Formation of internally drained contractional basins by aridity-limited bedrock incision

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 108, Issue 7, 2003, Pages

  Sobel, Edward R ^a   Hilley, George E ^a   Strecker, Manfred R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bedrock incision; Orographic barrier; Puna Altiplano Plateau; Tarim basin; Tibetan Plateau; Wedge top basin

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; BEDROCK; GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE; GEOMORPHOLOGY; OROGRAPHIC EFFECT; PALEOCLIMATE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

ARGENTINA; CHINA; PUNA-ALTIPLANO PLATEAU; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU; SALTA PROVINCE; TARIM BASIN; TIBETAN PLATEAU;

EID: 0142197655     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Abdrakhmatov, K. Y., et al., Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates, Nature, 384, 450-453, 1996.
2. Aizen V. B., E. M. Aizen, and J. M. Melack, Climate, snow cover, glaciers, and runoff in the Tien Shan, central Asia, Water Resour Bull., 31, 1113-1129, 1995.
3. Allmendinger, R., and T. Gubbels, Pure and simple shear plateau uplift, Altiplano-Puna, Argentina and Bolivia, Tectonophysics, 259, 1-14, 1996.
4. Allmendinger, R. W., V. A. Ramos, T. E. Jordan, M. Palma, and B. L. Isacks, Paleogeography and Andean structural geometry, northwest Argentina, Tectonics, 2, 1-16, 1983.
5. Allmendinger, R. W., T. E. Jordan, S. M. Kay, and B. L. Isacks, The evolution of the Altiplano-Puna Plateau of the central Andes, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 25, 139-174, 1997
6. Alonso, R. N., Estratigrafia del Cenozoico de la cuenca de Pastos Grandes (Puna Sateña) con & énfasis en la Formación Sijes y sus borates, Rev. Asoc. Geol. Arg., 47, 189-199, 1992.
7. Alonso, R., J. Viramonte, and R. Y. Gutiérrez, Puna Austral-Bases para el subprovincialismo geologico de la Puna Argentina, Noveno Congr. Geol. Arg. Actas, 1, 43-63, 1984.
8. Alonso, R. N., T. E. Jordan, K. T. Tabbutt, and D. S. Vandervoort, Giant evaporite belts of the Neogene central Andes, Geology, 19, 401-404, 1991.
9. Alpers, C. N., and G. H. Brimhall, Middle Miocene climatic change in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile; evidence from supergene mineralization at La Escondida, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 1640-1656, 1988.
10. Andriessen, P. A. M., and K. J. Reutter, K-Ar and fission track mineral age determinations of igneous rocks related to multiple magmatic are systems along the 23 degrees S latitude of Chile and NW Argentina, in Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes: Structure and Evolution of an Active Continental Margin, edited by K. J. Reutter, E. Scheuber, and P. J. Wigger, pp. 141-153, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.
11. Bilham, R., K. Larson, J. Freymuller, and P. I. Members, GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya, Nature, 386, 61-64, 1997.
12. Bullen, M. E., D. W. Burbank, J. I. Garver, and K. Y. Abdrakhmatov, Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northwestern Tien Shan: New age estimates for the initiation of mountain building, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1544-1559, 2001.
13. Burbank, D., A. Meigs, and N. Brozovic, Interactions of growing folds and coeval depositional systems, Basin Res., 8, 199-223, 1996.
14. Burchfiel, B. C., E. T. Brown, Q. D. Deng, X. Y. Feng, J. Li, P. Molnar, J. B. Shi, Z. M. Wu, and H. C. You, Crustal shortening on the margins of the Tien Shan, Xinjiang, China, Int. Geol. Rev., 41, 665-700, 1999.
15. Burtman, V. S., Faults of middle Asia, Am. J. Sci., 280, 725-744, 1980.
16. Burtman, V. S., Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene, Tectonophysics, 319, 69-92, 2000.
17. Burtman, V. S., and P. Molnar, Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc., 281, 76 pp., 1993.
18. Carslaw, H. S., and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. Clarendon, Oxford, U.K., 1959.
19. Chen, J., D. W. Burbank, K. M. Scharer, E. Sobel, J. H. Yin, C. Rubin, and R. B. Zhao, Magnetostratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene strata in the southwestern Chinese Tian Shan, and rates of Pleistocene folding and thrusting, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 195, 113-130, 2002.
