Properties of open-cell porous metals and alloys for orthopaedic applications

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 2293-2325

  Lewis, Gladius ^a  

^a University of Memphis   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES; METALLIC BIOMATERIALS; MODELING OF CORROSIONS; NET-SHAPING PROCESS; ORTHOPAEDIC APPLICATIONS; SPACE HOLDER MATERIALS; SPACE-HOLDER METHOD; TOTAL HIP JOINT REPLACEMENTS;

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; BONE; CORROSION RESISTANCE; FOAMS; JOINT PROSTHESES; JOINTS (ANATOMY); METALLURGY; METALS;

LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING;

ALLOY; METAL;

ARTICLE; CORROSION; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METALLURGY; MODEL; ORTHOPEDIC EQUIPMENT; PERMEABILITY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POROSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRENGTH;

ALLOYS; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, KNEE; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; ELASTICITY; HUMANS; MATERIALS TESTING; METALS; ORTHOPEDICS; PERMEABILITY; POROSITY; POWDERS; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; STRESS, MECHANICAL; SURFACE PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE; TENSILE STRENGTH; TITANIUM;

EID: 84885179956     PISSN: 09574530     EISSN: 15734838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-4998-y     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Geetha M, Singh AK, Asokamani R, Gogia AK. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants-a review. Prog Mater Sci. 2009;54:397-425.
2. Niinomi M, Nakai M, Hieda J. Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06. 037.
3. Elmay W, Prima F, Gloriant T, Bolle B, Zhong Y, Patoor E, Laheurte P. Effects of thermomechanical process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a fully martensitic titanium-based biomedical alloy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.10.018.
4. Wen CE, Yamada Y, Hodgson PD. Fabrication of novel metal alloy foams for biomedical applications. Mater Forum. 2005;29:274-7.
5. Parthasarathy J, Starly B, Raman S. A design for additive manufacture of functionality graded porous structures with tailored mechanical properties for biomedical applications. J Manuf Process. 2011;13:160-70.
6. Kopperdahl DL, Morgan EF, Keavney TM. Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone. J Orthop Res. 2002;20:801-5.
7. Levine B. A new era in porous metals: applications in orthopaedics. Adv Eng Mater. 2008;10:788-92.
8. Li P, Zhang K, Colwell CW Jr. Solution deposition of hydroxyapatite on a highly porous titanium surface enhances osseointegration. Key Eng Mat. 2005;284-286:215-8.
9. Cohen R. A porous tantalum trabecular metal: basic science. Am J Orthop. 2002;31:216-7.
10. Christie MJ. Clinical applications of Trabecular Metal. Am J Orthop. 2002;31:219-20.
11. Stiehl JB. Trabecular metal in hip reconstructive surgery. Orthopaedics. 2005;28:662-70.
12. Levine B, Della Valle CJ, Jacobs JJ. Applications of porous tantalum in total hip arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14:646-55.
13. Ryan G, Pandit A, Apatsidis DP. Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications. Biomaterials. 2006;27:2651-70.
14. Klika AK, Murray TG, Darwiche H, Barsourn WK. Options for acetabular fixation surfaces. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2007;17:187-92.
15. Levine B, Sporer S, Delal Valle CJ, Jacobs JJ, Paprosky W. Porous tantalum in reconstructive surgery of the knee: a review. J Knee Surg. 2007;20:185-94.
16. Bansiddhi A, Sargeant TD, Stupp SI, Dunand DC. Porous NiTi for bone: a review. Acta Biomater. 2008;4:773-82.
17. Patil N, Lee K, Goodman SB. Porous tantalum in hip and knee reconstructive surgery. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2009;89:242-51.
18. Murr LE, Quinones SA, Gayton SM, Lopez MI, Rodela A, Martinez EY, Hernandez DH, Martinez E, Medina F, Wicker RB. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by rapid-layer manufacturing, for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2009;2:20-32.
19. Singh R, Lee PD, Dashwood RJ, Lindley TC. Titanium foams for medical applications: a review. Mater Technol. 2010;25:127-36.
