Regeneration and replacement of the intervertebral disc

Principles of Tissue Engineering, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 877-896

  Setton, Lori A ^a   Bonassar, Lawrence J ^b   Masuda, Koichi ^c  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering   (United States)

^c RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885123589     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370615-7/50062-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. M.A. Adams, D.S. McNally and P. Dolan (1996) “Stress” distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 78(6), 965-972
2. S.H. Ahn, Y.W. Cho, M.W. Ahn, S.H. Jang, Y.K. Sohn and H.S. Kim (2002) mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in herni-ated lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 27(9), 911-917
3. K. Akeda, H.S. An, R. Pichika, M. Attawia, E. Thonar, M.E. Lenz, A. Uchida and K. Masuda (2006) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) stimulates the extracellular matrix metabolism of porcine nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus cells cultured in alginate beads. Spine 31(9), 959-966
4. H.S. An, K. Takegami, H. Kamada, C.M. Nguyen, E.J. Thonar, K. Singh, G.B. Andersson and K. Masuda (2005) Intradiscal administration of osteogenic protein-1 increases intervertebral disc height and proteo-glycan content in the nucleus pulposus in normal adolescent. Spine 30(1), 25-31
5. G.B.J. Andersson (1996) Intervertebral disk herniation: epidemiology and natural history. J.N. Weinstein, S.L. Gordon (Eds) Low Back Pain: A Scientific and Clinical Over-view Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 7-21
6. G.B. Andersson, R. Ortengren and A. Nachemeson (1982) Disc pres-sure measurements when rising and sitting down on a chair. Eng. Med. 11(4), 189-190
7. J. Antoniou, N.M. Goudsouzian, T.F. Heathfield, N. Winterbottom, T. Steffen, A.R. Poole, M. Aebi and M. Alini (1996) The human lumbar endplate. Evidence of changes in biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, aging, and degeneration. Spine 21(10), 1153-1161
8. A. Au, J. Ha, A. Polotsky, K. Krzyminski, A. Gutowska, D.S. Hungerford and C.G. Frondoza (2003) Thermally reversible polymer gel for chondrocyte culture. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 67(4), 1310-1319
9. A.E. Baer, J.T. Wang, V.B. Kraus and L.A. Setton (2001) Collagen gene expression and mechanical properties of intervertebral disc cell-alginate cultures. J. Orthop. Res. 19(1), 2-10
10. Q.B. Bao and H.A. Yuan (2002) New technologies in spine: nucleus replacement. Spine 27 1245-1247
11. M.T. Bayliss and B. Johnstone (1992) Biochemistry of the interverte-bral disc. M.I.V. Jayson (Eds) The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain New York: Churchill Livingstone 111-131
12. L.M. Benneker, P.F. Heini, M. Alini, S.E. Anderson and K. Ito (2005) 2004 Young investigator award winner: vertebral endplate marrow contact channel occlusions and intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 30(2), 167-173
13. R. Bertagnoli, C.T. Sabatino, J.T. Edwards, G.A. Gontarz, A. Prewett and J.R. Parsons (2005) Mechanical testing of a novel hydrogel nucleus replacement implant. Spine J. 5(6), 672-681
14. H. Betre, L.A. Setton, D. Meyer and A. Chilkoti (2002) characterization of a genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptide for cartilagi-nous tissue repair. Biomacromolecules 3 910-916
15. N. Bodguk (1988) Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone
16. N. Boos, S. Weissbach, H. Rohrbach, C. Weiler, K.F. Spratt and A.G. Nerlich (2002) Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science. Spine 27(23), 2631-2644
17. L.M. Boyd, J. Chen, V.B. Kraus and L.A. Setton (2004) Conditioned medium differentially regulates matrix protein gene expression in cells of the intervertebral disc. Spine 29(20), 2217-2222
18. J.A. Buckwalter (1995) Aging and degeneration of the human interver-tebral disc. Spine 20(11), 1307-1314
