Structural evolution of the Yushu-Nangqian region and its relationship to syncollisional igneous activity, east-central Tibet

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 117, Issue 9-10, 2005, Pages 1293-1317

  Spurlin, Matthew S ^a   Yin, An ^a   Horton, Brian K ^b   Zhou, Jiangyu ^c   Wang, Jianghai ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF GEOCHEMISTRY   (China)

Author keywords

Asia; China; Strike slip faults; Syncollisional magmatism; Thrust belts; Tibetan Plateau

Indexed keywords

STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS; STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; SYNCOLLISIONAL MAGMATISM; THRUST BELTS;

GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; IGNEOUS ROCKS; MAPPING; TECTONICS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CONTINENTAL COLLISION; CRUSTAL EVOLUTION; CRUSTAL SHORTENING; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; STRIKE-SLIP FAULT;

ASIA; CHINA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; WORLD; XIZANG;

EID: 21944457223     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B25572.1     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Allen, C.R., Gillespie, A.R., Han, Y., Sieh, K.E., Zhang, B., and Zhu, C., 1984, Red River and associated faults, Yunnan province, China: Quaternary geology, slip rates, and seismic hazard: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 686-700.
2. Allen, C.R., Luo, Z., Qian, H., Wen, X., Zhou, H., and Huang, W., 1991, Field study of a highly active fault zone: The Xianshuihe fault of southwestern China: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1178-1199.
3. Argand, E., 1924, La tectonique de l'Asie, in Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Geologic Congress, p. 170-372.
4. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., Mercier, J.L., and Han, T.-L., 1986, Quaternary extension in southern Tibet: Field observations and tectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 13,803-13,872.
5. Armijo, R., Tapponnier, P., and Han, T., 1989, Late Cenozoic right-lateral strike-slip faulting in southern Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 2787-2838.
6. 2O volcanism of northwestern Tibet: Geochemistry and tectonic implications: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 111, p. 351-367.
7. Arne, D., Worley, B., Wilson, C., Chen, S.F., Foster, D., Luo, Z.L., Liu, S.G., and Dirks, P., 1997, Differential exhumation in response to episodic thrusting along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Tectonophysics, v. 280, p. 239-256.
8. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., Nguyen, M.H., and Lee, B., 2001, Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation: Nature, v. 414, p. 738-742.
9. Beck, R.A., Burbank, D.W., Sercombe, W.J., Riley, G.W., Barndt, J.K., Berry, J.R., Afzal, J., Khan, A.M., Jurgen, H., Metje, J., Cheema, A., Shafique, N.A., Lawrence, R.D., and Khan, M.A., 1995, Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia: Nature, v. 373, p. 55-58.
10. Besse, J., Courtillot, V, Possi, J.P., Westphal, M., and Zhou, Y.X., 1984, Paleomagnetic estimates of crustal shortening in the Himalayan thrusts and Zangbo suture: Nature, v. 311, p. 621-626.
11. Burchfiel, B.C., and Royden, L.H., 1991, Tectonics of Asia 50 years after the death of Emile Argand: Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 84, p. 599-629.
12. Chung, S.L., Lo, C.C., Lee, T.Y., Zhang, Y, Xie, Y, Li, X., Wang, K.-L., and Wang, P.L., 1998, Diachronous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau starting 40 Myr ago: Nature, v. 394, p. 769-773.
13. Cooper, K.M., Reid, M.R., Dunbar, N.W., and McIntosh, W.C., 2002, Origin of mafic magmas beneath northwestern Tibet: Constraints from Th-230-U-238 disequilibria: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 3, 1065.
14. Coward, M.P., Butler, R.W.H., Chambers, A.F., Graham, R.H., Izatt, C.N., Khan, M.A., Knipe, R.J., Prior, D.J., Treloar, P.J., and Williams, M.P., 1988, Folding and imbrication of the Indian crust during Himalayan collision: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. A326, p. 89-116.
15. Dalrymple, G.B., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., Harrison, T.M., Hulen, J.B., and Lanphere, M.A., 1999, Age and thermal history of the Geysers Plutonic Complex (Felsite Unit), Geysers Geothermal Field, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 173, p. 285-298.
16. DeCelles, P.G., Robinson, D.M., and Zandt, G., 2002, Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: Tectonics, v. 21, no. 6, 1062.
17. Deng, W., 1989, Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the northern Ngari district of the Tibet-Discussion on the concurrent subduction: Acta Petrologica Sinica, v. 3, p. 1-11.