20. Collier, R. E. L., M. R. Leeder, M. Trout, G. Ferentinos, E. Lyberis, and G. Papatheodorou, High sediment yields and cool, wet winters: Test of last glacial paleoclimates in the northern Mediterranean, Geology, 28, 999-1002, 2000.
21. Coutand, I., Tectonique cenozoique du Haut Plateau de la Puna nord ouest argentin, Andes centrales, Ph. D., dissertation. 381 pp., Univ. of Rennes, Rennes, France, 1999.
22. Coutand, I., P. R. Cobbold, M. de Urreiztieta, P. Gautier, A. Chauvin, D. Gapais, E. A. Rossello, and O. Lòpez-Gamundí, Style and history of Andean deformation, Puna Plateau, northwestern Argentina, Tectonics, 20, 210-234, 2001.
23. 39Ar K-feldspar thermochronology, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract TI2F-10, 2001.
24. DeCelles, P. G., and K. A. Giles, Foreland basin systems, Basin Res, 8, 105-123, 1996.
25. Delville, N., N. Arnaud, J. M. Montel, F. Roger, M. Brunel, P. Tapponnier, and E. Sobel, Paleozoic to Cenozoic deformation along the Altyn-Tagh Fault in the Altun Shan massif area, Eastern Qilian Shan, NE Tibet China, in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central and Eastern Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, edited by M. S. Hendrix and G. A. Davis, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 194, 269-292, 2001.
26. Donato, E., Characterísticas estructurales del sector occidental de la Puna Salteña, Bol. Inf. Pet., 12, 89-99, 1987.
27. Dumitru, T. A., D. Zhou, E. Z. Chang, S. A. Graham, M. S. Hendrix, E. R. Sobel, and A. R. Carroll, Uplift, exhumation, and deformation in the Chinese Tian Shan, in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central and Eastern Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, edited by M. S. Hendrix and G. A. Davis, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 194, 71-99, 2001.
28. Ege, H., E. Sobel, E. Scheuber, P. Silva, and V. Jacobshagen, Exhumation history of the central Andean fold-thrust belt (S Bolivia) by apatite fission track dating, Geotemas, 4, 65-68, 2002.
29. Einsele, G., and M. Hinderer, Terrestrial sediment yield and the lifetimes of reservoirs, lakes, and larger basins, Geol. Rundsch., 86, 288-310, 1997.
30. Fielding, E., B. Isacks, M. Barazangi, and C. C. Duncan, How flat is Tibet?, Geology, 22, 163-167, 1994.
31. Flemings, P. B., and T. E. Jordan, A synthetic stratigraphic model of foreland basin development, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3851-3866, 1989.
32. Gangui, A. H., A combined structural interpretation based on seismic data and 3D gravity modeling in the northern Puna/Eastern Cordillera, Argentina, Doctoral thesis, Frei Univ., Berlin, 1998.
33. George, A. D., S. J. Marshallsea, K. H. Wyrwoll, J. Chen, and Y. C. Lu, Miocene cooling in the northern Qilian Shan, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, revealed by apatite fission-track and vitrinite-reflectance analysis, Geology, 29, 939-942, 2001.
34. Gilbert, G. K., Lake Bonneville, Monograph 1, 438 pp., U.S. Gerd. Surv., Reston, Va., 1890.
35. Gilder, S., Y. Chen, and S. Sen, Oligo-Miocene magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of the Xishuigou section, Subei (Gansu Province, western China) and implications for shallow inclinations in central Asia, J. Geophys. Rev., 106, 30,505-30,521, 2001.
36. Gries, R. R., and R. C. Dyer, Seismic Exploration of the Rocky Mountain Region, 300 pp., Rocky Mt. Assoc. of Geol., Denver, Colo., 1985.