19. J.G. Burke, G.W. RW, D. Conhyea, D. McCormack, F.E. Dowling, M.G. Walsh and J.M. Fitzpatrick (2003) Human nucleus pulposus can respond to a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Spine 28(24), 2685-2693
20. A.K. Burkoth and K.S. Anseth (2000) A review of photocrosslinked polyanhydrides: in situ forming degradable networks. Biomaterials 21(23), 2395-2404
21. A. Carl, E. Ledet, H. Yuan and A. Sharan (2004) New developments in nucleus pulposus replacement technology. Spine J. 4(6 Suppl.), 325S-329S
22. J.J. Cassidy, A. Hiltner and E. Baer (1989) Hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc. Connect. Tissue Res. 23 75-88
23. S. Chang, K. Masuda, K. Takegami, D. Sumner, E.J.-M.A. Thonar, G. Andersson and H. An (2000) Gene gun-mediated gene transfer to intervertebral disc cells. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 25 231
24. T. Chujo, H. An, K. Akeda, K. Miyamoto, C. Muehleman, M. Attawia, G. Andersson and K. Masuda (2006) Effects of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) on the intervertebral disc — in vitro bovine study and in vivo rabbit disc degeneration mo. Spine 31(25), 2909-2917
25. N.B. Coventry, R.K. Ghormley and J.W. Kernohan (1945) The intervertebral disc —its microscopic anatomy and pathology. Part I: anatomy, development and physiology. J. Bone Joint Surg. 27A 105-112
26. N.B. Coventry, R.K. Ghormley and J.W. Kernohan (1945) The inter-vertebral disc —its microscopic anatomy and pathology. Part II: changes in the intervertebral disc concomittant with age. J. Bone Joint Surg. 27A 233-247
27. G. Crevensten, A.J.L. Walsh, D. Ananthakrishnan, P. Page, G.M. Wahba, J.C. Lotz and S. Berven (2004) Intervertebral disc cell therapy for regeneration: mesenchymal stem cell implantation in rat inter-vertebral discs. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32(3), 430-434
28. C.J. DeFrances and M.N. Podgornik (2006) 2004 national hospital discharge survey. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control May 4
29. M.A. Di Martino A., A.R. Vaccaro, J.Y. Lee, V. Denaro and M.R. Lim (2005) Nucleus pulposus replacement: basic science and indications for clini-cal use. Spine 30(16 Suppl.), S16-S22
30. M.J. Driesse, M.C. Esandi, J.M. Kros, C.J. Avezaat, C. Vecht, C. Zurcher, I. van der Velde, D. Valerio, A. Bout and S.P.A. Sillevis Smitt P.A. (2000) Intra-CSF administered recombinant adenovirus causes an immune response-mediated toxicity. Gene Ther. 7(16), 1401-1409
31. S. Ebara, J.C. Iatridis, L.A. Setton, V.C. Mow and M. Weidenbaum (1996) The tensile properties of human lumbar anulus fibrosus and their variations with region in the intervertebral disc. Spine 21 452-461
32. J. Elisseeff (2004) Injectable cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 4(12), 1849-1859
33. D.M. Elliott and L.A. Setton (2001) Anisotropic and inhomogeneous tensile behavior of the human anulus fibrosus: experimental mea-surement and material model predictions. J. Biomech. Eng. 123(3), 256-263
34. C. Evans (2006) Potential biologic therapies for the intervertebral disc. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 88(Suppl. 2), 95-98
35. Y. Fujita, N.A. Duncan and J.C. Lotz (1997) Radial tensile properties of the lumbar anulus fibrosus are site and degeneration dependent. J. Orthop. Res. 15(6), 814-819
36. J.O. Galante (1967) Tensile properties of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Acta. Orthop. Scand. (Suppl. 100), 1-91
37. T. Ganey, J. Libera, V. Moos, O. Alasevic, K.G. Fritsch, H.J. Meisel and W.C. Hutton (2003) Disc chondrocyte transplantation in a canine model: a treatment for degenerated or damaged intervertebral disc. Spine 28(23), 2609-2620
38. H.E. Gruber, E.C. Fisher Jr., B. Desai, A.A. Stasky, G. Hoelscher and E.N. Hanley Jr. (1997) Human intervertebral disc cells from the anulus: three-dimensional culture in agarose or alginate and respon-siveness to TGF-beta1. Exp. Cell Res. 235(1), 13-21