20. Mour M, Das D, Winkler T, Hoenig E, Mielke G, Morlock MM, Schilling AF. Advances in porous biomaterials for dental and orthopaedic applications. Materials. 2011;3:2947-74.
21. Zardiackas LD, Parsell DE, Dillon LD, Mitchell DW, Nunnery LA, Poggie R. Structure, metallurgy, and mechanical properties of a porous tantalum foam. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater). 2001;58:180-7.
22. Mullen L, Stamp RC, Fox P, Jones E, Ngo C, Sutcliffe CJ. Selective laser melting: a unit cell approach for the manufacture of porous, titanium, bone in-growth constructs, suitable for orthopedic applications. II. Randomized structures. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2010;92B:178-88.
23. Brailovski V, Prokoshkin S, Gauthier M, Inaekyan K, Dubinskiy S, Petrzhik M, Filonov M. Bulk and porous metastable beta Ti-Nb-Zr(Ta) alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31:643-57.
24. Covaciu M, Walczak M, Ramos-Grez J. A method for manufacturing cellular metals with open- and close-type porosities. Mater Lett. 2011;65:2947-50.
25. Basalah A, Shanjani Y, Esmaeili S, Toyserkani E. Characterizations of additive manufactured porous titanium implants. J Biomater Res Part B. 2012;100B:1970-9.
26. Yook S-W, Jung H-D, Park C-H, Shin K-H, Koh Y-H, Estrin Y, Lim H-E. Reverse freeze casting: a new method for fabricating highly porous titanium scaffolds with aligned large pores. Acta Biomater. 2012;8:2401-10.
27. Jung H-D, Yook S-W, Jang T-S, Li Y, Kim H-E, Koh Y-H. Dynamic freeze casting for the production of porous Ti scaffold. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33:59-63.
28. Li JC, Dunand DC. Mechanical properties of directionally freeze-cast titanium foams. Acta Biomater. 2011;59:146-58.
29. Esen Z, Bor S. Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V alloy foams synthesized by space holder technique. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:3200-9.
30. Hrabe NW, Heini P, Flinn B, Korner C, Bordia RK. Compression-compression fatigue of selective electron beam melted cellular titanium (Ti-6Al-4V). J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2011;99B:313-20.
31. Wen CE, Mabuchi M, Yamada Y, Shimojima K, Chino Y, Asahina T. Processing of biocompatible porous Ti and Mg. Scrip Mater. 2001;45:1147-53.
32. Wen CE, Yamada Y, Shimojima K, Chino Y, Asahina T, Mabuchi M. Processing and mechanical properties of autogenous titanium implant materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2001;13:397-401.
33. Singh R, Lee RD, Lindley TC, Dashwood RJ, Ferrie E, Imwinkelried T. Characterization of the structure and permeability of titanium foams for spinal fusion devices. Acta Biomater. 2009;5:477-87.
34. Lin J-G, Zhang Y-F, Mo M. Preparation of porous Ti35Nb alloy and its mechanical properties under monotonic and cyclic loading. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. 2010;20:390-4.
35. Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Kohlhauser C, Hellmich C, Bram M, Imwinkelried T, Dashwood RJ. Characterization of the deformation behavior of intermediate porosity interconnected Ti foams using micro-computed tomography and direct finite element modeling. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:2342-51.
36. Singh R, Lee PD, Jones JR, Poolagasundarapillai G, Post T, Lindley TC, Dashwood RJ. Hierarchically structured titanium foams for tissue scaffold applications. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:4596-604.
37. Aly MS. Effect of pore size on the tensile behavior of open-cell Ti foams: experimental results. Mater Lett. 2010;64:935-7.
38. Ye B, Dunand DC. Titanium foams produced by solid-state replication of NaCl powders. Mater Sci Eng A. 2012;528:691-7.
39. Traini T, Mangano C, Sammons RL, Mangano F, Maachi A, Piattelli A. Direct laser metal sintering as a new approach to fabrication of an isoelastic functionally graded material for manufacture of porous titanium dental implants. Dent Mater. 2008;24:1525-33.
