The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna plateau of the Central Andes

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 25, Issue , 1997, Pages 139-174

  Allmendinger, Richard W ^a   Jordan, Teresa E ^a   Kay, Suzanne M ^a   Isacks, Bryan L ^a  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Continental plateau; Magmatism; South America; Timing; Uplift

Indexed keywords

ARC MAGMATISM; CONTINENTAL PLATEAU; CRUSTAL THICKENING; UPLIFT;

SOUTH AMERICA, ANDES, ALTIPLANO-PUNA PLATEAU;

EID: 0030840227     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.139     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Allmendinger RW, Gubbels T. 1996. Pure and simple shear plateau uplift, Altiplano-Puna, Argentina and Bolivia. Tectonophysics 259:1-14
2. Allmendinger RW, Ramos VA, Jordan TE, Palma M, Isacks BL. 1983. Paleogeography and Andean structural geometry, northwest Argentina. Tectonics 2:1-16
3. Allmendinger RW, Strecker M, Eremchuk JE, Francis P. 1989. Neotectonic deformation of the southern Puna plateau, NW Argentina. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 2:111-30
4. Alonso R, Gutiérrez R, Viramonte J. 1984. Puna austral - bases para el subprovincialismo geológico de la Puna austral. IX Congr. Geol. Argent. Actas I:43-63
5. Alonso RN, Jordan TE, Tabbutt KT, Vandervoort DS. 1991. Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene central Andes. Geology 19:401-4
6. Baby P. 1995. Importance du raccourcissement et de la sédimentation synorogénique dans la structuration des zones d'arrière arc des Andes centrales (orocline Bolivien). Thesis. Univ. Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. 433 pp.
7. Baby P, Hérail G, Salinas R, Sempere T. 1992. Geometry and kinematic evolution of passive roof duplexes deduced from cross section balancing: Example from the foreland thrust system of the southern Bolivian Subandean Zone. Tectonics 11:523-36
8. Baby P, Moretti I, Guillier B, Limachi R, Mendez E, et al. 1995. Petroleum system of the northern and central Bolivian Sub-Andean zone. See Tankard et al 1995, pp. 445-58
9. Baby P, Rochat P, Hérail G, Mascle G, Paul A. 1996. Neogene thrust geometry and crustal balancing in the northern and southern branches of the Bolivian orocline (Central Andes). Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn., 3rd, Saint-Malo, France, ORSTOM
10. Baby P, Sempere T, Oller J, Barrios L, Hérail G, Marocco R. 1990. Un Bassin en compression d'age oligo-miocene dans la sud de l'Altiplano bolivien. C. R. Acad. Sci. II 311(2):341-47
11. Baker MCW. 1981. The nature and distribution of Upper Cenozoic ignimbrite centres in the Central Andes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 11:293-315
12. Barazangi M, Isacks BL. 1976. Spatial distribution of earthquakes and subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath South America. Geology 4:686-92
13. Beck SL, Zandt G, Myers SC, Wallace TC, Silver PG, Drake L. 1996. Crustal thickness variations in the Central Andes. Geology 24:407-10
14. Benjamin MT, Johnson NM, Naeser CW. 1987. Recent rapid uplift in the Bolivian Andes: Evidence from fission-track dating. Geology 15:680-83
15. Bevis M, Isacks BL. 1984. Hypocentral trend surface analysis: Probing the geometry of Benioff Zones. J. Geophys. Res. 89:6153-70
16. Cahill T, Isacks BL, Whitman D, Chatelain J-L, Perez A, Chiu J-M. 1992. Seismicity and tectonics in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. Tectonics 11:944-59
17. Cahill TA, Isacks BL. 1992. Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca Plate. J. Geophys. Res. 97(12):17503-29
18. Chinn DS, Isacks BL. 1983. Accurate source depths and focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes in western South America and in the New Hebrides island arc. Tectonics 2:529-64
19. Cladouhos TT, Allmendinger RW, Coira B, Farrar E. 1994. Late Cenozoic deformation in the Central Andes: Fault kinematics from the northern Puna, northwest Argentina and southwest Bolivia. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 7:209-28
