Tibet. Geology, 32, 993-996.
91. Kapp, P., Taylor, M., Stockli, D., and Ding, L. (2008) Development of active low-angle normal fault systems during orogenic collapse: insight from Tibet. Geology, 36, 7-10.
92. Kapp, P., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., and Ding, L. (2005) Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 865-878.
93. Kay, S.M., Godoy, E., and Kurtz, A. (2005) Episodic arc migration, crustal thickening, subduction erosion, and magmatism in the south-central Andes. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117, 67-88.
94. Kay, R.W., and Kay, S.M. (1993) Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics, 201, 177-189.
95. Kennan, L., Lamb, S., and Rundle, C. (1995) K-Ar dates from the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia: implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 8, 163-186.
96. Kley, J. (1996) Transition from basement-involved to thinskinned thrusting in the Cordillera Oriental of southern Bolivia. Tectonics, 15, 763-775.
97. Kley, J., and Monaldi, C.R. (1998) Tectonic shortening and crustal thickness in the Central Andes: how good is the correlation? Geology, 26, 723-726.
98. Kley, J., Monaldi, C.R., and Salfity, J.A. (1999) Along-strike segmentation of the Andean foreland: causes and consequences. Tectonophysics, 301, 75-94.
99. Kraemer, B., Adelmann, D., Alten, M., Schnurr, W., Erpenstein, K., Kiefer, E., van den Bogaard, P., and Görler, K. (1999) Incorporation of the Paleogene foreland into the Neogene Puna plateau: the Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 12, 157-182.
100. Lamb, S., and Davis, P. (2003) Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes. Nature, 425, 792-797.
101. Lamb, S., and Hoke, L. (1997) Origin of the high plateau in the Central Andes, Bolivia, South America. Tectonics, 16, 623-649.
102. Lavé, J., and Avouac, J.P. (2000) Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 5735-5770.
103. Lavenu, A., Noblet, C., Bonhomme, G., Eguez, A., Dugas, F., Vivier, G. (1992) New K-Ar age dates of Neogene to Quaternary volcanic rocks from the Ecuadorian Andes: implications for the relationship between sedimentation, volcanism and tectonics. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5, 309-320.
104. Lavenu, A., Noblet, C., and Winter, T. (1995) Neogene ongoing tectonics in the southern Ecuadorian Andes: analysis of the evolution of the stress field. Journal of Structural Geology, 17, 47-58.
105. Le Pichon, X., Fournier, M., and Jolivet, L. (1992) Kinematics, topography, shortening, and extrusion in the India-Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 11, 1085-1098.
106. Leeder, M.R., Smith, A.B., and Yin, J. (1988) Sedimentol-ogy, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the 1985 Lhasa to Golmud Geotraverse. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A327, 107-143.
107. Leier, A.L., DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P., and Ding, L. (2007a) The Takena Formation of the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet: the record of a Late Cretaceous retroarc foreland basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119, 31-48.
108. Leier, A.L., DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P., and Gehrels, G.E. (2007b) Lower Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Tibet, with implications for understanding the early tectonic history of the Tibetan plateau. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 77, 809-825.
109. Liu, Z., and Wang, C. (2001) Facies analysis and depositional systems of Cenozoic sediments in the Hoh Xil basin, northern Tibet. Sedimentary Geology, 140, 251-270.
110. Liu, Z, Wang, C., and Yi, H. (2001) Evolution and mass accumulation of the Cenozoic Hoh Xil basin, northern Tibet. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 71, 971-984.
111. Marocco, R., Lavenu, A., and Baudino, R. (1995) Intermontane late Paleogene-Neogene basins of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru: sedimentologic and tectonic characteristics, in Tankard, A.J., Suarez, R., and Welsink, H.J., eds., Petroleum basins of South America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 62, 597-613.
112. Marshall, L.G., Swisher, C.C., III, Lavenu, A., Hoffstetter, R., and Curtis, G.H. (1992) Geochronology of the mammal-bearing late Cenozoic on the northern Altiplano, Bolivia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5, 1-19.
113. Masek, J.G., Isacks, B.L., Gubbels, T.L., and Fielding, E.J. (1994) Erosion and tectonics at the margins of continental plateaus. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 13941-13956.
114. McCaffrey, R., and Nabelek, J. (1998) Role of oblique convergence in the active deformation of the Himalayas and southern Tibet plateau. Geology, 26, 691-694.
115. McNulty, B., and Farber, D. (2002) Active detachment faulting above the Peruvian flat slab. Geology, 30, 567-570.
116. McNulty, B.A., Farber, D.L., Wallace, G.S., Lopez, R., and Palacios, O. (1998) Role of plate kinematics and plate-slip-vector partitioning in continental magmatic arcs: evidence from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Geology, 26, 827-830.