18. Deng, W., 1998, Cenozoic intraplate volcanic rocks in the Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Geologic Publishing House (in Chinese with English abstract), 129 p.
19. Dewey, J.F., and Burke, K., 1973, Tibetan, Variscan and Precambrian basement reactivation: Products of continental collision: Journal of Geology, v. 81, p. 683-692.
20. Dewey, J.F., Shackelton, R.M., Chang, C., and Sun, Y, 1988, The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. A326, p. 379-413.
21. Dewey, J.F., Cande, S., and Pitman, W.C., 1989, Tectonic evolution of the India-Eurasia collision zone: Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae, v. 82, p. 717-734.
22. Ding, G., 1984, Active faults of China, in A collection of papers of the international symposium on continental seismicity and earthquake prediction: Beijing, China, Seismological Press, p. 225-242.
23. Ding, L., Kapp, P., Zhong, D.L., and Deng, W.M., 2003, Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet: Evidence for a transition from oceanic to continental subduction: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 1833-1865.
24. England, P., and Houseman, G., 1986, Finite strain calculations of continental deformation 2. Comparison with the India-Asia collision zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 3664-3676.
25. England, P., and Houseman, G., 1989, Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 17,561-17,569.
26. England, P., and Searle, M., 1986, The Cretaceous-Tertiary deformation of the Lhasa block and implications for crustal thickening in Tibet: Tectonics, v. 5, p. 1-14.
27. Galve, A., Hirn, A., Mei, J., Gallart, J., de Voogd, B., Lépine, J.C., Diaz, J., Youxue, W., and Hui, Q., 2002, Modes of raising northeastern Tibet probed by explosion seismology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 203, p. 35-43.
28. Hacker, B.R., Gnos, E., Ratschbacher, L., Grove, M., McWilliams, M., Sobolev, S.V, Wan, J., and Wu, Z.H., 2000, Hot and dry deep crustal xenoliths from Tibet: Science, v. 287, p. 2463-2466.
29. Harris, N.B.W., Xu, R., Lewis, C.L., Hawkesworth, C.J., and Zhang, Y., 1988, Isotope geochemistry of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Golmud: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. A237, p. 263-285.
30. Harrison, T.M., Copeland, P., Kidd, W.S.F., and Yin, A., 1992, Raising Tibet: Science, v. 255, p. 1663-1670.
31. Harrison, T.M., Leloup, P.H., Ryerson, F.J., Tapponnier, P., Lacassin, R., and Chen, W., 1996, Diachronous initiation of transtension along the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 208-226.
32. Harrison, T.M., Yin, A., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., and Ryerson, F.J., 2000, The Zedong window: A record of superposed Tertiary convergence in southeastern Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 19,211-19,230.
33. Hildebrand, P.R., Noble, S.R., Searle, M.P., Waters, D.J., and Parrish, R.R., 2001, Old origin for an active mountain range: Geology and geochronology of the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 625-639.
34. Horton, B.K., Yin, A., Spurlin, M.S., Zhou, J., and Wang, J., 2002, Paleocene-Eocene syncontractional sedimentation in narrow, lacustrine-dominated basins of east-central Tibet: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 771-786.
35. Kapp, P.A., 2001, Tectonic evolution of the Qiangtang terrane and Banggong-Nujiang suture zone, central Tibet [Ph.D. thesis]: Los Angeles, University of California, 285 p.
36. Kapp, P.A., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., and Murphy, M.A., Harrison, T.M., Spurlin, M., Ding, L., Deng, X., and Wu, C.M., 2000, Blueschist-bearing metamorphic core complexes in the Qiangtang block reveal deep crustal structure of northern Tibet: Geology, v. 28, p. 19-22.
37. Kapp, P, Yin, A., Manning, C.F., Harrison, T.M., Taylor, M.H., and Ding, L., 2003, Tectonic evolution of the early Mesozoic blueschist-bearing Qiangtang metamorphic belt, central Tibet: Tectonics, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1043.
38. Kapp, P., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ding, L., Deng, X.G., and Zhou, Y, 2005, Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 865-878.
39. Klootwijk, C.T., Gee, F.S., Peirce, J.W., Smith, G.M., and McFadden, P.L., 1992, An early India contact: Paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121: Geology, v. 20, p. 395-398.
40. Klootwijk, C.T., Conaghan, P.J., Nazirullah, R., and de Jong, K.A., 1994, Further palaeomagnetic data from Chitral (Eastern Hindukush): Evidence for an early India-Asia contact: Tectonophysics, v. 237, p. 1-25.
