Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

The Mouse in Biomedical Research

Volumn 2, Issue , 2007, Pages 179-213

  Barthold, Stephen W ^a   Smith, Abigail L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884435137     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012369454-6/50035-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (360)

1. Accinni L., Archetti I., Branca K., Hsu C., Andres G. Tubulo-interstitial (TI) disease associated with chronic lymphocytic chori-omeningitis viral infection in mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1978, 11:395-405.
2. Ackermann R. Epidemiologic aspects of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in man. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses 1973, 233-237. Springer-Verlag, New York. F. Lehmann-Grube (Ed.).
3. Adair C., Gauld R., Smadel J. Aseptic meningitis a disease of diverse etiology: clinical and etiologic studies on 854 cases. Ann Intern Med 1953, 39:675-704.
4. + T helper cell function in vivo: differential requirement for induction of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell and antibody responses. J Virol 1988, 62:2102-2106.
5. Ahmed R., Hahn C., Somasundaram T., Villarete L., Matloubian M., Strauss J. Molecular basis of organ-specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J Virol 1991, 65:4242-4247.
6. Ahmed R., Oldstone M. Organ specific selection of viral variants during chronic infection. J Exp Med 1988, 167:1719-1724.
7. Ahmed R., Salmi A., Butler L., Chiller J., Oldstone M. Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. J Exp Med 1984, 60:521-540.
8. Akwa Y., Hassett D., Eloranta M., et al. Transgenic expression of IFN-alpha in the central nervous system of mice protects against lethal neurotropic viral infection but induces inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Immunol 1998, 161:5016-5026.
9. Allan J., Doherty P. Consequences of a single Ir-gene defect for the pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Immuno genetic s 1985, 21:581-589.
10. Allan J., Doherty P. Natural killer cells contribute to inflammation but do not appear to be essential for the induction of clinical lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Scand J Immunol 1986, 24:153-162.
11. Althage A., Odermatt B., Moskophidis D., et al. Immunosuppression by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: competent effector T and B cells but impaired antigen presentation. Eur J Immunol 1992, 22:1803-1812.
12. + T cells. J Neuroimmunol 1991, 31:155-163.
13. Armstrong C., Lillie R. Experimental lymphocytic choriomenin-gitis of monkeys and mice produced by a virus encountered in studies of the 1933 St. Louis encephalitis epidemic. Publ Health Rep 1934, 49:1019-1027.
14. Asper M., Hofmann P., Osmann C., et al. First outbreak of callitrichid hepatitis in Germany: genetic characterization of the causative lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains. Virology 2001, 284:203-213.
15. Auperin D., Compans R., Bishop D. Nucleotide sequence conservation at the 3 prime; termini of the virion RNA species of New World and Old World arenaviruses. Virology 1982, 121:200-203.
16. Bachmann M., Hunziker L., Zinkernagel R., Storni T., Kopf M. Maintenance of memory CTL responses by T helper cells and CD40-CD40 ligand: antibodies provide the key. Eur J Immunol 2004, 34:317-326.
17. Baenziger J., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R., Cole G. Induction or prevention of immunopathological disease by cloned cytotoxic T cell lines specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Eur J Immunol 1986, 16:387-393.
18. Baldridge J., Buchmeier M. Mechanisms of antibody-mediated protection against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: mother-to-baby transfer of humoral protection. J Virol 1992, 66:4252-4257.
19. Baldridge J., McGraw T., Paoletti A., Buchmeier M. Antibody prevents the establishment of persistent arenavirus infection in synergy with endogenous T cells. J Virol 1997, 71:755-758.
20. + T cells. J Immunol 2003, 171:27-31.
21. Bartholdy C., Christensen J., Wodarz D., Thomsen A. Persistent virus infection despite chronic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation in gamma interferon-deficient mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2000, 74:10304-10311.
22. Barton L., Hyndman N. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: reemerging central nervous system pathogen. Pediatrics 2000, 105(E35):1-2.
23. Barton L., Mets M., Beauchamp C. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: emerging fetal teratogen. Am J Obstet Gyn 2002, 187:1715-1716.
24. Barton L., Peters C., Ksiazek T. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an unrecognized teratogenic pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 1995, 1:152-153.