39. H.E. Gruber, H.J. Norton and E.N. Hanley Jr. (2000) Anti-apoptotic effects of IGF-1 and PDGF on human intervertebral disc cells in vitro. Spine 25(17), 2153-2157
40. H.E. Gruber, T.L. Johnson, K. Leslie, J.A. Ingram, D. Martin, G. Hoelscher, D. Banks, L. Phieffer, G. Coldham and E.N. Hanley Jr. (2002) Autologous intervertebral disc cell implantation: a model using Psammomys obesus, the sand rat. Spine 27(15), 1626-1633
41. H.E. Gruber, K. Leslie, J. Ingram, H.J. Norton and E.N. Hanley (2004) Cell-based tissue engineering for the intervertebral disc: in vitro studies of human disc cell gene expression and matrix production within selected c. Spine J. 4(1), 44-55
42. D.J. Hamilton, C.A. Seguin, J. Wang, R.M. Pilliar and R.A. Kandel (2006) Formation of a nucleus pulposus-cartilage endplate construct in vitro. Biomaterials 27(3), 397-405
43. A.J. Hayes, M. Benjamin and J.R. Ralphs (2001) Extracellular matrix in development of the intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol. 20(2), 107-121
44. D.S. Hickey and D.W.L. Hukins (1980) X-ray diffraction studies of the arrangement of collagenous fibers in human fetal intervertebral disc. J. Anatomy 131 81-90
45. S. Holm, A. Maroudas, J.P. Urban, G. Selstam and A. Nachemson (1981) Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metab-olism. Connect. Tissue Res. 8 101-119
46. G.A. Holzapfel, C.A. Schulze-Bauer, G. Feigl and P. Regitnig (2005) Single lamellar mechanics of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Biomech. Model Mechanobiol. 3(3), 125-140
47. R.C. Huang, T.M. Wright, M.M. Panjabi and J.D. Lipman (2005) Biomechanics of nonfusion implants. Orthop. Clin. North Am. 36(3), 271-280
48. H. Hurri and J. Karppinen (2004) Discogenic pain. Pain 112 225-228
49. T. Igarashi, S. Kikuchi, V. Shubayev and R.R. Myers (2000) 2000 Volvo Award winner in basic science studies: exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha mimics nucleus pulposus-induced neuropathology. Molecular, histologic,. Spine 25(23), 2975-2980
50. Y. Imai, H. An, E. Thonar, G. Andersson and K. Masuda (2002) Recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (rhOP-1) up-regulates extracellular matrix metabolism by human anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells. Spine J. 2 101S
51. T. Iwashina, J. Mochida, D. Sakai, Y. Yamamoto, T. Miyazaki, K. Ando and T. Hotta (2006) Feasibility of using a human nucleus pulposus cell line as a cell source in cell transplantation therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 31(11), 1177-1186
52. J.D. Kang, H.I. Georgescu, L. McIntyre-Larkin, M. Stefanovic-Racic, W.F. Donaldson 3rd and C.H. Evans (1996) Herniated lumbar inter-vertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine 21(3), 271-277
53. D.J. Kim, S.H. Moon, H. Kim, U.H. Kwon, M.S. Park, K.J. Han, S.B. Hahn and H.M. Lee (2003) Bone morphogenetic protein-2 facilitates expression of chondrogenic, not osteogenic, phenotype of human intervertebral disc cells. Spine 28(24), 2679-2684
54. P.M. Klara and C.D. Ray (2002) Artificial nucleus replacement: clinical experience. Spine 27(12), 1374-1377
55. S.-M. Kokkonen, M. Kurunlahti, O. Tervonen, E. Iikko and H. Vanharanta (2002) Endplate degeneration observed on magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine: correlation with pain provocation and disc changes observed on computed tom. Spine 27(20), 2274-2278
56. C. Lattermann, W.M. Oxner, X. Xiao, J. Li, L.G. Gilbertson, P.D. Robbins and J.D. Kang (2005) The adeno-associated viral vector as a strategy for intradiscal gene transfer in immune competent and pre-exposed rabbits. Spine 30(5), 497-504
57. C.L. Le Maitre, A.J. Freemont and J.A. Hoyland (2004) Localization of degradative enzymes and their inhibitors in the degenerate human intervertebral disc. J. Pathol. 204(1), 47-54