117. McQuarrie, N. (2002a) The kinematic history of the central Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia: implications for building a high plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 950-963.
118. McQuarrie, N. (2002b) Initial plate geometry, shortening variations, and evolution of the Bolivian orocline. Geology, 30, 867-870.
119. McQuarrie, N., Horton, B.K., Zandt, G., Beck, S., and DeCelles, P.G. (2005) Lithospheric evolution of the Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia, and the origin of the central Andean plateau. Tectonophysics, 399, 15-37.
120. McQuarrie, N., Barnes, J.B., and Ehlers, T.A. (2008) Geometric, kinematic, and erosional history of the central Andean Plateau, Bolivia (15-17 degrees S). Tectonics, 27, TC3007. doi: 10.1029/2006TC002054.
121. Mégard, F. (1984) The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and northern Peru. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 141, 893-900.
122. Mégard, F., Noble, D.C., McKee, E.H., and Bellon, H. (1984) Multiple pulses of Neogene compressive deformation in the Ayacucho intermontane basin, Andes of central Peru. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, 1108-1117.
123. Métivier, F., Gaudemer, Y., Tapponnier, P., and Meyer, B. (1998) Northeastward growth of the Tibet plateau deduced from balanced reconstruction of two depositional areas: the Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins, China. Tectonics, 17, 823-842.
124. Molnar, P., England, P., and Martínod, J. (1993) Mantle dynamics, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 357-396.
125. Molnar, P. and Tapponnier, P. (1975) Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision. Science, 189, 419-426.
126. Moreno, C.J., Horton, B.K., Caballero, V., Mora, A., Parra, M., and Sierra, J. (2011) Depositional and provenance record of the Paleogene transition from foreland to hinterland basin evolution during Andean orogenesis, northern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, in press.
127. Mosolf, J.G., Horton, B.K., Heizler, M.T., and Matos, R. (2011) Unroofing the core of the central Andean fold-thrust belt during focused late Miocene exhumation: evidence from the Tipuani-Mapiri wedge-top basin, Bolivia. Basin Research, 23, 346-360.
128. Mpodozis, C., Arriagada, C., Basso, M., Roperch, P., Cob-bold, P., and Reich, M. (2005) Late Mesozoic to Paleogene stratigraphy of the Salar de Atacama Basin, Antofagasta, northern Chile: implications for the tectonic evolution of the central Andes. Tectonophysics, 399, 125-154.
129. Mpodozis, C., and Ramos, V.A. (1989) The Andes of Chile and Argentina, in Ericksen, G.E., Canas Pinochet, M.T., and Reinemund, J.A., eds., Geology of the Andes and its relation to hydrocarbon and mineral resources. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, 11, 59-90.
130. Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Durr, S.B., Chen, Z., Ryerson, F.J., Kidd, W.S.F., Wang, X., and Zhou, X. (1997) Did the Indo-Asian collision alone create the Tibetan plateau? Geology, 25, 719-722.
131. Murray, B.P., Horton, B.K., Matos, R., and Heizler, M.T. (2010) Oligocene-Miocene basin evolution in the northern Altiplano, Bolivia: implications for evolution of the central Andean backthrust belt and high plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 1443-1462.
132. Nie, J., Horton, B.K., Mora, A., Saylor, J.E., Housh, T.B., Rubiano, J., and Naranjo, J. (2010) Tracking exhumation of Andean ranges bounding the Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia. Geology, 451-454.
133. Northrup, C.J., Royden, L.H., and Burchfiel, B.C. (1995) Motion of the Pacific plate relative to Eurasia and its potential relation to Cenozoic extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia. Geology, 23, 719-722.
134. Owens, T.J., and Zandt, G. (1997) Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan plateau evolution. Nature, 387, 37-43.
135. Petford, N., and Atherton, M.P. (1992) Granitoid emplacement and deformation along a major crustal lineament: the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Tectonophysics, 205, 171-185.
136. Ramos, V.A., and Aleman, A. (2000) Tectonic evolution of the Andes, in Cordani, U.G., Milani, E.J., Thomaz Filho, A., and Campos Neto, M.C., eds., Tectonic evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 635-685.
137. Ramos, V.A., Cristallini, E.O., and Perez, D.J. (2002) The Pampean flat-slab of the Central Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 15, 59-78.
138. Reynolds, J.H., Jordan, T.E., Johnson, N.M., Damanti, J.F., and Tabbutt, K.D. (1990) Neogene deformation of the flat-subduction segment of the Argentine-Chilean Andes: magnetostratigraphic constraints from Las Juntas, La Rioja province, Argentina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102, 1607-1622.