25. Battergay M., Cooper S., Althage A., Banziger J., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Quantification of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus with an immunological focus assay in 24-or 96-well plates. J Virol Methods 1991, 33:191-198.
26. + T-cell deficient mice. J Virol 1994, 68:4700-4704.
27. Battergay M., Moskophidis D., Waldner H., et al. Impairment and delay of neutralizing antiviral antibody responses by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol 1993, 151:5408-5415.
28. Baum S., Lewis A., Rowe W., Huebner R. Epidemic nonmeningitic lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus infection. An outbreak in a population of laboratory personnel. N Eng J Med 1966, 274:934-936.
29. Besselsen D., Wagner A., Loganbill J. Detection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by use of fluorogenic nuclease reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Comp Med 2003, 53:65-69.
30. Beyer W., Popplau D., Garten W., vonLaer D., Lenz O. Endoproteolytic processing of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein by the subtilase SK1-1/S1P. Virology 2003, 11:2866-2872.
31. Bhatt P.N., Jacoby R.O., Barthold S.W. Contamination of trans-plantable murine tumors with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. LabAnim Sci 1986, 36:136-139.
32. Biggar R., Woodall J., Walter P., Haughie G. Lymphocytic chori-omeningitis outbreak associated with pet hamsters. Fifty-seven cases from New York State. J Amer Med Assoc 1975, 232:494-500.
33. Billingham R., Brent L., Medowar P. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 1953, 172:603-606.
34. Binder D., Fehr J., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Virus-induced transient bone marrow aplasia: major role of interferon alpha/beta during acute infection with the noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Exp Med 1997, 185:517-530.
35. +-T-lymphocyte responses. J Virol 2004, 78:2247-2254.
36. Bootz F., Sieber I., Popovic D., Tischhauser M., Hornberger F.R. Comparison of the sensitivity of in vitro antibody production tests with in vitro PCR-based methods to detect infectious contamination of biological material. Lab Anim 2003, 37:341-351.
37. Borrow P., Evans C., Oldstone M. Virus-induced immunosuppression: immune system-mediated destruction of virus-infected dendritic cells results in generalized immunosuppression. J Virol 1995, 69:1059-1070.
38. Borrow P., Oldstone M. Lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus. Viral pathogenesis 1997, 593-627. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. N. Nathanson, R. Ahmed, F. Gonzalez-Scarano, D. Griffin, K. Holmes, F. Murphy, H. Robinson (Eds.).
39. Borrow P., Oldstone M. Mechanism of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus entry into cells. Virology 1994, 198:1-9.
40. + CTL response. J Exp Med 1996, 183:2129-2142.
41. Borrow P., Tishon A., Oldstone M. Infection of lymphocytes by a virus that aborts cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and establishes persistent infection. J Exp Med 1991, 174:203-212.
42. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) but are not required for the maintenance of CTL memory following virus infection. J Virol 1998, 72:7440-7449.
43. Bowen G., Calisher C., Winkler W., et al. Laboratory studies of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus outbreak in man and laboratory animals. Am J Epidemiol 1975, 102:233-240.
44. Bowen M.D., Peters C.J., Nichol S.T. Phylogenetic analysis of the Arenaviridae: patterns of virus evolution and evidence for cospeciation between arenaviruses and their rodent hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1997, 8:301-316.
45. Bro-Jorgensen K. The interplay between lymphocytic choriomeningi-tis virus immune function and hemopoiesis in mice. Adv Virus Res 1978, 22:327-369.
46. Bro-Jorgenson K., Volkert M. Defects in the immune system of mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Infect Immun 1974, 9:605-614.
47. Broomhall K., Morin M., Pevear D., Pfau C. Severe and transient pancytopenia associated with a chronic arenavirus infection. J Exp Pathol. 1987, 3:259-269.
48. Brown W., Kirk B. Complement-fixing antigen from BHK-21 cell cultures infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Appl Microbiol 1969, 18:496-499.
49. Brundler M., Aichele P., Bachmann M., Kitamura D., Rajewsky K., Zinkernagel R. Immunity to viruses in B cell-deficient mice: influence of antibodies on virus persistence and on T cell immunity. Eur J Immunol 1996, 26:2257-2262.