58. C.L. Le Maitre, A.J. Freemont and J.A. Hoyland (2005) The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of human intervertebral disc degen-eration. Arthritis Res. Ther. 7(4), R732-R745
59. C.L. Le Maitre, A.J. Freemont and J.A. Hoyland (2006) A preliminary in vitro study into the use of IL-1Ra gene therapy for the inhibition of intervertebral disc degeneration. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 87(1), 17-28
60. V.Y. Leung, D. Chan and K.M. Cheung (2006) Regeneration of inter-vertebral disc by mesenchymal stem cells: potentials, limitations, and future direction. Eur. Spine J. (in print)
61. X. Li, B.M. Leo, G. Beck, G. Balian and G.D. Anderson (2004) Col-lagen and proteoglycan abnormalities in the GDF-5-deficient mice and molecular changes when treating disk cells with recombinant growth factor. Spine 29(20), 2229-2234
62. X.D. Li, J.P. Lee, G. Balian and D.G. Anderson (2005) Modulation of chondrocytic properties of fat-derived mesenchymal cells in cocultures with nucleus pulposus. Connect. Tissue Res. 46(2), 75-82
63. X. Liu, K. Li, J. Song, C. Liang, X. Wang and X. Chen (2006) Efficient and stable gene expression in rabbit intervertebral disc cells transduced with a recombinant baculovirus vector. Spine 31(7), 732-735
64. J.C. Lotz and A.J. Kim (2005) Disc regeneration: why, when, and how. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 16(4), 657-663
65. J.C. Lotz and A.J. Kim (2005) Disc regeneration: why, when, and how. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 16(4), vii
66. A. Maroudas, R.A. Stockwell, A. Nachemson and J. Urban (1975) Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose. in vitro. J. Anat. 120 113-130
67. K. Masuda and H.S. An (2004) Growth factors and the intervertebral disc. SpineJ. 4(6 Suppl.), 330S-340S
68. K. Masuda, K. Takegami, H. An, F. Kumano, K. Chiba, G.B. Andersson, T. Schmid and E. Thonar (2003) Recombinant osteogenic protein-1 upregulates extracellular matrix metabolism by rabbit anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells cultured in alginate beads. J. Orthop. Res. 21(5), 922-930
69. K. Masuda, Y. Imai, M. Okuma, C. Muehleman, K. Nakagawa, K. Akeda, E. Thonar, G. Andersson and H.S. An (2006) Osteogenic protein-1 injection into a degenerated disc induces the restoration of disc height and structural changes in the rabbit anular puncture model. Spine 31(7), 742-754
70. T. Matsumoto, K. Masuda, H. An, S. Chen, A. Williamson, R. Sah, G.B.J. Andersson, D. Rueger and E.J.-M.A. Thonar (2001) formation of transplantable disc-shaped tissues by nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus cells: biochemical and biomechanical properties. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 26 897
71. T. Matsumoto, K. Masuda, S. Chen, H. An, G.B.J. Andersson, Y. Aota, E. Horvath and E.J.-M.A. Thonar (2001) Transfer of osteogenic protein-1 gene by gene gun system promotes matrix synthesis in bovine intervertebral disc and articular cartilage cells. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 26 30
72. P.C. McAfee (2004) The indications for lumbar and cervical disc replacement. Spine J. 4 177S-181S
73. D.S. McNally and M.A. Adams (1992) Internal intervertebral disc mechanics as revealed by stress profilometry. Spine 17 66-73
74. G. Meachim and M.S. Cornah (1970) Fine structure of juvenile human nucleus pulposus. J. Anat. 107(2), 337-350
75. H.J. Meisel, T. Ganey, W.C. Hutton, J. Libera, Y. Minkus and O. Alasevic (2006) Clinical experience in cell-based therapeutics: intervention and outcome. Eur. Spine J. (in print)
76. N.R. Mercier, H.R. Costantino, M.A. Tracy and L.J. Bonassar (2004) A novel injectable approach for cartilage formation in vivo using PLG microspheres. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 32(3), 418-429
77. K. Miyamoto, K. Masuda, J. Kim, N. Inoue, K. Akeda, G. Andersson and H. An (2006) Intradiscal injections of osteogenic protein-1 restore the viscoelastic properties of degenerated intervertebral discs. Spine J. 6(6), 692-703