37. Gubbels, T. L., B. L. Isacks, and E. Farrar, High-level surfaces, plateau uplift and foreland development, Bolivian central Andes, Geology, 21, 695-698, 1993.
38. Guo, Z. T., W. F. Ruddiman, Q. Z. Hao, H. B. Wu, Y. S. Qiao, R. X. Zhu, S. Z. Peng, J. J. Wei, B. Y. Yuan, and T. S. Liu, Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China, Nature, 416, 159-163, 2002.
39. Gupta, S., Himalayan drainage patterns and the origin of fluvial megafans in the Ganges foreland basin, Geolgy, 25, 11-14, 1997.
40. Hack, J. T., Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof., 294, 97 pp., 1957.
41. Hanson, A. D., Organic geochemistry and petroleum geology, tectonics and basin analysis of southern Tarim and northern Qaidam basins, northwest China, Ph.D., thesis, Sanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1999.
42. Hanson, A. D., B. D. Ritts, D. Zinniker, J. M. Moldowan, and U. Biffi, Upper Oligocene lacustrine source rocks and petroleum systems of the northern Qaidam basin, northwest China, AAPG Bull., 85, 601-619, 2001.
43. Hao, Y. C., X. L. Zeng, S. Y. Qui, and X. X. He, Miocene foraminifera of Tarim basin, Xinjiang and their geological significance, Bull. Chin. Acad. Geol. Sci., 4, 69-81, 1982.
44. Haselton, K., G. Hilley, and M. Strecker, Average Pleistocene climatic patterns in the southern central Andes: Controls on mountain glaciation and paleoclimate implications, J. Geol., 110, 211-226, 2002.
45. Hendrix, M. S., T. A. Dumitru, and S. A. Graham, Late Oligocene-early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tian Shan: An early effect of the India-Asia collision, Geology, 22, 487-490, 1994.
46. Hilley, G. E., and M. R. Strecker, Local relief, orographic precipitation, and bedrock incision along the Puna Plateau, NW Argentina and Patagonian Andes, southern Argentina/Chile, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 82(47), Abstract H42D-0383, 2001.
47. Horton, B. K., Erosional control on the geometry and kinematics of thrust belt in the central Andes, Tectonics, 18, 1292-1304, 1999.
48. Horton, B. K., and P. G. DeCelles, The modern foreland basin system adjacent to the central Andes, Geology, 25, 895-898, 1997.
49. Horton, B. K., B. A. Hampton, and G. L. Waanders, Paleogene synorogenic sedimentation in the Altiplano plateau and implications for initial mountain building in the central Andes, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1387-1400, 2001.
50. Horton, B. K., B. A. Hampton, B. N. LaReau, and E. Baldellón, Tertiary provenance hostory of the northern and central Altiplano (central Andes, Bolivia): A detrital record of plateau-margin tectonics, J. Sediment. Res., 72, 711-726, 2002.
51. Howard, A. D., and G. Kerby, Channel changes in badlands, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 739-752, 1983.
52. Howard, A. D., W. E. Dietrich, and M. A. Seidl, Modeling fluvial erosion on regional to continental scales, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,971-13,986, 1994.
53. Huang, Q. H., H. Ch. Huang, and Y. S. Ma, Geology of Qaidam Basin and Its Petroleum Potential, 158 pp., Geol. Publ. House, Beijing, 1996.
54. Humphrey, N. F., and S. K. Konrad, River incision or diversion in response to bedrock uplift, Geology, 28, 43-46, 2000.
55. Inman, D. L., and S. A. Jenkins, Climate change and the episodicity of sediment flux of small California rivers, J. Geol., 107, 251-270, 1999.
56. Isacks, B. L., Uplift of the central Andean Plateau and bending of the Bolivian Orocline, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3211-3231, 1988.
57. Jolivet, M., M. Brunel, D. Seward, Z. Xu, J. Yang, F. Roger, P. Tapponnier, J. Malavieille, N. Arnaud, and C. Wu, Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau: Fission-track constraints, Tectonophysics, 343, 111-134, 2001.
58. Jordan, T. E., and R. W. Allmendinger, The Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina: A modern analogue of Rocky Mountain foreland deformation, Am. J. Sci., 286, 737-764, 1986.