40. Heinl P, Muller L, Korner C, Singer RF, Muller FA. Cellular Ti-6Al-4V structures with interconnected macro porosity for bone implants fabricated by selective electron beam melting. Acta Biomater. 2008;4:1536-44.
41. Yang D, Shao H, Guo Z, Lin T, Fan L. Preparation and properties of biomedical porous titanium alloys by gelcasting. Biomed Mater. 2011;6:045010.
42. Yang D, Guo Z, Shao H, Liu X, Ji Y. Mechanical properties of porous Ti-Mo and Ti-Nb alloys for biomedical application by gelcasting. Procedia Eng. 2010;36:160-7.
43. 2 and Mo powders. J Alloy Compd. 2009;485:215-8.
44. Nakas GI, Dericioglu AF, Bor S. Fatigue behavior of TiNi foams processed by the magnesium space holder technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4:2017-23.
45. Arciniegas M, Aparicio C, Manero JM, Gil FJ. Low elastic modulus metals for joint prosthesis: tantalum and nickel-titanium foams. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2007;27:3391-8.
46. Xie F, He X, Cao S, Qu X. Structural and mechanical characteristics of porous 316L stainless steel fabricated by indirect selective laser sintering. J Mater Process Technol. 2013;213:838-43.
47. Zhao C, Zhu X, Liang K, Ding J, Xiang Z, Fan H, Zhang X. Osteoinduction of porous titanium: a comparative study between acid-alkali and chemical-thermal treatments. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2010;95B:387-96.
48. Brailovski V, Prokoshkin S, Gauthier M, Inaekyan K, Dubinsky S. Mechanical properties of porous metastable beta Ti-Nb-Zr alloys for biomedical applications. J Alloy Compd. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/jallcom.2011.12.157.
49. Jurczyk K, Jurczk MU, Niespodziana J, Jurczyk M. Titanium-10 wt% 45S5 bioglass nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Mater Chem Phys. 2011;131:540-6.
50. Aguilar Maya AE, Grana DR, Hazarabedian A, Kokubu GA, Luppo MI, Vigna G. Zr-Ti-Nb porous alloys for biomedical application. Mater Sci Eng C 2010;32:321-9.
51. Gao Z, Li Q, He F, Huang Y, Wan Y. Mechanical modulation and bioactive surface modification of porous Ti-10Mo alloy for bone implants. Mater Des. 2012;42:13-20.
52. Murr LE, Amato KN, Li SJ, Tian YX, Cheng XY, Gaytan SM, Martinez E, Shindo PW, Medina F, Wicker RB. Microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cellular biomaterials prototypes for total knee replacement implants fabricated by electron beam melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4:1396-411.
53. Bertheville B, Bidaux JE. Enhanced powder sintering of near-equiatomic NiTi shape-memory alloys using Ca reductant vapor. J Alloy Compd. 2005;387:211-6.
54. Bertheville B. Porous single-phase NiTi processed under Ca reducing vapor for use as a bone graft substitute. Biomaterials. 2006;27:1246-50.
55. Chu CL, Chung CY, Lin PH, Wang SD. Fabrication of porous NiTi shape memory alloy for hard tissue implants by combustion synthesis. Mater Sci Eng. 2004;A366:114-9.
56. Bernard S, Balla VK, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Compression fatigue behavior of laser processed porous NiTi alloy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;13:62-8.
57. Shishkovsky IV, Volova LT, Kuznetsov MV, Morozoz YG, Parkin IP. Porous biocompatible implants and tissue scaffolds synthesized by selective laser sintering from Ti and NiTi. J Mater Chem. 2008;18:1309-17.
58. Imwinkelried T. Mechanical properties of open-pore titanium foam. J Biomed Mater Res. 2007;81A:964-70.
59. Prymark O, Bogdanski D, Koller M, Esenwein SA, Muhr G, Beckmann F, Donath T, Assad M, Epple M. Morphological characterization and in vitro biocompatibility of a porous nickel-titanium alloy. Biomaterials. 2005;26:5801-7.