78. H. Mizuno, A.K. Roy, C.A. Vacanti, K. Kojima, M. Ueda and L.J. Bonassar (2004) Tissue-engineered composites of anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus for intervertebral disc replacement. Spine 29(12), 1290-1297
79. H. Mizuno, A.K. Roy, V. Zaporojan, C.A. Vacanti, M. Ueda and L.J. Bonassar (2006) Biomechanical and biochemical characterization of composite tissue-engineered intervertebral discs. Biomaterials 27(3), 362-370
80. M.T. Modic, M.A. Weinstein, W. Pavlicek, F. Dengel, D. Paushter, F. Boumphrey, P.M. Duchesneau, F.Q.H. Ngo and T.F. Meaney (1984) Magnetic resonance of intervertebral-disk disease. Magn. Reson. Med. 1(2), 207-208
81. S.H. Moon, L.G. Gilbertson, K. Nishida, M. Knaub, T. Muzzonigro, P.D. Robbins, C.H. Evans and J.D. Kang (2000) Human interverte-bral disc cells are genetically modifiable by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer: implications for the clinical management of intervertebral d. Spine 25(20), 2573-2579
82. F. Mwale, M. Iordanova, C.N. Demers, T. Steffen, P. Roughley and J. Antoniou (2005) Biological evaluation of chitosan salts cross-linked to genipin as a cell scaffold for disk tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 11(1–2), 130-140
83. A. Nachemson (1960) Lumbar intradiscal pressure. Experimental studies on postmortem material. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 43 1-103
84. A. Nachemson (1992) Lumbar mechanics as revealed by lumbar intra-discal pressure measurements. M.I.V. Jayson (Eds) The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone 157-171
85. A. Nachemson, T. Lewin, A. Maroudas and M.A. Freeman (1970) In vitro diffusion of dye through the endplates and the anulus fibrosus of human lumbar intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop. Scand. 41(6), 589-607
86. K. Nishida, J.D. Kang, J.K. Suh, P.D. Robbins, C.H. Evans and L.G. Gilbertson (1998) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to nucleus pulposus cells. Implications for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 23(22), 2437-2442
87. K. Nishida, J.D. Kang, L.G. Gilbertson, S.H. Moon, J.K. Suh, M.T. Vogt, P.D. Robbins and C.H. Evans (1999) Modulation of the biologic activity of the rabbit intervertebral disc by gene therapy: an in vivo study of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human t. Spine 24(23), 2419-2425
88. K. Nishida, M. Doita, T. Takada, K. Kakutani, H. Miyamoto, T. Shimomura, K. Maeno and M. Kurosaka (2006) Sustained transgene expression in intervertebral disc cells in vivo mediated by microbubble-enhanced ultrasound gene therapy. Spine 31(13), 1415-1419
89. K. Nishimura and J. Mochida (1998) Percutaneous reinsertion of the nucleus pulposus. An experimental study. Spine 23 1531-1538
90. T. Nomura, J. Mochida, M. Okuma, K. Nishimura and K. Sakabe (2001) Nucleus pulposus allograft retards intervertebral disc degenera-tion. Clin. Orthop. 389 94-101
91. T.R. Oegema (1990) Recent advances in understanding the biochem-istry of the IVD. Y. Floman (Eds) Disorders of the Lumbar Spine Rockville, MD: Aspen 53-71
92. T.R.J. Oegema (1993) Biochemistry of the intervertebral disc. Clin. Sports Med. 12(3), 419-439
93. T.R.J. Oegema (2002) The role of disc cell heterogeneity in determin-ing disc biochemistry: a speculation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30(6), 839-844
94. M. Okuma, J. Mochida, K. Nishimura, K. Sakabe and K. Seiki (2000) Reinsertion of stimulated nucleus pulposus cells retards intervertebral disc degeneration: an in vitro and in vivo experimental study. J. Orthop. Res. 18(6), 988-997
95. K. Olmarker and K. Larsson (1998) Tumor necrosis factor alpha and nucleus-pulposus-induced nerve root injury. Spine 23(23), 2538-2544
96. R. Osada, H. Ohshima, H. Ishihara, K. Yudoh, K. Sakai, H. Matsui and H. Tsuji (1996) Autocrine/paracrine mechanism of insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion, and the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on proteoglycan synthesis in bovine in. J. Orthop. Res. 14(5), 690-699