59. Jordan, T. E., and R. N. Alonso, Cenozoic stratigraphy and basin tectonics of the Andes Mountains, 20°-28° south latitude, AAPG Bull., 71, 49-64, 1987.
60. Kirby, E., and K. Whipple, Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis, Geology, 29, 415-418, 2001.
61. Kleinert, K., and M. R. Strecker, Changes in moisture regime and ecology in response to late Cenozoic orographic barriers: The Santa Maria Valley, Argentina, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 728-742, 2001.
62. Kley, J., J. Müller, S. Tawackoli, V. Jacobshagen, and E. Manutsoglu, Pre-Andean and Andean-age deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 10, 1-19, 1997.
63. Kraemer, B., D. Adelmann, M. Alten, W. Schnurr, K. Erpenstein, E. Kiefer, P. van den Bogaard, and K. Goerler, Incorporation of the Paleogene foreland into the Neogene Puna Plateau; the Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 12, 157-182, 1999.
64. Lewis, C. L. E., Thermal history of the Kunlun Batholith, North Tibet, and implications for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 17, 301-307, 1990.
65. Li, D. F., Z. Q. Lun, J. Y. Guo, and Y. Y. Zhu (Eds.), Regional Geology of Qinghai Province: Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Qinghai Province, Geological Memoirs Series, vol. 1, 662 pp., Geol. Publ. House, Beijing, 1991.
66. Li, D. S., D. G. Liang, C. Z. Jia, G. Wang, Q. Z. Wu, and D. F. He, Hydrocarbon accumulations in the Tarim basin, China, AAPG Bull., 80, 1587-1603, 1996.
67. Ma, B. L., and C. Q. Wen (Eds.), Sedimentary, evolution and hydrocarbon potential of Tarim basin: Petroleum Geology of Tarim basin, 195 pp., Science Press, Beijing, 1991.
68. Masek, J. G., B. L. Isacks, T. L. Gubbels, and E. J. Fielding, Erosion and tectonics at the margins of continental plateaus, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,941-13,956, 1994.
69. McQuarrie, N., and P. DeCelles, Geometry and structural evolution of the central Andean backthrust belt, Bolivia, Tectonics, 20, 669-692, 2001.
70. Métivier, F., and Y. Gaudemer, Mass transfer between eastern Tien Shan and adjacent basins (central Asia): Constraints on regional tectonics and topography, Geophys. J. Int., 128, 1-17, 1997.
71. Métivier, F., Y. Gaudemer, P. Tapponnier, and B. Meyer, Northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau deduced from balanced reconstructions of two depositional areas: The Qaidam and Hexi Corridor basins, China, Tectonics, 17, 823-842, 1998.
72. Meyer, B., P. Tapponnier, L. Bourjot, F. Métivier, Y. Gaudemer, G. Peltzer, S. Guo, and Z. Chen, Coastal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 1-47, 1998.
73. Mock, C., N. O. Arnaud, and J. M. Cantagrel, An early unroofing in northeastern Tibet? Constraints from Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronology on granitoids from the eastern Kunlun range (Qianghai NW China), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 107-122, 1999.
74. Molnar, P., Climate change, flooding in arid environments, and erosion rates, Geology, 29, 1071-1074, 2001.
75. Mon, R., Esquéma tectonico de los Andes del norte argentino, Asoc. Geol. Arg. Rev., 34, 53-60, 1979.
76. Montegomery, D. R., and E. Foufoula-Georgiou, Channel network representation using digital elevation models, Water Resour. Res., 29, 1178-1191, 1993.
77. Montegomery, D. R., G. Balco, and S. D. Willett, Climate, tectonics, and morphology of the Andes, Geology, 29, 579-582, 2001.
78. Paola, C., P. L. Heller, and C. L. Angevine, The large-scale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins: I. Theory, Basin Res., 4, 73-90, 1992.
79. Peizhen, Z., P. Molnar, and W. R. Downs. Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates, Nature, 410, 891-897, 2001.