50. Bruns M., Kratzberg T., Zeller W., Lehmann-Grube F. Mode of replication of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in persistently infected cultivated mouse L cells. Virology 1990, 177:615-624.
51. Buchmeier M., Elder J., Oldstone M. Protein structure of lym-phocytic choriomeningitis virus: identification of virus structure and cell associated polypeptides. Virology 1978, 89:133-145.
52. Buchmeier M., Lewicki H., Tomori O., Johnson K. Monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus react with pathogenic arenaviruses. Nature 1980, 288:486-487.
53. Buchmeier M., Oldstone M. Virus-induced immune complex disease: identification of specific viral antigens and antibodies deposited in complexes during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 1978, 120:1297-1304.
54. Buchmeier M., Oldstone M.B.A. Protein structure of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: evidence for a cell-associated precursor of the virion glycopeptides. Virology 1979, 99:111-120.
55. Buchmeier M., Welsh R., Dutko F., Oldstone M. The virology and immunobiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Adv Immunol 1980, 30:275-331.
56. Buchmeier M., Zajac A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 1999, John Wiley amp; Sons, Chichester Sussex UK.
57. Buchmeier M.J., Bowen M.D., Peters C. Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields virology 2001, vol. II:1635-1668. Lippincott Williams amp; Wilkins, Philadelphia. K. D., H. P., G. D., L. R., M. M., R. B., S. S. (Eds.).
58. Buesa-Gomez J., Teng M., Oldstone C., Oldstone M., delaTorre J. Variants able to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome are present within the disease-nil WE strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 1996, 70:8988-8992.
59. Bukowski J., Woda B., Habu S., Okumura K., Welsh R. Natural killer cell depletion enhances virus synthesis and virus-induced hepatitis in vivo. J Immunol 1983, 131:1531-1538.
60. Bureau J., LeGoff S., Thomas D., et al. Disruption of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. V. Mapping of a locus involved in susceptibility of mice to growth hormone deficiency due to persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Virology 2001, 281:61-66.
61. Burgess E., French J., Gendron-Fitzpatrick A. Systemic dis-ease in Peromyscus leucopus associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990, 42:254-259.
62. Burnet F., Fenner F The production of antibodies 1949, Macmillan, New York. 2nd ed.
63. Burnet F.M. Principles of animal virology 1955, Academic Press, New York.
64. Butz E., Bevan M. Differential presentation of the same MHC class I epitopes by fibroblasts and dendritic cells. J Immunol 1998, 160:2139-2144.
65. Butz E., Southern P. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immune dysfunction: induction of and rapid recovery from T-cell anergy in acutely infected mice. J Virol 1994, 68:8477-8480.
66. Byrne J., Oldstone M. Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. VI. Migration and activity in vivo in acute and persistent infections. J Immunol 1986, 136:698-704.
67. Cairns H. Intracerebral inoculation of mice: fate of the inoculum. Nature 1950, 166:910-911.
68. Camenga D., Walker D., Murphy F. Anticonvulsant prolongation of survival in adult murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. I. Drug treatment and virologic studies. J. Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977, 36:9-20.
69. Cao W., Henry M., Borrow P., et al. Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus. Science 1998, 282:2079-2081.
70. Centers for Disease Control Prevention Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in organ transplant recipients-Massachusetts Rhode Island 2005. MMWR Wkly Rpt 2005, 54:537-539.
71. Chastel C., Mabin D., Barthelemy L. Experimental lymphocytic choriomeningitis of the mouse. Pathologic virologic and electric correlations (in French). Pathol Biol (Paris) 1978, 26:467-473.
72. Childs J., Glass G., Korch G., Ksiazek T., Leduc J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and house mouse (Mus musculus) distribu-tion in urban Baltimore. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992, 47:27-34.
73. Childs J., Glass G., Ksiasak T., Rossi C., Oro J., Leduc J. Human-rodent contact and infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis and Seoul viruses in an inner-city population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991, 44:117-121.
74. + T cells precipitates immunopathology in immunodeficient mice infected with a noncytocidal virus. J Immunol 2001, 166:3384-3391.