97. M. Panjabi, M. Brown, S. Lindahl, L. Irstam and M. Hermens (1988) Intrinsic disc pressure as a measure of integrity of the lumbar spine. Spine 13(8), 913-917
98. R. Paul, R.C. Haydon, H. Cheng, A. Ishikawa, N. Nenadovich, W. Jiang, L. Zhou, B. Breyer, T. Feng, P. Gupta, et al. (2003) Potential use of sox9 gene therapy for intervertebral degenerative disc disease. Spine 28 755-763
99. G.M. Peretti, J.W. Xu, L.J. Bonassar, C.H. Kirchhoff, M.J. Yaremchuk and M.A. Randolph (2006) Review of injectable cartilage engineering using fibrin gel in mice and swine models. Tissue Eng. 12(5), 1151-1168
100. R. Pichika, H. Betre, L.A. Setton, H.S. An and K. Masuda (2006) Bioactivity of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) and a related fusion protein in inhibiting IL-1-mediated effects in human intervertebral disc cells. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 52
101. F. Postacchini, M. Bellocci and M. Massobrio (1984) Morphologic changes in anulus fibrosus during aging: an ultrastructural study in rats. Spine 9(6), 596-603
102. A. Praemer, S. Furner and D.P. Rice (1999) Back and other joint pain. Musculoskeletal Conditions in the United States Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 27-33
103. W.C. Puelacher, S.W. Kim, J.P. Vacanti, B. Schloo, D. Mooney and C.A. Vacanti (1994) Tissue-engineered growth of cartilage —the effect of varying the concentration of chondrocytes seeded onto synthetic-polymer matrices. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 23(1), 49-53
104. S.M. Richardson, J.M. Curran, R. Chen, A. Vaughan-Thomas, J.A. Hunt, A.J. Freemont and J.A. Hoyland (2006) The differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocyte-like cells on poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds. Biomaterials 27(22), 4069-4078
105. S.M. Richardson, R.V. Walker, S. Parker, N.P. Rhodes, J.A. Hunt, A.J. Freemont and J.A. Hoyland (2006) Intervertebral disc cell-mediated mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 24(3), 707-716
106. M.V. Risbud, T.J. Albert, A. Guttapalli, E.J. Vresilovic, A.S. Hillibrand, A.R. Vaccaro and I.M. Shapiro (2004) Differentiation of mesen-chymal stem cells towards a nucleus pulposus-like phenotype in vitro: implications for cell-based transplantation therapy. Spine 29(23), 2627-2632
107. S. Roberts, J. Menage, V. Duance, S. Wotton and S. Ayad (1991) 1991 Volvo Award in basic sciences. Collagen types around the cells of the intervertebral disc and cartilage end plate: an immunolocalization study. Spine 16(9), 1030-1038
108. S. Roberts, J.P. Urban, H. Evans and S.M. Eisenstein (1996) Trans-port properties of the human cartilage endplate in relation to its com-position and calcification. Spine 21(4), 415-420
109. S. Roberts, B. Caterson, J. Menage, E.H. Evans, D.C. Jaffray and S.M. Eisenstein (2000) Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanase: their role in disorders of the human intervertebral disc. Spine 25(23), 3005-3013
110. P.J. Roughley (2004) Biology of intervertebral disc aging and degenera-tion: involvement of the extracellular matrix. Spine 29(23), 2691-2699
111. P. Roughley, C. Hoemann, E. DesRosiers, F. Mwale, J. Antoniou and M. Alini (2006) The potential of chitosan-based gels containing intervertebral disc cells for nucleus pulposus supplementation. Bioma-terials 27(3), 388-396
112. A. Rufai, M. Benjamin and J.R. Ralphs (1995) The development of fibrocartilage in the rat intervertebral disc. Anat. Embryol. 192 53-62
113. D. Sakai, J. Mochida, Y. Yamamoto, T. Nomura, M. Okuma, K. Nishimura, T. Nakai, K. Ando and T. Hotta (2003) Transplantation of mesen-chymal stem cells embedded in Atelocollagen gel to the intervertebral disc: a potential therapeutic model for disc degeneration. Biomaterials 24(20), 3531-3541