80. Peltzer, G., P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer, B. Meyer, S. Guo, K. Yin, Z. Chen, and H. Dai, Offsets of late Quaternary morphology, rate of slip, and recurrence of large earthquakes on the Changma fault (Gansu China), J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7793-7812, 1988.
81. Reutter, K.-J., R. Döbel, T. Bogdanic, and J. Kley, Geological Map of the Central Andes between 20°S and 26°S, in Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes, edited by K.-J. Reutter, E. Scheuber, and P. Wigger, pp. 121-139, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.
82. Riller, U., and O. Oncken, Late Cenozoic deformation in the southern Central Andes is kinematically related to growth of the curved Andean plateau, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T51F-10, 2000.
83. Royden, L., Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,679-17,705, 1996.
84. Sadybakasov, I., Neotectonics of High Asia (in Russian), 176 pp., Nauka, Moscow, 1990.
85. Schlunegger, F., and G. Simpson, Possible erosional control on lateral growth of the European central Alps, Geology, 30, 907-910, 2002.
86. Schlunegger, F., and S. D. Willett, Spatial and temporal variations in exhumation of the central Swiss Alps and implications for exhumation mechanisms, in Exhumation Processes: Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow and Erosion, edited by U. Ring et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 154, 157-179, 1999.
87. Schwab, K., Basin formation in a thickened crust - the intermontane basins in the Puna and the Eastern Cordillera of NW-Argentina (central Andes), in Actas - Congreso Geologico Chileno, vol. 4, edited by J. F. Arias, P. B. Campano, and S. R. Espinoza, pp. 2.138-2.158, Univ. del Norte Chile, Dep. de Geoci., Fac. de Cienc., Antofagasta, Chile, 1985.
88. Segerstrom, K., and J. C. M. Turner, A conspicuous flexure in regional structural trend in the Puna of northwestern Argentina, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 800-B, B205-B209, 1972.
89. Sklar, L., and W. E. Dietrich, River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models; stream power and the influence of sediment supply, in Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, edited by K. J. Tinkler and E. E. Wohl, pp. 237-260, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1998.
90. Sklar L. S., and W. E. Dietrich, Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29, 1087-1090, 2001.
91. Sobel, E. R., and N. Arnaud, A possible middle Paleozoic suture in the Altyn Tagh, NW China, Tectonics, 18, 64-74, 1999.
92. Sobel, E. R., and T. A. Dumitru, Exhumation of the margins of the western Tarim basin during the Himalayan orogeny, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5043-5064, 1997.
93. Sobel, E., A. Mikolaichuk, J. Chen, and D. Burbank, Development of the Late Cenozoic Central Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan and China recorded by apatite fission track thermochronology, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T71D-03, 2000.
94. 39Ar and apatite fission track thermochronology, in Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central and Eastern Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, edited by M. S. Hendrix and G. A. Davis, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 194, 247-267, 2001.
95. Song, T. G., and X. P. Wang, Structural styles and statigraphic patterns of syndepositional faults in a contractional setting; examples from Quaidam Basin, northwestern China, AAPG Bull., 77, 102-117, 1993.
96. Stock, J. D., and D. R. Montgomery, Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4983-4993, 1999.
97. Stock, J. D., D. Bellugi, W. E. Dietrich, and D. Allen, Comparison of SRTM topography to USGS and high resolution laser altimetry topography in steep landscapes: Case studies from Oregon and California, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H21G-09, 2002.
98. Strecker, M., P. Cerveny, A. Bloom, and D. Malizia, Late Cenozoic tectonism and landscape development in the foreland of the Andes: Northern Sierras Pampeanas (26°-28°S), Argentina, Tectonics, 8, 517-534, 1989.
99. Strecker, M., K. Haselton, G. Hilley, and M. Trauth, Limits of lateral plateau growth and ephemeral sedimentary basins at the eastern Puna margin, NW Argentina, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T62D-01, 2000.
100. Strecker, M. R., G. E. Hilley, and M. H. Trauth, Tectonic and climatic control on transitory intramontane basin filling in the southern central Andes: The Toro basin at the eastern Puna margin, NW Argentina, Geophys. Res. Abstr [CD-ROM], Abstract EGS02-A-06063, 2002.