60. Torres Y, Pavon JJ, Rodriguez JA. Processing and characterization of porous titanium for implants by using NaCl as space holder. J Mater Process Technol. 2012;212:1061-9.
61. Krishna BV, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Low stiffness porous Ti structures for load-bearing implants. Acta Biomater. 2007;3:997-1006.
62. Bandyopadhyay A, Espana F, Balla VK, Bose S, Ohgami Y, Davies NM. Influence of porosity on mechanical properties and in vivo response of Ti6Al4V implants. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:1640-8.
63. Zhang LC, Klemm D, Eckert J, Hao YL, Sercombe TB. Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of a biomedical Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloy. Scrip Mater. 2011;65:21-4.
64. Nouri A, Hodgson PD, Wen CE. Effect of process control agent on the porous structure and mechanical properties of a biomedical Ti-Sn-Nb alloy produced by powder metallurgy. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:1630-9.
65. Tuncer N, Arslan G, Maire E, Salvo L. Influence of cell aspect ratio on architecture and compressive strength of titanium foams. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:7368-74.
66. Bernard S, Balla VK, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Rotating bending fatigue response of laser processed porous NiTi alloy. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31:815-20.
67. Van Bael S, Kerckhofs G, Moesen M, Pyka G, Schrooten J, Kruth JP. Micro-CT based improvement of geometrical and mechanical controllability of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V porous structures. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528:7423-31.
68. Sevilla P, Aparicio C, Planell JA, Gil FJ. Comparison of the mechanical properties between tantalum and nickel-titanium foam implant materials for bone ingrowth applications. J Alloys Compd. 2007;439:67-73.
69. de Vasconcellos LMR, Oliveira FN, de Oliveira Leite D, de Vasconcellos LGO, do Prado RF, Ramos CJ, de Alencastro Graca ML, Cairo CAA, Carvalho YR. Novel production method of porous surface Ti samples for biomedical application. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 2012;23:357-64.
70. Niu W, Gill S, Dong H, Bai C. A new two-scale model for predicting elastic properties of porous titanium formed with space-holders. Comput Mater Sci. 2010;50:172-8.
71. Barbas A, Bonnet AS, Lipinski P, Pesci R, Dubois G. Development and mechanical characterization of porous titanium bone substitutes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;9:34-44.
72. Marin E, Fusi S, Pressacco M, Paussa L, Fedrizzi L. Characterization of cellular solids in Ti6Al4V for orthopaedic implant applications: trabecular titanium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2010;3:373-81.
73. Teoh SH, Thampuran R, Seah WKH, Goh JCH. Effect of pore sizes and cholesterol-lipid solution on the fracture toughness of pure titanium sintered compacts. Biomaterials. 1993;14:407-41.
74. IC of brittle solids by the indentation method with low crack-to-indent ratios. J Mater Sci Lett. 1982;1:13-6.
75. Ponton CB, Rawlings RD. Vickers indentation fracture toughness test. Part 1: review of literature and formulation of standardised indentation toughness equations. Mater Sci Eng. 1989;5:866-72.
76. Ponton CB, Rawlings RD. Vickers indentation fracture toughness test. Part 2: application and critical evaluation of standardised indentation toughness equations. Mater Sci Eng. 1989;5:961-75.
77. Quinn GD, Bradt RC. On the Vickers indentation fracture toughness test. J Am Ceram Soc. 2007;90:673-80.
78. Hench LL. Bioceramics: from concept to clinic. J Am Ceram Soc. 1991;74:1487-510.
79. Kienapfel H, Sprey C, Wilke A, Griss P. Implant fixation by bone ingrowth. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:355-68.
80. Kohler SS, Roberts J, Upton ML, Wilson CG, Bonassar LJ, Schlichting AL. Direct perfusion measurements of cancellous bone anisotropic permeability. J Biomech. 2001;34:1197-202.
81. Gibson L, Ashby M. Cellular solids: structure and properties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
82. German RM. Manipulation of strength during sintering as a basis for obtaining rapid densification without distortion. Mater Trans. 2001;42:1400-10.