114. D. Sakai, J. Mochida, Y. Yamamoto, E. Toh, T. Iwashina, T. Miyazaki, S. Inokuchi, K. Ando and T. Hotta (2004) Immortalization of human nucleus pulposus cells by a recombinant SV40 adenovirus vector: establishment of a novel cell line for the study of human nucleus pul. Spine 29(14), 1515-1523
115. D. Sakai, J. Mochida, T. Iwashina, T. Watanabe, T. Nakai, K. Ando and T. Hotta (2005) Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted to a rabbit degenerative disc model: potential and limitations for stem cell therapy in disc regenerati. Spine 30(21), 2379-2387
116. M. Sato, T. Asazuma, M. Ishihara, M. Ishihara, T. Kikuchi, M. Kikuchi and K. Fujikawa (2003) An experimental study of the regeneration of the intervertebral disc with an allograft of cultured anulus fibrosus cells using a tissue-engineering method. Spine 28(6), 548-553
117. A. Schultz, G. Andersson, R. Ortengren, K. Haderspeck and A. Nachemson (1982) Loads on the lumbar spine. Validation of a bio-mechanical analysis by measurements of intradiscal pressures and myoelectric signals. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 64(5), 713-720
118. C.A. Seguin, M.D. Grynpas, R.M. Pilliar, S.D. Waldman and R.A. Kandel (2004) Tissue-engineered nucleus pulposus tissue formed on a porous calcium polyphosphate substrate. Spine 29(12), 1299-1306
119. C.A. Seguin, R.M. Pilliar, P.J. Roughley and R.A. Kandel (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates matrix production and catabolism in nucleus pulposus tissue. Spine 30(17), 1940-1948
120. E. Selard, A. Shirazi-Adl and J.P. Urban (2003) Finite-element study of nutrient diffusion in the human intervertebral disc. Spine 28(17), 1945-1953
121. A. Shirazi-Adl (1992) Finite-element simulation of changes in the fluid content of human lumbar discs. Mechanical and clinical implications. Spine 17 206-212
122. D.L. Skaggs, M. Weidenbaum, J.C. Iatridis, A. Ratcliffe and V.C. Mow (1994) Regional variation in tensile properties and biochemical composition of the human lumbar anulus fibrosus. Spine 19 1310-1319
123. S.H. Sontjens, D.L. Nettles, M.A. Carnahan, L.A. Setton and M.W. Grinstaff (2006) Biodendrimer-based hydrogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue repair. Biomacromolecules 7(1), 310-316
124. J.W. Stairmand, S. Holm and J.P. Urban (1991) Factors influencing oxygen concentration gradients in the intervertebral disc. A theoretical analysis. Spine 16 444-449
125. E. Steck, H. Bertram, R. Abel, B. Chen, A. Winter and W. Richter (2005) Induction of intervertebral disc-like cells from adult mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 23(3), 403-411
126. R. Sztrolovics, M. Alini, P.J. Roughley and J.S. Mort (1997) Aggrecan degradation in human intervertebral disc and articular cartilage. Biochem. J. 326 235-241
127. J.R. Taylor and L.T. Twomey (1988) The development of the human intervertebral disc. P. Ghosh (Eds) The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 39-82
128. J.S. Temenoff and A.G. Mikos (2000) Injectable biodegradable materials in orthopaedic tissue engineering. Biomaterials 21 2405-2412
129. J. Thomas, A. Lowman and M. Marcolongo (2003) Novel associated hydrogels for nucleus pulposus replacement. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 67(4), 1329-1337
130. J.P. Thompson, T.J. Oegema and D.S. Bradford (1991) Stimulation of mature canine intervertebral disc by growth factors. Spine 16(3), 253-260
131. Y.S. Tim Yoon S., K.K. Su Kim K., J. Li, P.J. Soo Park J., T. Akamaru, W.A. Elmer and W.C. Hutton (2003) The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on rat intervertebral disc cells in vitro. Spine 28(16), 1773-1780
132. J.J. Trout, J.A. Buckwalter, K.C. Moore and S.K. Landas (1982) Ultrastructure of the human intervertebral disc: I. Changes in noto-chordal cells with age. Tissue Cell 14 359-369
133. J.P. Urban and J.F. McMullin (1985) Swelling pressure of the inter-vertebral disc: influence of proteoglycan and collagen contents. Biorheology 22(2), 145-157