101. Tapponnier, P., and P. Molnar, Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia, and Baykal regions. J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3425-3459, 1979.
102. Tapponnier, P., et al., Active thrusting and folding in the Qilian Shan, and decoupling between upper crust and mantle in northeastern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97, 382-403, 1990.
103. Tapponnier, P., Z. Q. Xu, F. Roger, B. Meyer, N. Arnaud, G. Wittlinger, and J. S. Yang, Geology-Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau, Science, 294, 1671-1677, 2001.
104. Tawackoli, S., V. Jacobshagen, K. Wemmer, and P. A. M. Andriessen, The Eastern Cordillera of southern Bolivia: A key region to the Andean back-arc uplift and deformation history, paper presented at Third International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG), Inst. Fr. de Rech. Sci. pour le Dev. En Coop., St. Malo, France, 1996.
105. Urreiztieta, M. de, D. Gapais, C. Le Corre, P. R. Cobbold, and E. Rosello, Cenozoic dextral transpression and basin development at the southern edge of the Puna Plateau, northwest Argentina, Tectonophysics, 254, 17-39, 1996.
106. Vandervoort, D. S., T. E. Jordan, P. K. Zeitler, and R. N. Alonso, Chronology of internal drainage development and uplift southern Puna Plateau, Argentine central Andes, Geology, 23, 145-148, 1995.
107. Whipple, K. X., Fluvial landscape response time: How plausible is steady-state denudation?, Am. J Sci., 301, 313-325, 2001.
108. Whipple, K., and B. Meade, Erosional control of orogenesis: Approximate analytical solution for a two-sided, frictional orogenic, wedge at steady state, Eos Trans, AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T72B-03, 2002.
109. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker, Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17,661-17,674, 1999.
110. Whipple, K. X., and G. E. Tucker, Implications of sediment-flux-dependent river incision models for landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B2), 2039, doi:10,1029/2000JB00044, 2002.
111. Whipple, K. X., E. Kirby, and S. H. Brocklehurst, Geomorphic limits to climate-induced increases in topographic relief, Nature, 401, 39-43, 1999.
112. Whipple, K. X., G. S. Hancock, and R. S. Anderson, River incision into bedrock: Mechanics and relative efficacy of plucking, abrasion, and cavitation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 490-503, 2000a.
113. Whipple, K. X., N. P. Snyder, and K. Dollenmayer, Rates and processes of bedrock incision by the Upper Ukak River since the 1912 Novarupta ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, Geology, 28, 835-838, 2000b.
114. Whipple, K. X., N. P. Snyder, and K. Dollemnayer, Rates and processes of bedrock incision by the Upper Ukak River since the 1912 Novarupta ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, Geology, 28, 835-838, 2000.
115. Willett, S. D., Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28,957-28,981, 1999.
116. Willett, S. D., and C. Beaumont, Subduction of Asian lithospheric mantle beneath Tibet inferred from models of continental collision, Nature, 369, 642-645, 1994.
117. Willett, S. D., and M. T. Brandon, On steady state in mountain belts, Geology, 30, 175-179, 2002.
118. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climatic atlas of South America, 28 pp., Geneva, 1975.
119. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climatic atlas of Asia, 28 pp., Geneva, 1981.
120. Yin, A., S. Nie, P. Craig, T. M. Harrison, F. J. Ryerson, X. L. Quin, and G. Yang, Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan, Tectonics, 17, 1-27, 1998.
121. Yue, Y. J., B. D. Ritts, and S. A. Graham, Initiation and long-lerm slip history of the Altyn Tagh fault, Int. Geol. Rev., 43, 1087-1093, 2001.
122. Zhou, Y. C., D. Z. Qiu, and Y. L. Wang, The petroleum potential of the Miocene series in the southwestern Tarim basin, Oil Gas Geol., 5, 261-270, 1984.
123. Zhou, Z. Y., and P. J. Chen (Eds.), Biostratigraphy and Geologic Evolution: Oil and Gas Geology of Tarim basin, 366 pp., Science Press, Beijing, 1990.