41. Lacassin, R., Scharer, U., Leloup, P.H., Arnaud, N., Tapponnier, P., Liu, X.H., and Zhang, L.S., 1996, Tertiary deformation and metamorphism SE of Tibet: The folded tiger-leap décollement of NW Yunnan, China: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 605-679.
42. Lacassin, R., Maluski, H., Leloup, P.H., Tapponnier, P., Hinthong, C., Siribhakdi, K., Chuaviroj, S., and Charoenravat, A., 1997, Tertiary diachronic extrusion and deformation of western Indochina: Structural and Ar-40/Ar-39 evidence from NW Thailand: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 10,013-10,037.
43. Leeder, M.R., Smith, A.B., and Yin, J., 1988, Sedimentology, palaeoecology and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the 1985 Lhasa to Golmud Geotraverse: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, v. 327, p. 107-143.
44. Leloup, P.H., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Scharer, U., Zhong, D.L., Liu, X.H., Zhang, L.S., Ji, S.C., and Trinh, P.T., 1995, The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina: Tectonophysics, v. 251, p. 3-84.
45. Leloup, P.H., Arnaud, N., Lacassin, R., Kienast, J.R., Harrison, T.M., Trong, T.T.P., Replumaz, A., and Tapponnier, P., 2001, New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, SE Asia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 6683-6732.
46. Le Pichon, X., Fournier, M., and Jolivet, L., 1992, Kinematics, topography, shortening, and extrusion in the India-Asian collision: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 1085-1098.
47. Liu, Z.Q., 1988, Geologic map of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its neighboring regions: Beijing, Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Geologic Publishing House, scale 1: 1,500,000.
48. Liu, Z., and Wang, C., 2001, Facies analysis and depositional systems of Cenozoic sediments in the Hoh Xil basin, northern Tibet: Sedimentary Geology, v. 140, p. 251-270.
49. Liu, Z.F., Zhao, X.X., Wang, C.S., Liu, S., and Yi, H.S., 2003, Magnetostratigraphy of Tertiary sediments from the Hob Xil basin: Implications for the Cenozoic tectonic history of the Tibetan Plateau: Geophysical Journal International, v. 154, p. 233-252.
50. 39 Ar step-heating experiments: Significance of activation energy determinations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 3171-3192.
51. Mattauer, M., 1986, Intracontinental subduction, crustal stacking wedge and crust-mantle decollement, in Coward, M.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Collision Tectonics: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 19, p. 37-50.
52. 39 Ar method: New York, Oxford University Press, 212 p.
53. McNaught, M., and Mitra, G., 1996, The use of finite strain data in constructing a retrodeformable cross section of the Meade thrust sheet, southeastern Idaho, U.S.A.: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 18, p. 573-583.
54. Meyer, B., Tapponnier, P., Bourjot, L., Metivier, F., Gaudemer, Y., Peltzer, G., Shunmin, G., and Zhitai, C., 1998, Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet Plateau: Geophysical Journal International, v. 135, p. 1-47.
55. Molnar, P., and Tapponnier, P., 1975, Cenozoic tectonics of Asia; effects of a continental collision: Science, v. 189, p. 419-426.
56. Molnar, P., and Tapponnier, P., 1978, Active tectonics of Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 85, p. 5361-5375.
57. Molnar, P, England, P., and Martinod, J., 1993, Mantle dynamics, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon: Review of Geophysics, v. 31, p. 357-396.
58. Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Durr, S.B., Chen, Z., Ryerson, F.J., Kidd, W.S.F., Wang, X., and Zhou, X., 1997, Significant crustal shortening in southern Tibet prior to the Indo-Asian collision: Geology, v. 25, p. 719-722.
59. Ni, J., and Barazangi, M., 1984, Seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone: Geometry of the under-thrusting Indian plate beneath the Himalaya: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 1147-1163.
60. Nie, S., Yin, A., Rowley, D., and Jin, Y., 1994, Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultra-higb pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan-Ganzi flysch sequence, central China: Geology, v. 22, p. 999-1002.
61. Owens, T.J., and Zandt, G., 1997, Implications of crustal property variations for models of Tibetan Plateau evolution: Nature, v. 387, p. 37-43.
62. Pacers, J.B., and Miller, J.D., 1993, The precise U-Pb ages of Duluth complex and related mafic intrusions, northeastern Minnesota - geochronological insights to physical, petrogenic, paleomagnetic, and tectonomagmatic processes associated with the 1.1 Ga midcontinent rift system: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 13,997-14,013.