20. Coira B, Davidson J, Mpodozis C, Ramos VA. 1982. Tectonic and magmatic evolution of the Andes of northern Argentina and Chile. Earth Sci. Rev. 18:303-32
21. Coira B, Kay SM. 1993. Implications of Quaternary volcanism at Cerro Tuzgle for crustal and mantle evolution of the Puna plateau, central Andes, Argentina. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 113:40-58
22. Coira B, Kay SM, Viramonte J. 1993. Upper Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Argentine Puna - A model for changing subduction geometry. Int. Geol. Rev. 35:677-720
23. Crough ST. 1983. Apatite fission-track dating of erosion in the eastern Andes, Bolivia. Earth Planet Sci. Let. 64:396-97
24. Davidson JP, de Silva SL. 1995. Late Cenozoic magmatism of the Bolivian Altiplano. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119:387-408
25. Déruelle B. 1991. Petrology of Quaternary shoshonitic lavas of northwestern Argentina. See Harmon & Rapela 1991, pp. 201-17
26. de Silva SL. 1989. Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes. Geology 17:1102-6
27. de Silva SL. 1991. Styles of zoning in central Andean ignimbrites; insights into magma chamber processes. See Harmon & Rapela 1991, pp. 217-32
28. de Silva SL, Francis RW. 1991. Volcanoes of the Central Andes. New York: Springer-Verlag 216pp.
29. Dickinson WR, Snyder WS. 1978. Plate tectonics of the Laramide orogeny. In Laramide Folding Associated with Basement Block Faulting in the Western United States, ed. V Matthews III, Mem. 151, pp. 355-66. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
30. Dunn JF, Hartshorn KG, Hartshorn PW. 1995. Structural styles and hydrocarbon potential of the Sub-Andean thrust belt of southern Bolivia. See Tankard et al 1995, pp. 523-43
31. Evernden JF, Kriz SJ, Cherroni MC. 1977. Potassium-argon ages of some Bolivian rocks. Econ. Geol. 72:1042-61
32. Fielding EJ. 1989. Neotectonics of the central Andean cordillera from satellite imagery. PhD thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. 213 pp.
33. Flint S, Turner P, Jolley EJ, Hartley AJ. 1993. Extensional tectonics in convergent margin basins: An example from the Salar de Atacama, Chilean Andes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 105:603-17
34. Francis PW, Gardeweg M, Ramirez CF, Rothery DA. 1985. Catastrophic debris avalanche deposit of Socompa volcano, Northern Chile. Geology 13:593-672
35. Francis PW, Hawkesworth CJ. 1994. Late Cenozoic rates of magmatic activity in the central Andes and their relationships to continental crust formation and thickening. J. Geol. Soc. London 151:845-54
36. Francis PW, Sparks RSJ, Hawkesworth CJ, Thorpe RS, Pyle DM, et al. 1989. Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks of the cerro Galán caldera, northwest Argentina. Geol. Mag. 126:515-47
37. Froidevaux C, Isacks BL. 1984. The mechanical state of the lithosphere in the Altiplano-Puna segment of the Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 71:305-14
38. Fukao Y, Yamamoto A, Kono M. 1989. Gravity anomaly across the Peruvian Andes. J. Geophys. Res. 94:3876-90
39. Gardeweg M, Ramírez CF. 1987. La Pacana caldera and the Atana ignimbrite - a major ash-flow and resurgent caldera complex in the Andes of northern Chile. Bull. Volcanol. 49:547-66
40. Gephart JW. 1994. Topography and subduction geometry in the Central Andes: Clues to the mechanics of a non-collisional orogen. J. Geophys. Res. 99(B6):12279-88
41. Glase LS, Francis PW, Tothery DA. 1989. The Lascar September 16 eruption: satellite investigations. Bull. Volcanol. 51:149-60
42. Götze H-J, Lahmeyer B, Schmidt S, Strunk S. 1994. The lithospheric structure of the Central Andes (20-25S) as inferred from quantitative interpretation of regional gravity. See Reutter et al 1994, pp. 23-48