83. Xu X, Lu P, German RM. Densification and strength evolution in solid-state sintering. Part II. Strength model. J Mater Sci. 2002;37:117-26.
84. Nielsen LF. Elasticity and damping of porous materials and impregnated materials. J Am Ceram Soc. 1984;67:93-8.
85. Camploi G, Borleffs MS, Amin Yavari S, Wauthle R, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA. Mechanical properties of open-cell metallic biomaterials manufactured using additive manufacturing. Mater Des. 2013;. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.01.071.
86. Parthasarathy J, Starly B, Raman S, Christensen A. Mechanical evaluation of porous titanium (Ti6Al4V) structures with electron beam melting (EBM). J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2010;3:249-59.
87. Heinl P, Korner C, Singer RF. Selective electron beam melting of cellular titanium: mechanical properties. Adv Eng Mater. 2008;10:882-8.
88. Gent A, Thomas A. Mechanics of foamed elastic materials. Rubber Chem Technol. 1963;36:597-601.
89. Roberts AP, Garboczi EJ. Elastic properties of model random three-dimensional open-cell solids. J Mech Phys Solids. 2002;50:33-5.
90. Babaee S, Jahromi BH, Adjari A, Nayeb-Hashemi H, Vaziri A. Mechanical properties of open-cell rhombic dodecahedron cellular structures. Acta Mater. 2012;60:2873-85.
91. Mori T, Tanaka K. Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions. Acta Metall. 1973;21:571-4.
92. Thelen S, Barthelat F, Brinson LC. Mechanics considerations for microporous titanium as an orthopedic implant material. J Biomed Mater Res. 2004;69A:601-10.
93. Muller U, Imwinklelried T, Horst M, Sievers M, Graf-Hauser U. Do human osteoblasts grow into open-porous titanium? Eur Cells Mater. 2006;11:8-15.
94. Xue W, Krishna BV, Bandyopadhyay A, Bose S. Processing and biocompatibility evaluation of laser processed porous titanium. Acta Biomater. 2007;7:1007-18.
95. Pattanayak DK, Fukuda A, Matsushita T, Takemoto M, Fujibayashi S, Sasaki K, Nishida N, Nakamura T, Kokubo T. Bioactive Ti metal analogous to human cancellous bone: fabrication by selective laser melting and chemical treatments. Acta Biomater. 2011;7:1398-406.
96. Assad M, Chernyshov A, Leroux MA, Rivard C-H. A new porous titanium-nickel alloy: part 1. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation. Biomed Mater Eng. 2002;12:225-37.
97. Gu YW, Li H, Tay BY, Lim CS, Yong MS, Khor KA. In vitro bioactivity and osteoblast response of porous NiTi synthesized by SHS using nanocrystalline Ni-Ti reaction agent. J Biomed Mater Res. 2006;78A:316-23.
98. Wu S, Liu X, Chan YL, Ho JPY, Chung CY, Chu PK, Chu CL, Yeung KWK, Lu WW, Cheung KMC, Luk KDK. Nickel release behavior, cytocompatibility, and superelasticity of oxidized porous single-phase NiTi. J Biomed Mater Res. 2007;81A:948-55.
99. Habijan T, Haberland C, Meier H, Frenzel J, Wittsiepe J, Wuwer C, Greulich C, Schildhauer TA, Koller M. The biocompatibility of dense and porous nickel-titanium produced by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33:419-26.
100. Strober W. Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Curr Protoc Immunol. 1997. Appendix 3B. Available from http://www.scribd.com/doc/6909835/ trypan-Blue-Exclusion-Test-of-Cell-Viability Accessed July 2007.
101. Parry JM. A proposal for a new OECD guideline for the in vitro micronucleus test. 1998. Available from http://www.swan.ac.uk/cget/ejgt/ articleMNUKEMS Protocol.htm. Accessed July 2007.