63. Pan, G.T., Wang, P.S., Xu, Y.R., Jiao, S.P., and Xiang, T.S., 1990, Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 190 p.
64. Patriat, P., and Achache, J., 1984, India-Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates: Nature, v. 311, p. 615-621.
65. Peltzer, G., and Tapponnier, P., 1988, Formation and evolution of strike-slip faults, rifts, and basins during the India-Asia collision: An experimental approach: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 15,085-15,117.
66. Powell, C.M., and Conaghan, P.G., 1973, Plate tectonics and the Himalayas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 20, p. 1-12.
67. Price, R., 1981, The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, in McClay, K.R., and Price, N.J., eds., Thrust and nappe tectonics: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 9, p. 427-448.
68. Qinghai BGMR, (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1983a, Geologic map of the Nangqian region, with geologic report: unpublished, 198 p., scale 1:200,000.
69. Qinghai BGMR, (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1983b, Geologic map of the Shanglaxiu region, with geologic report: unpublished, 220 p., scale 1:200,000.
70. Qinghai BGMR, (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1988, Geologic map of the Jiduo region, with geologic report: unpublished, 203 p., scale 1:200,000.
71. Qinghai BGMR, (Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources), 1991, Regional Geology of Qinghai Province: Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 662 p.
72. Quidelleur, X., Grove, M., Lovera, O.M., Harrison, T.M., Yin, A., and Ryerson, J.F., 1997, The thermal evolution and slip history of the Renbu Zedong thrust, southeastern Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 2659-2679.
73. Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Chen, C., and Pan, G., 1996, Cenozoic deformation, rotation, and stress patterns in eastern Tibet and western Sichuan, China, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 227-249.
74. Roger, F., Tapponnier, P., Arnaud, N., Schärer, U., Maurice, B., Zhiqin, X., and Jingsui, Y., 2000, An Eocene magmatic belt across central Tibet: Mantle subduction triggered by the Indian collision?: Terra Nova, v. 12, p. 102-108.
75. Roger, E, Arnaud, N., Gilder, S., Tapponnier, P., Jolivet, M., Brunel, M., Malavieille, J., Xu, Z.Q., and Yang, J.S., 2003, Geochronological and geochemical constraints on Mesozoic suturing in east central Tibet: Tectonics, v. 22, no. 4, 1037.
76. Rowley, D.B., 1996, Age of collision between India and Asia: A review of the stratigraphic data: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 145, p. 1-13.
77. Royden, L., 1996, Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 17,679-17,705.
78. Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., King, R.W., Wang, E., Chen, Z., Shen, F., and Liu, Y., 1997, Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet: Science, v. 276, p. 788-790.
79. Şengör, A.M.C., and Natal'in, B.A., 1996, Paleotectonics of Asia: Fragments of a synthesis, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 486-640.
80. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 26, p. 207-221.
81. Tapponnier, P., Lacassin, R., Leloup, P.H., Scharer, U., Zhong, D.L., WU, H.W., Liu, X.H., Ji, S.C., Zhang, L.S., and Zhong, J.Y., 1990, The Ailao, Shan/Red River metamorphic belt Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China: Nature, v. 343, p. 431-437.
82. Tapponnier, P., Xu, Z.Q., Roger, F., Meyer, B., Arnaud, N., Wittlinger, G., and Yang, J.S., 2001, Geology - Oblique stepwise rise and growth ofthe Tibet Plateau: Science, v. 294, p. 1671-1677.
83. Taylor, M., Yin, A., Ryerson, F.J., Kapp, P., and Ding, L., 2003, Conjugate strike-slip faulting along the Banggong-Nujiang suture zone accommodates coeval eastwest extension and north-south shortening in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau: Tectonics, v. 22, p. 1044.
84. Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Liu, J., Rogers, N., Kelley, S., and van Calsteren, P., 1993, Timing of Tibetan uplift constrained by analysis of volcanic rocks: Nature, v. 364, p. 50-53.
85. Vergne, J., Wittlinger, G., Hui, Q., Tapponnier, P., Poupinet, G., Mei, J., Herquel, G., and Paul, A., 2002, Seismic evidence for stepwise thickening of the crust across the NE Tibetan Plateau: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 203, p. 25-33.
86. Wang, C.S., Liu, Z.F., Yi, H.S., Liu, S., and Zhao, X.X., 2002, Tertiary crustal shortenings and peneplanation in the Hoh Xil region: Implications for the tectonic history of the northern Tibetan Plateau: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 211-223.