43. Grange F, Hatzfeld D, Cunningham P, Molnar P, Roecker SW, et al. 1984. Tectonic implications of the microearthquake seismicity and fault plane solutions in southern Peru. J. Geophys. Res. 89:6139-52
44. Grier ME, Salfity JA, Allmendinger RW 1991. Andean reactivation of the Cretaceous Salta rift, northwestern Argentina. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 4:351-72
45. Gubbels T, Isacks B, Farrar E. 1993. High-level surfaces, plateau uplift, and foreland development, Bolivian central Andes. Geology 21:695-98
46. Guest JE. 1969. Upper Tertiary ignimbrites of the Andean Cordillera of part of the Anotfagasta Province, northern Chile. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 80:337-62
47. Harmon RS, Rapela CW, eds. 1991. Andean Magmatism and its Tectonic Setting. Special Pap. 265. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
48. Hasegawa A, Sacks IS. 1981. Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath Peru as determined from seismic observations. J. Geophys. Res. 86:4971-80
49. Hawkesworth CJ, Hammill M, Gledhill R, Van Clasteren P, Rogers G. 1982. Isotope and trace element evidence for late stage intracrustal melting in the high Andes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 58:240-54
50. Hérail G, Baby P, Dorbath C, Sempere T, Soler P, et al. 1992. La estructura de los Andes del noroeste de Bolivia, acortamiento cortical y desarrollo de la deformación. Primera Conf. Int. "Cuencas fanerozoicas del Gondwana sudoccidental." Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.-Yacim. Petrol. Fisc. Boliv. 17 pp.
51. Hérail G, Oller J, Baby P, Blanco J, Bonhomme MG, Soler P. 1996. The Tupiza, Nazareno and Estarca basins (Bolivia): strike-slip faulting and related basins in the Cenozoic evolution of the southern branch of the Bolivian Orocline. Tectonophysics 259:201-12
52. Hérail G, Soler P, Bonhomme M, Lizeca JL. 1993. Evolution geodynamique de la transition entre l'Altiplano et la Cordillere orientale au nord d'Oruro (Bolivie); implications sur le deroulement de l'orogenese andine. C. R. Acad. Sci. II 317(4):515-22
53. Hernández RM, Reynolds J, Disalvo A. 1996. Análisis tectosedimentario y ubicación geocronológica del Grupo Orán en el Río Iruya. Bol. Inf. Petrol. 12(45):80-93
54. Hoke L, Hilton DR, Lamb SH, Hammerschmidt K, Friedrichsen H. 1994. (3)He evidence for a wide zone of active mantle melting beneath the Central Andes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 128(3-4):341-55
55. Hollingworth SE, Rutland RWR. 1968. Studies of Andean uplift. Part I. post Cretaceous evolution of the San Bartolo Area, Northern Chile. Geol. J. 6:49-62
56. Hollister LS, Crawford ML. 1986. Melt-enhanced deformation: a major tectonic process. Geology 14:558-61
57. Horton B. 1996. Sequence of Late Oligocene-Miocene fold-thrust deformation and development of piggyback basins in the Eastern Cordillera, southern Bolivia. Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn., 3rd, Saint-Malo, France, ORSTOM. pp. 383-86
58. Isacks BL. 1988. Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. J. Geophys. Res. 93:3211-31
59. Isacks BL, Kay SM, Fielding EJ, Jordan T. 1986. Andean volcanism: icing on the cake. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 67:1073 (Abstr.)
60. James DE. 1971a. Andean crustal and upper mantle structure. J. Geophys. Res. 76(14):3246-71
61. James DE. 1971b. Plate-tectonic model for the evolution of the central Andes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82:3325-46
62. Jordan TE, Gardeweg PM. 1989. Tectonic evolution of the late Cenozoic central Andes (20°-33°S). In The Evolution of the Pacific Ocean Margins, ed. Z Ben-Avraham, pp. 193-207. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
63. Kay RW, Kay SM. 1993. Delamination and delamination magmatism. Tectonophysics 219:177-89
64. Kay SM, CoiraB, Mpodozis C. 1995. Neogene magmatic evolution and the shape of the subducting oceanic slab beneath the central Andean arc. IUGG 21th General Assembly, pp. A440. Boulder, CO: Int. Union Geod. Geophys.