75. + T cells in cell-mediated immunity to LCMV: studies in MHC class I and class II deficient mice. Scand J Immunol 1994, 40:373-382.
76. + T-cell-epitope escape mutant virus selected in vivo. Nature Medicine 2001, 7:795-800.
77. Ciurea A., Klenerman P., Hunziker L., et al. Persistence of lympho-cytic choriomeningitis virus at very low levels in immune mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:11964-11969.
78. Ciurea A., Klenerman P., Hunziker L., et al. Viral persistence in vivo through selection of neutralizing antibody-escape variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:2749-2754.
79. Cohen S., Triandaphilli I., Barlow J., Hotchin J. Immunofluorescent detection of antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in man. J Immunol 1966, 96:777-784.
80. Cole G., Gilden D., Monjan A., Nathanson N. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: pathogenesis of acute central nervous system disease. Fed Proc 1971, 30:1831-1841.
81. Cole G., Gilden D., Monjan A., Nathanson N. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: pathogenesis of acute central nervous system disease. Fed Proc 1971, 31:1831-1841.
82. Collins D., Weigand H., Hotchin H. The effects of pretreatment with x-rays on the pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. II. The pathological histology. J Immunol 1961, 87:682-687.
83. Collins M.J., Parker J.C. Murine virus contamination of leukemia viruses and transplantable tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972, 49:1139-1143.
84. Cousens L., Peterson R., Hsu S., et al. Two roads diverged: interferon alpha/beta-and interleukin 12-mediated pathways in promoting T cell interferon gamma responses during viral infection. J Exp Med 1999, 189:1315-1328.
85. + cells in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced autoimmune anaemia and hypergammaglobulinemia. J Autoimmun 1994, 7:589-599.
86. Deibel R., Woodall J., Decher W., Schryver G. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in man. Serological evidence of association with pet hamsters. J Am Med Assoc 1975, 232:501-504.
87. delaTorre J., Mallory M., Brot M., et al. Viral persistence in neurons alters synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions without destruction of brain cells. Virology 1996, 220:508-515.
88. Descoteaux J. Serological study of the incidence of murine viruses in a population of small wild rodents (Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord 1815). Rev Sci Tech 1992, 11:1071-1077.
89. DiSimone C., Zandonatti M., Buchmeier M. Acidic pH triggers LCMV membrane fusion activity and conformational change in the glyco-protein spike. Virology 1994, 198:455-4465.
90. Dixon F., Oldstone M., Tonietti G. Pathogenesis of immune com-plex glomerulonephritis of New Zealand mice. J Exp Med 1971, 134:S65-S71.
91. Dixon J., Allan J., Doherty P. The acute inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis is dependent on Lyt-2+ immune T cells. Cell Immunol 1987, 107:8-14.
92. Djavani M., Lukashevich I., Salvato M. Sequence comparison of the large genomic RNA segments of two strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus differing in pathogenic potential for guinea pigs. Virus Genes 1998, 17:151-155.
93. Dockter J., Evans C., Tishon A., Oldstone M. Competitive selec-tion in vivo by a cell for one variant over another: implications for RNA virus quasispecies in vivo. J Virol 1996, 70:1799-1803.
94. Doherty P., Allan J., Ceredig R. Contributions of host and donor T cells to the inflammatory process in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Cell Immunol 1988, 116:475-481.
95. + T cells. Immunol Today 1990, 11:55-59.
96. Doherty P., Hou S., Southern P. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induces a chronic wasting disease in mice lacking class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. J Neuroimmunol 1993, 46:11-17.
97. Doyle L., Doyle M., Oldstone M. Susceptibility of newborn mice with H-2k backgrounds to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Immunology 1980, 40:589-596.
98. Doyle M., Oldstone M. Interactions between viruses and lymphocytes. I. In vivo replication of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mononuclear cells during both chronic and acute viral infections. J Immunol 1978, 121:1262-1269.
99. Duncan R., Thomas A., Tobin J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Review of ten cases. Lancet 1951, 1:956-959.
100. Dutko F., Oldstone M. Genomic and biological variation among commonly used lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains. J. Gen Virol 1983, 64:1689-1698.