87. Wang, E., and Burchfiel, B.C., 1997, Interpretation of Cenozoic tectonics in the right-lateral accommodation zone between the Ailao Shan shear zone and the eastern Himalayan syntaxis: International Geological Review, v. 39, p. 191-219.
88. Wang, E., and Burchfiel, B.C., 2000, Late Cenozoic to Holocene deformation in southwestern Sichuan and adjacent Yunnan, China, and its role in the formation of the southeastern part ofthe Tibetan Plateau: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 413-423.
89. Wang, E., Burchfiel, B.C., Royden, L.H., Liangzhong, C., Jishen, C., Wenxin, L., and Zhiliang, C., 1998, Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang, Red River, and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan, China: Geological Society of America Special Paper 327, 108 p.
90. Wang, J.H., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Grove, M., Zhang,Y.Q., and Xie, G.H., 2001, A tectonic model for Cenozoic igneous activities in the eastern Indo-Asian collision zone: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 188, p. 123-133.
91. Willett, S.D., and Beaumont, C., 1994, Subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet inferred from models of continental collision: Nature, v. 369, p. 642-645.
92. Worley, B., Powell, R., and Wilson, C.J.L., 1997, Crenulation cleavage formation: Evolving diffusion, deformation and equilibration mechanisms with increasing metamorphic grade: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 1121-1135.
93. Xu, G., and Kamp, P.J., 2000, Tectonics and denudation adjacent to the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from fission track thermochronology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 19,231-19,251.
94. Yin, A., 2000, Mode of Cenozoic east-west extension in Tibet suggesting a common origin of rifts in Asia during the Indo-Asian collision: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 21,745-21,759.
95. Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., 2000, Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v, 28, p. 211-280.
96. Yin, A., and Nie, S., 1993, An indentation model for North and South China collision and the development of the Tanlu and Honam fault systems, eastern Asia: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 801-813.
97. Yin, A., and Nie, S., 1996, A Phanerozoic palinspastic reconstruction of China and its neighboring regions, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonic evolution of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 18-35.
98. Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ryerson, F.J., Cheri, W., Kidd, W.S.F., and Copeland, P., 1994, Tertiary structural evolution of the Gangdese thrust system in southern Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 18,175-18,201.
99. Yin, A., Kapp, P.A., Murphy, M.A., Manning, C.E., Harrison, T.M, Grove, M., Ding, L., Deng, X., and Wu, C.M., 1999a, Evidence for significant late Cenozoic E-W extension in north Tibet: Geology, v. 27, p. 787-790.
100. Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Murphy, M.A., Grove, M., Nie, S., Ryerson, F.J., Wang, X., and Chen, Z., 1999b, Tertiary deformation history of southeastern and southwestern Tibet during the Indo-Asian collision: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1644-1664.
101. Yin, A., Rumelhart, P.E., Butler, R., Cowgill, E., Harrison, T.M., Foster, D.A., Ingersoll, R.V, Zhang, Q., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Hanson, A., and Raza, A., 2002, Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation: Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, v. 114, p. 1257-1295.
102. Zhang, Y., and Zheng, J., 1994, Geologic overview in Kokshili, Qinghai and adjacent areas: Beijing, Seismological Publishing House, p. 177 (in Chinese with English abstract).
103. Zhao, W., and Morgan, W.J., 1987, Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust: A two-dimensional finite element model study: Tectonics, v. 6, p. 489-504.
104. Zhou, D., and Graham, S.A., 1996, The Songpan-Ganzi complex of the West Qingling Shan as a Triassic remnant ocean basin, in Yin, A., and Harrison, T.M., eds., The tectonics of Asia: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 281-299.
105. Zhu, B.Q., Zhang, Y.Q., and Xie, Y.W., 1992, Isotope characteristics of Cenozoic potassic volcanic rocks from Haidong, Yunnan, and their implications for subcontinental mantle evolution in southwestern China: Geochimica, v. 21, p. 201-212.
106. Zindler, A., and Hart, S.R., 1986, Chemical geodynamics: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 14, p. 493-571.