65. Kay SM, Coira B, Viramonte J. 1994a. Young mafic back-arc volcanic rocks as indicators of continental lithospheric delamination beneath the Argentine Puna plateau, Central Andes. J. Geophys. Res. 99(B12):24323-39
66. Kay SM, Mpodozis C, Tittler A, Comejo P. 1994b. Tertiary magmatic evolution of the Maricunga Mineral Belt in Chile. Int. Geol. Rev. 36:1079-112
67. Kennan L, Lamb S, Rundle C. 1995. K-Ar dates from the Altiplano and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia: implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 8(2):163-86
68. Kley J, Müller J, Tawackoli S, Jacobshagen V, Manutsoglu E. 1996. Pre-andean and andean-age deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. In press
69. Kley J, Reinhardt M. 1994. Geothermal and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera and the Subandean ranges of southern Bolivia. See Reutter et al 1994, pp. 155-70
70. Knox WJ Jr, Kay SM, Coira B. 1989. Geochemical evidence on the origin of Quaternary basaltic andesites of the Puna, north-western Argentina. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. 44:194-206
71. Kono M, Fukao Y, Yamamoto A. 1989. Mountain building in the Central Andes. J. Geophys. Res. 94:3891-905
72. Lavenu A. 1982. Derniers résultats acquis concernant les études néotectonique en Bolivie. Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Géol. 7:23-28
73. Lyon-Caen H, Molnar P, Suáez G. 1985. Gravity anomalies and flexure of the Brazilian Shield beneath the Bolivian Andes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 75:81-92
74. MacFadden BJ, Anaya F, Swisher CC III. 1995. Neogene paleomagnetism and oroclinal bending of the central Andes of Bolivia. J. Geophys. Res. 100(B5):8153-67
75. Marrett RA, Allmendinger RW, Alonso RN, Drake RE. 1994. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Puna Plateau and adjacent fore-land, northwestern Argentine Andes. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 7:179-208
76. Marrett RA, Emerman SH. 1992. The relations between faulting and mafic magmatism in the Altiplano-Puna plateau (central Andes). Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 112:53-59
77. Marshall LG, Sempere T. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review. In Fosiles y Facies de Bolivia. Vol. 1: Vertebrados, ed. R Suarez-Socuco, 12:631-52. Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Rev. Tecnica Yacim. Petrol. Fisc. Boliv.
78. Marshall LG, Sempere T, Gayet M. 1993. The Petaca (late Oligocene-middle Miocene) and Yecua (late Miocene) formations of the Subandean-Chaco basin, Bolivia, and their tectonic significance. Doc. Lab. Geol., Lyon 125:291-301
79. Masek JG, Isacks BL, Gubbels TL, Fielding EJ. 1994. Erosion and tectonics at the margins of continental plateaus. J. Geophys. Res. 99(B7):13941-56
80. Mingramm A, Russo A, Pozzo A, Casau L. 1979. Sierras subandinas. In Segundo Simposio de Geología Regional Argentina, pp. 95-138. Córdoba: Acad. Nac. Ciencias
81. Mobarec R, Heuschmidt B. 1994. Evolución tectónica y diferenciación magmática de La Caldera de Guacha, Sudoeste de Bolivia. Congr. Geol. Chil. 7(1):112-16
82. Molnar P, Lyon-Caen H. 1988. Some simple physical aspects of the support, structure, and evolution of mountain belts. In Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation, ed. SP Clark Jr, BC Burchfiel, J Suppe, Special Pap. 218, pp. 197-207. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
83. Moretti I, Baby P, Mendez E, Zubieta D. 1996. Hydrocarbon generation in relation to thrusting in the Sub Andean Zone from 18 to 22. S. Bolivia. Petrol. Geosci. 2:17-28
84. Mortimer C. 1973. The Cenozoic history of the southern Atacama Desert, Chile. J. Geol. Soc. London 129:505-26
85. Mpodozis C, Cornejo P, Kay SM, Tittler A. 1995. La Franja de Maricunga: síntesis de la evolución del frente volcánico Oligoceno-Mioceno de la zona sur de los Andes Centrales. Rev. Geol. Chile 22:273-314
86. Naranjo JA, Comejo P. 1992. Hoja Salar de La Isla. Carta Geol. Chile No. 72. Santiago, Chile: Serv. Nac. Geol. Miner.