139. Ritts, B.D., Yue, Y.J., Graham, S.A., Sobel, E.R., Abbink, O. A., and Stockli, D. (2008) From sea level to high elevation in 15 million years: uplift history of the northern Tibetan Plateau margin in the Altun Shan. American Journal of Science, 308, 657-678.
140. Robinson, D.M., DeCelles, P.G., and Copeland, P. (2006) Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: implications for channel flow models. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 865-885.
141. Rowley, D.B. (1996) Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: a review of stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145, 1-13.
142. Rowley, D.B., and Currie, B.S. (2006) Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin, central Tibet. Nature, 439 (7077), 677-681.
143. Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., King, R.W., Wang, E., Chen, Z., Shen, F., and Liu, Y. (1997) Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet. Science, 276, 788-790.
144. Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., and van der Hilst, R.D. (2008) The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau. Science, 321 (5892), 1054-1058.
145. Salfity, J.A., and Marquillas, R.A. (1994) Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Cretaceous-Eocene Salta Group basin, Argentina, in Salfity, J.A., ed., Cretaceous tectonics of the Andes. Wiesbaden, Germany, Vieweg Publishing, 266-315.
146. Saylor, J.E., Quade, J., Dettman, D.L., DeCelles, P.G., Kapp, P.A., and Ding, L. (2009) The late Miocene through present paleoelevation history of southwestern Tibet. American Journal of Science, 309, 1-42.
147. Schellart, W.P. (2008) Overriding plate shortening and extension above subduction zones: a parametric study to explain formation of the Andes Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 1441-1454.
148. Schurr, B., Rietbrock, A., Asch, G., Kind, R., and Oncken, O. (2006) Evidence for lithospheric detachment in the central Andes from local earthquake tomography. Tectonophysics, 415, 203-223.
149. Schwab, K. (1985) Basin formation in a thickening crust- the intermontane basins in the Puna and the Eastern Cordillera of NW Argentina (central Andes). IV Congreso Geologico Chileno, Actas, 2, 138-158.
150. Schwartz, D.P. (1988) Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Cordillera Blanca fault zone, northern Peruvian Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 93, 4712-4730.
151. Searle, M.P., Windley, B.F., Coward, M.P., Cooper, D.J.W., Rex, A.J., Rex, D., Li, T.D., Xiao, X.C., Jan, M.Q., Thakur, V.C., and Kumar, S. (1987) The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 98, 678-701.
152. Sebrier, M., Mercier, J.L., Machare, J., Bonnot, D., Cabrera, J., and Blanc, J.L. (1988) The state of stress in an overriding plate situated above a flat slab: the Andes of central Peru. Tectonics, 7, 895-928.
153. Sempere, T., Hérail, G., Oller, J., and Bonhomme, M.G. (1990) Late Oligocene-early Miocene major tectonic crisis and related basins in Bolivia. Geology, 18, 946-949.
154. Sobel, E.R., Hilley, G.E., and Strecker, M.R. (2003) Formation of internally drained contractional basins by aridity-limited bedrock incision. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2344. doi: 10.1029/2002JB001883.
155. Sobolev, S.V., and Babeyko, A.Y. (2005) What drives orogeny in the Andes? Geology, 33, 617-620.
156. Song, T., and Wang, X. (1993) Structural styles and stratigraphic patterns of syndepositional faults in a contractional setting: examples from Quaidam basin, northwestern China. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 77, 102-117.
157. Spurlin, M.S., Yin, A., Horton, B.K., Zhou, J., and Wang, J. (2005)
158. Steinmann, G. (1929) Geologie von Peru. Karl Winter, Heidelberg, Germany, 448 p.
159. Strecker, M.R., Alonso, R.N., Bookhagen, B., Carrapa, B., Hilley, G.E., Sobel, E.R., and Trauth, M.H. (2007) Tectonics and climate of the southern central Andes, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 35, 747-787.
160. Studnicki-Gizbert, C., Burchfiel, B.C., Li, Z., and Chen, Z. (2008) Early Tertiary Gonjo basin, eastern Tibet: sedimentary and structural record of the early history of India-Asia collision. Geosphere, 4, 713-735.
161. Tan, X.D., Kodama, K.P., Chen, H.L., Fang, D.J., Sun, D.J., and Li, Y.A. (2003) Paleomagnetism and magnetic anisotropy of Cretaceous red beds from the Tarim basin, northwest China: evidence for a rock magnetic cause of anomalously shallow paleomagnetic inclinations from central Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2107. doi: 10.1029/2001JB001608.
162. Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z.Q., Roger, F., Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wittlinger, G., and Yang, J.S. (2001) Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau. Science, 294 (5547). 1671-1677.