102. Manukyan K, Amirkhanyan N, Aydinyan S, Danghyan V, Grigoryan R, Sarkisyan N, Gasparyan G, Aroutiounian R, Kharatyan S. Novel NiZr-based porous biomaterials: synthesis and in vitro testing. Chem Eng J. 2010;162:406-14.
103. Bobyn JD, Stackpool GJ, Hacking SA, Tanzer M, Krygier JJ. Characteristics of bone ingrowth and interface mechanics of a new porous tantalum biomaterial. J Bone Joint Surg. 1999;81B:907-14.
104. Hacking SA, Bobyn JD, Toh K-K, Tanzer M, Krygier JJ. Fibrous tissue ingrowth and attachment to porous tantalum. J Biomed Mater Res. 2000;52:631-8.
105. Zou X, Li H, Bunder M, Egund N, Lind M, Bunger C. Bone ingrowth characteristics of porous tantalum and carbon fiber interbody devices: an experimental study in pigs. Spine J. 2004;4:99-105.
106. Zou X, Li H, Teng Z, Xue Q, Egund N, Lind M, Bunger C. Pedicle screw fixation enhances anterior lumbar interbody fusion with porous tantalum cages: an experimental study in pigs. Spine. 2005;30:E392-9.
107. Adams JE, Zobitz ME, Reach JS Jr, Lewallen DG, Steinmann SP. Canine carpal joint fusion: a model for four-corner arthrodesis using a porous tantalum implant. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30:1128-35.
108. Itala A, Heijink A, Leerapun T, Reach JS, An KN, Lewallen DG. Successful canine patellar tendon reattachment to porous tantalum. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;463:202-7.
109. Levi AD, Choi WG, Keller PJ, Heiserman JE, Sonntag VK, Dickman CA. The radiographic and imaging characteristics of porous tantalum implants within the human cervical spine. Spine. 1998;23:1245-50.
110. Assad M, Chernyshov A, Leroux MA, Rivard C-H. A new porous titanium-nickel alloy: part 2. Sensitization, irritation and systemic toxicity evaluation. Biomed Mater Eng. 2002;12:339-46.
111. Kim JS, Kang JH, Kang SB, Yoon KS, Kwon YS. Porous NiTi biomaterial by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Adv Eng Mater. 2004;6:403-6.
112. Wigfield C, Robertson J, Gill S, Nelson R. Clinical experience with porous tantalum interbody implants in a prospective randomized controlled trail. Br J Neurosurg. 2003;17:418-25.
113. Moen TC, Ghate R, Salaz N, Ghodasra J, Stulberg SD. A monoblock porous tantalum acetabular cup has no osteolysis on CT at 10 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:382-6.
114. Meneghini RM, Ford KS, McCollough CH, Hanssen AD, Lewallen DG. Bone remodeling around porous metal cementless acetabular components. J Arthroplasty. 2009;25:741-7.
115. Kitamura N, Leung SB, Engh CA Sr. Characteristics of pelvic osteolysis on computed tomography after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;441:291-7.
116. Tsao AK, Roberson JR, Christie MJ, Dore DD, Heck AD, Robertson DD, Poggie RA. Biomechanical and clinical evaluations of a porous tantalum implant for the treatment of early-stage osteonecrosis. J Bone Joint Surg. 2005;87(Suppl 2):22-7.
117. Shuler MS, Rooks MD, Roberson JR, Christie MJ. Porous tantalum implant in early osteonecrosis of the hip: preliminary report on operative, survival, and outcomes results. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:26-31.
118. Sporer SM, Paprosky WG. Acetabular revision using a trabecular metal acetabular component for severe acetabular bone loss associated with a pelvic discontinuity. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21(Suppl):87-90.
119. Bal BS, Greenberg DD, Lowe J, Aleto TJ. Primary total knee arthroplasty performed with minimally invasive surgery subvastus approach. Tech Knee Surg. 2007;6:60-7.
120. Weeden SH, Schmidt RH. The use of tantalum porous metal implants for Paprosky 3A and 3B defects. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22(Suppl 2):151-5.
121. Meneghini RM, Lewallen DG, Hanssen AD. Use of porous tantalum metaphyseal cones for severe tibial loss during revision total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg. 2008;90:78-84.