87. Ocola LC, Meyer RP. 1972. Crustal low-velocity zones under the Peru-Bolivia Altiplano. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 30:199-209
88. Ort MH. 1993. Eruptive processes and caldera fromation in a nested downsag-collapse caldera: Cerro Panizos, central Andes Mountains. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 56:221-52
89. Pardo-Casas F, Molnar P. 1987. Relative motion of the Nazca (Farallon) and South American plates since Late Cretaceous time. Tectonics 6:233-48
90. Pascual R, Vucetich MG, Fernandez J. 1978. Los primeros mamiferos (notoungulata, henricosborniidae) de la formacion Mealla (Groupo Salta, Subgrupo Santa Barbara). Sus implicancias filogeneticas, taxonomicas y cronologicas. Ameghiniana 15:366-90
91. Pilger RH Jr. 1981. Plate reconstructions, aseismic ridges, and low-angle subduction beneath the Andes. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 92:448-56
92. Pilger RH Jr. 1984. Cenozoic plate kinematics, subduction and magmatism: South American Andes. J. Geol. Soc. London 141:793-802
93. Reutter K-J, Scheuber E, Wigger PJ, eds. 1994. Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
94. Reymer A, Schubert G. 1984. Phanerozoic additions rates to the continental crust and crustal growth. Tectonics 3:63-77
95. Richter DH, Ludington SD, Soria EE. 1992. Geologic setting. In Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia Bull. 1975, pp. 14-24. Washington DC: US Geol. Surv.
96. Roeder D. 1988. Andean-age structure of Eastern Cordillera (Province of La Paz, Bolivia). Tectonics 7:23-39
97. Roeder D, Chamberlain RL. 1995. Structural geology of Sub-Andean fold and thrust belt in northwestern Bolivia. See Tankard et al 1995, pp. 459-79
98. Rutland RWR. 1971. Andean orogeny and sea floor spreading. Nature 233:252-55
99. Salfity JA, Gorustovich SA, Moya MC, Amengual R. 1984. Marco tectónico de la sedimentacion y efusividad cenozoicas en la Puna Argentina. IX Congr. Geol. Argent. Acta 1:539-54
100. Scheuber E, Bogdanic T, Jensen A, Reutter K-J. 1994. Tectonic development fo the north Chilean Andes in relation to plate convergence and magmalism since the Jurassic. See Reutter et al 1994, pp. 121-40
101. Schmitz M. 1994. A balanced model of the southern Central Andes. Tectonics 13:484-92
102. Sébrier M, Mercier JL, Mégard F, Laubacher G, Carey-Gailhardis E. 1985. Quaternary normal and reverse faulting and the state of stress in the central Andes of south Peru. Tectonics 4:739-80
103. Seggiaro RE. 1994. Petrología, geoquímica y mecanismos de erupción del Complejo volcánico Coranzulí. Univ. Nac. Salta, Salta, Argentina. 137 pp.
104. Sempere T. 1995. Phanerozoic evolution of Bolivia and adjacent regions. See Tankard et al 1995, pp. 207-30
105. Sempere T, Buttle RF, Richards DR, Marshall LG, Sharp W, Swisher CCI. 1997. Stratigraphy and chronology of Late Cretaceous-early Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. In press
106. Sempere T, Hérail G, Oller J, Baby P, Barrios L, et al. 1990a. The Altiplano; a province of intermontane foreland basins related to crustal shortening in the Bolivian Orocline area. 1st Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn. Grenoble, France, pp. 167-70. (Abstr.)