163. Tapponnier, P., Meyer, B., Avouac, J.P., Peltzer, G., Guade-mer, Y., Guo, S., Xiang, H., Yin, K., Chen, Z., Cai, S., and Dai, H. (1990) Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan, and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 97, 382-403.
164. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A.Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P. (1982). Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: new insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology, 10, 611-616.
165. Taylor, M., Yin, A., Ryerson, F.J., Kapp, P., and Ding, L. (2003) Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval east-west extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 22, 1044. doi: 10.1029/2002TC001361.
166. Uba, C.E., Heubeck, C., and Hulka, C. (2006) Evolution of the late Cenozoic Chaco foreland basin, southern Bolivia. Basin Research, 18, 145-170.
167. Van Houten, F.B. (1976) Late Cenozoic volcaniclastic deposits, Andean foredeep, Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 481-495.
168. Van Houten, F.B., and Travis, R.B. (1968) Cenozoic deposits, Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 675-702.
169. Vandervoort, D.S., Jordan, T.E., Zeitler, P.K., and Alonso, R. N. (1995) Chronology of internal drainage development and uplift, southern Puna plateau, Argentine central Andes. Geology, 23, 145-148.
170. Vincent, S.J., and Allen, M.B. (1999) Evolution of the Minle and Chaoshui Basins, China: implications for Mesozoic strike-slip basin formation in Central Asia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 725-742.
171. Wang, C.S., Liu, Z.F., Yi, H.S., Liu, S., and Zhao, X.X. (2002) Tertiary crustal shortenings and peneplanation in the Hoh Xil region: implications for the tectonic history of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 20, 211-223.
172. Wang, C.S., Zhao, X.X., Liu, Z.F., Lippert, P.C., Graham, S. A., Coe, R.S., Yi, H.S., Zhu, L.D., Liu, S., and Li, Y.L. (2008) Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, vol. 105, 4987-4992.
173. Welsink, H.J., Martínez, E., Aranibar, O., and Jarandilla, J. (1995) Structural inversion of a Cretaceous rift basin, southern Altiplano, Bolivia, in Tankard, A.J., Suárez, R., and Welsink, H.J., eds., Petroleum basins of South America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 62, 305-324.
174. Whitman, D., Isacks, B.L., and Kay, S.M. (1996) Litho-spheric structure and along-strike segmentation of the central Andean plateau: seismic Q, magmatism, flexure, topography and tectonics. Tectonophysics, 259, 29-40.
175. Wilson, T.J. (1991) Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: strati-graphic record from the Ultima Esperanza district, Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103, 98-111.
176. Winkler, W., Villagomez, D., Spikings, R., Abegglen, P., Tobler, S., and Eguez, A. (2005) The Chota basin and its significance for the inception and tectonic setting of the inter-Andean depression in Ecuador. Journal of South American Earth Science, 19, 5-19.
177. Wise, J.M., Noble, D.C., Zanetti, K.A., and Spell, T.L. (2008) Quechua II contraction in the Ayacucho intermontane basin: evidence for rapid and episodic Neogene deformation in the Andes of central Perii. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 26, 383-396.
178. Xu, Z. (1984) Tertiary system and its petroleum potential in the Lunpola Basin, Xizang (Tibet). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-420, 5 p.
179. Yin, A. (2000) Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 21745-21759.
180. Yin, A., Dang, Y., Zhang, M., McRivette, M.W., Burgess, W. P., and Chen, X. (2007) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (part 2): wedge tectonics in southern Qaidam basin and the Eastern Kunlun Range, in Sears, J.W., Harms, T.A., and Evench-ick, C.A., eds., Whence the mountains? Inquiries into the evolution of orogenic systems: a volume in honor of Raymond Price. Geological Society of America Special Paper 433, 369-390.
181. Yin, A., Dang, Y.Q., Wang, L.C., Jiang, W.M., Zhou, S.P., Chen, X.H., Gehrels, G.E., and McRivette, M.W. (2008a) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and its surrounding regions (part 1): the southern Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 813-846.
182. Yin, A., Dang, Y.Q., Zhang, M., Chen, X.H., and McRivette, M.W. (2008b) Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions (part 3): structural geology, sedimentation, and regional tectonic reconstruction. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, 847-876.
183. Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M. (2000) Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28, 211-280.
184. Yin, A., Rumelhart, P.E., Butler, R., Cowgill, E., Harrison, T.M., Foster, D.A., Ingersoll, R.V., Zhang, Q., Zhou, X.Q., Wang, X.F., Hanson, A., and Raza, A. (2002) Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation. Geological Society of America Bullletin, 114, 1257-1295.
185. Zhang, K.J. (2000) Cretaceous paleogeography of Tibet and adjacent areas (China): tectonic implications. Cretaceous Research, 21, 23-33.