122. Fernandez-Fairen M, Sala P, Dufoo M Jr, Ballester J, Murica A, Merzthal L. Anterior cervical fusion with tantalum implant: a prospective randomized controlled study. Spine. 2008;33:465-72.
123. Macheras G, Kateros K, Kostakos A, Koutsostathis S, Denomaras D, Papagelopoulos PJ. Eight- to ten-year clinical and radiographic outcome of a porous tantalum monoblock acetabular component. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:705-9.
124. Xenakis TA, Macheras GA, Stafilas KS, Kostakos AT, Bargiotas K, Malizos KN. Multicenter use of a porous tantalum monoblock acetabular component. Int Orthop. 2009;33:911-6.
125. Dunbar MJ, Wilson DAJ, Hennigar AW, Amirault JD, Gross M, Reardon GP. Fixation of a trabecular metal knee arthroplasty component: a prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg. 2009;91:1578-86.
126. Frigg A, Dougali H, Boyd S, Nigg B. Can porous tantalum be used to achieve ankle and subtalar arthrodesis? A pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:209-16.
127. Lofgren H, Engquist M, Hoffmann P, Sigstedt B, Vavruch L. Clinical and radiological evaluation of Trabecular Metal and Smith-Robinson technique in anterior cervical fusion for degenerative disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled study with 2-year follow-up. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:464-74.
128. Baad-Hansen T, Kold S, Nielsen PT, Laursen MB, Christensen PH, Soballe K. Comparison of trabecular metal cups and titanium fiber-mesh cups in primary hip arthroplasty: a randomized RSA and bone mineral densitometry study of 50 hips. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:155-60.
129. Unger AS, Duggan JP. Midterm results of a porous tantalum monoblock tibia component: clinical and radiographic results of 109 knees. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:855-60.
130. Jafari SM, Bender B, Covie C, Parvizi J, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ. Do tantalum and titanium cups show similar results in revision hip arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:459-65.
131. Tucker DJ. Lateral column lengthening in adult flatfoot surgery using a titanium metal foam wedge implant. Tech Foot Ankle Surg. 2010;9:205-10.
132. Qi G, Fan M, Lewis G, Wayne SF. An innovative multi-component variable that reveals hierarchy and evolution of structural damage in a solid: application to acrylic bone cement. J Mater Sci: Mater Med. 2012;23:217-28.
133. Garcia-Moreno F, Mukherjee M, Jimenez C, Rack A, Banhart J. Metal foaming investigated by X-ray radioscopy. Metals. 2012;2:10-21.
134. Keavney TM, Morgan EF, Niebur GL, Yeh OC. Biomechanics of trabecular bone. Ann Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;3:307-33.
135. Orazem ME, Tribollet B. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Hoboken: Wiley; 2008.
136. Scheideler L, Füger C, Schille C, Rupp F, Wendel H-P, Hort N, Reichel HP, Geis-Gerstorfer J. Comparison of different in vitro tests for biocompatibility screening of Mg alloys. Acta Biomater. 2013. doi: 10.1016/jactbio.2013.02.020.
137. Zhang X, Zhou B, Zeng Y, Gu P. Model layout optimization for solid ground curing rapid prototyping processes. Robotics Comput Integr Manuf. 2002;18:41-51.
138. Lu ZL, Shi YS, Liu JH, Chen Y, Huang SH. Manufacturing AISI304 metal parts by indirect selective laser sintering combined with isostatic pressing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2008;39:1157-63.
139. Bertol LS, Junior WK, da Silva FP, Aumund-Kopp C. Medical design: direct metal laser sintering of Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Des. 2010;31:3982-8.
140. Nugroho AW, Leadbeater G, Davies IJ. Processing of a porous titanium alloy from elemental powders using solid state isothermal foaming technique. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010;21:3103-7.
141. Kashef S, Asgari A, Hilditch TB, Yan W, Goel VK, Hodgson PD. Fracture toughness of titanium foams for medical applications. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527:7689-93.