107. Sempere T, Hérail G, Oller J, Bonhomme MG. 1990b. Late Oligocene-early Miocene major tectonic crisis and related basins in Bolivia. Geology 18:946-49
108. Sheffels BM. 1990. Lower bound on the amount of crustal shortening in the central Bolivian Andes. Geology 18(9):812-15
109. Soler P, Carlier G, Fornari M, Herail G. 1992. An alternative model for the origin and the tectonic significance of the Neogene and Quaternary shoshonitic volcanism of the Andes. Eos, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 73:341
110. Soler P, Jimenez N. 1993. Magmatic constraints upon the evolution of the Bolivian Andes since late Oligocene times. Int. Conf. Andean Geodyn., 2nd, pp. 447-51
111. Sparks RSJ, Francis PW, Hamer RD, Pankhurst RJ, O'Callaghan LE, et al. 1985. Ignimbrites of the Cerro Galán caldera, NW Argentina. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 24:205-48
112. Stauder W. 1975. Subduction of the Nazca plate under Peru as evidenced by focal mechanisms and by seismicity. J. Geophys. Res. 80:1053-64
113. Suárez G, Molnar P, Burchfiel BC. 1983. Seismicity, fault plane solutions, depth of faulting, and active tectonics of the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia. J. Geophys. Res. 88:10403-28
114. Tankard AJ, Suárez-Socuco R, Welsink HJ, eds. 1995. Petroleum Basins of South America. Am. Assoc. Petrol., Geol. Mem. 62, pp. 445-58. Tulsa, OK: Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.
115. Tawackoli S, Jacobshagen V, Wemmer K, Andriessen PAM. 1996. The Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia: a key region to the Andean backarc uplift and deformation history. Int. Symp. Andean Geodyn., 3rd, Saint-Malo, France, ORSTOM. pp. 505-8
116. Thorpe RS, Francis PW, Harmon RS. 1981. Andean andesites and crustal growth. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A 301:305-20
117. Tosdal RM, Clark AH, Farrar E. 1984. Cenozoic polyphase landscape and tectonic evolution of the Cordillera Occidental, southernmost Peru. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95:1318-32
118. Vandervoort DS. 1993. Non-marine evaporite basin studies, southern Puna plateau, Central Andes. PhD thesis. Cornell. Univ., Ithaca, NY. 177 pp.
119. Vandervoort DS, Jordan TE, Zeitler PK, Alonso RN. 1992. Neogene intraplateau basins of the southern Puna Plateau, Central Andes, NW Argentina. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Prog. 24(7):356
120. Vandervoort DS, Jordan TE, Zeitler PK, Alonso RN. 1995. Chronology of internal drainage development and uplift, southern Puna plateau, Argentine central Andes. Geology 23(2):145-48
121. von Huene R, Scholl DW. 1991. Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 29(3):279-316
122. Watts AB, Lamb SH, Fairhead JD, Dewey JF. 1995. Lithospheric flexure and bending of the Central Andes. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 134(1-2):9-21
123. Whitman D, Isacks BL, Chatelain J-L, Chiu J-M, Perez A. 1992. Attenuation of high frequency seismic waves beneath the central Andean plateau. J. Geophys. Res. 97:19929-47
124. Whitman D, Isacks BL, Kay SM. 1996. Lithospheric structure and along-strike segmentation of the central Andean Plateau: Topography, tectonics, and timing. Tectonophysics 259:29-40
125. Wigger P, Schmitz M, Araneda M, Asch G, Baldzuhn S, et al. 1994. Variation in the crustal structure of the southern Central Andes deduced from seismic refraction investigations. See Reutter et al 1994, pp. 23-48
126. Willner AP, Lottner US, Miller H. 1987. Early Paleozoic structural development in the NW Argentine basement of the Andes and its implication for geodynamic reconstructions. In Gondwana Six; Structure, Tectonics, and Geophysics, ed. GD McKenzie, Geophys. Monogr. 40, pp. 229-39
127. Wörner G, Moorbath S, Harmon RS. 1992. Andean Cenozoic volcanic centers reflect basement isotopic domains. Geology 20:1103-6
128. Zandt G, Beck SL, Ruppert SR, Ammons CJ, Rock D, et al. 1996. Anomalous crust of the Bolivian Altiplano, Central Andes: Constraints from broadband regional seismic waveforms. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:1159-62
129. Zandt G, Velasco AA, Beck SL. 1994. Composition and thickness of the southern Altiplano crust, Bolivia. Geology 22:1003-6