134. J.P. Urban and J.F. McMullin (1988) Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition, and degeneration. Spine 13(2), 179-187
135. J.P. Urban and S. Roberts (1995) Development and degeneration of the intervertebral discs. Mol. Med. Today 1(7), 329-335
136. J.P. Urban and S. Roberts (2003) Degeneration of the intervertebral. disc. Arthritis Res. Ther. 5(3), 120-130
137. J.P. Urban, S. Holm, A. Maroudas and A. Nachemson (1977) Nutri-tion of the intervertebral disk. An in vivo study of solute transport. Clin. Orthop. 129 101-114
138. C.J. Wallach, S. Sobajima, Y. Watanabe, J.S. Kim, H.I. Georgescu, P. Robbins, L.G. Gilbertson and J.D. Kang (2003) Gene transfer of the catabolic inhibitor TIMP-1 increases measured proteoglycans in cells from degenerated human intervertebral discs. Spine 28(20), 2331-2337
139. C.J. Wallach, J.S. Kim, S. Sobajima, C. Lattermann, W.M. Oxner, K. McFadden, P.D. Robbins, L.G. Gilbertson and J.D. Kang (2006) Safety assessment of intradiscal gene transfer: a pilot study. Spine J. 6(2), 107-112
140. A.L. Walsh, F. Kleinstueek, J. Lotz and D. Bradford (2001) Growth factor treatment in degenerated intervertebral discs. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 26 0892
141. A.L. Walsh, J. Lotz and D. Bradford (2002) Single and multiple injec-tions of GDF-5, IGF-1, or TGF-beta into degenerated intervertebral discs. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 27 0820
142. H. Wang, M. Kroeber, M. Hanke, R. Ries, C. Schmid, W. Poller and W. Richter (2004) Release of active and depot GDF-5 after adenovirus-mediated overexpression stimulates rabbit and human intervertebral disc cells. J. Mol. Med. 82(2), 126-134
143. P. Wehling, K.P. Schulitz, P.D. Robbins, C.H. Evans and J.A. Reinecke (1997) Transfer of genes to chondrocytic cells of the lumbar spine. Proposal for a treatment strategy of spinal disorders by local gene therapy. Spine 22(10), 1092-1097
144. C. Weiler, A.G. Nerlich, B.E. Bachmeier and N. Boos (2005) Expression and distribution of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human lumbar intervertebral discs: a study in surgical specimen and autopsy controls. Spine 30(1), 44-53
145. D. Weishaupt, M. Zanetti, J. Hodler, K. Min, B. Fuchs, C.W.A. Pfirrmann and N. Boos (2001) Painful lumbar disc derangement: relevance of endplate abnormalities at MR imaging. Radiology 218(2), 420-427
146. C.G. Wilson, L.J. Bonassar and S.S. Kohles (2002) Modeling the dynamic composition of engineererd cartilage. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 408 246-254
147. A.D. Woolf and B. Pfleger (2003) Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull. World Health Organ. 81 646-656
148. Y. Yamamoto, J. Mochida, D. Sakai, T. Nakai, K. Nishimura, H. Kawada and T. Hotta (2004) Up-regulation of the viability of nucleus pulposus cells by bone marrow-derived stromal cells: significance of direct cell-to-cell contact in coculture system. Spine 29(14), 1508-1514
149. S.T. Yoon (2005) Molecular therapy of the intervertebral disc. Spine J. 5(6 Suppl.), 280S-286S
150. S.T. Yoon, J.S. Park, K.S. Kim, J. Li, E.S. Attallah-Wasif, W.C. Hutton and S.D. Boden (2004) ISSLS prize winner: LMP-1 upregulates intervertebral disc cell production of proteoglycans and BMPs in vitro and in vivo. Spine 29(23), 2603-2611
151. J. Yu, P.C. Winlove, S. Roberts and J.P. Urban (2002) Elastic fiber organization in the intervertebral discs of the bovine tail. J. Anat. 201(6), 465-475
152. S. Yu, V.M. Haughton, L.A. Sether, K.C. Ho and M. Wagner (1989) Criteria for classifying normal and degenerated lumbar intervertebral disks. Radiology 170 523-526
153. L.J. Yung Lee J., R. Hall, D. Pelinkovic, E. Cassinelli, A. Usas, L. Gilbertson, J. Huard and J. Kang (2001) New use of a three-dimensional pellet culture system for human intervertebral disc cells: initial charac-terization and potential use for tissue engineering. Spine 26(21), 2316-2322