101. Dykewicz C.A., Dato V.M., Fisher-Hoch S.P., et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis outbreak associated with nude mice in a research institute. J Amer Med Assoc 1992, 267:1349-1353.
102. Evans C., Borrow P., delaTorre J., Oldstone M. Virus-induced immunosuppression: kinetic analysis of the selection of a mutation associ-ated with virus persistence. J Virol 1994, 68:7367-7373.
103. Evans C., Horwitz M., Hobbs M., Oldstone M. Viral infection of transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in oligodendrocytes leads to chronic central nervous system autoimmune disease. J. Exp Med 1996, 184:2371-2384.
104. Farber F., Rawls W. Isolation of ribosome-like structures from Pichinde virus. J Gen Virol 1975, 26:21-31.
105. Fazakerley J., Southern P., Bloom F., Buchmeier M. High resolu-tion in situ hybridization to determine the cellular distribution of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus RNA in the tissues of persistently infected mice: relevance to arenavirus disease and mechanisms of viral persistence. J. Gen Virol 1991, 72:1611-1625.
106. Fazakerley J.F., Parker S.E., Bloom F., Buchmeier M.J. The V5A13.1 envelope glycoprotein deletion mutant of mouse hepatitis virus type-4 is neuroattenuated by its reduced rate of spread in the central nervous system. Virology 1992, 187:178-188.
107. Findlay G., Stern R. Pathological changes due to infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Pathol Bacteriol 1936, 43:327-338.
108. Fuller M., Zajac A. Ablation of CD8 and CD4 T cell responses by high viral loads. J Immunol 2003, 170:477-486.
109. Fung-Leung W., Kundig T., Zinkernagel R., Mak T. Immune response against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice with-out CD8 expression. J Exp Med 1991, 174:1425-1429.
110. Gilden D., Cole G., Monjan A., Nathanson N. Immunopathogenesis of acute central nervous system disease produced by lymphocytic choriomenin-gitis virus. I. Cyclophosphamide-mediated induction of the virus-carrier state in adult mice. J Exp Med 1972, 135:860-873.
111. Gold L., Brot M., Polis L, et al. Behavioral effects of persistent lym-phocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Behav Neural Biol 1994, 62:100-109.
112. Gossman J., Lohler J., Lehmann-Grube F. Entry of antivirally active T lymphocytes into the thymus of virus-infected mice. J Immunol 1991, 146:293-297.
113. Greenwood A., Sanchez S. Serological evidence of murine pathogens in wild grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in North Wales. Vet Rec 2002, 150:543-546.
114. Gresser J., Morel-Maroger L., Verroust P., Riviere Y., Guillon J. Anti-interferon globulin inhibits the development of glomerulonephritis in mice infected at birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978, 75:3413-3416.
115. Grimwood B. Viral contamination of a subline of Toxoplasma gondii RH. Infect Immun 1985, 50:289-290.
116. Guidotti L., Borrow P., Brown A., McClary H., Koch R., Chisari F. Noncytopathic clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from the hepatocyte. J Exp Med 1999, 189:1555-1564.
117. Guttler F., Bro-Jorgensen K., Jorgensen P.N. Transient impaired cell-mediated tumor immunity after acute infection with lymphocytic chori-omeningitis virus. Scand J Immunol 1975, 4:327-336.
118. Haas V. Some relationships between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and mice. J. Infect Dis 1954, 94:187-198.
119. Haas V., Stewart S. Sparing effect of A-methopterin and guana-zolo in mice infected with virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Virology 1956, 2:511-516.
120. Hildeman D., Muller D. Immunopathologic weight loss in intracranial LCMV infection initiated by the anorexigenic effects of IL-1 beta. Viral Immunol 2000, 13:273-285.
121. Hinman A., Fraser D., Douglas R., et al. Outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in medical center personnel. Am J Epidemiol 1975, 101:103-110.
122. Hirsch M., Moellering R., Pope H., Poskanzer D. Lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus infection traced to a pet hamster. N Eng J Med 1974, 291:610-612.
123. Hirsch M., Murphy F., Hicklin M. Immunopathology of lympho-cytic choriomeningitis virus infection of newborn mice. Antilymphocytic serum effects on glomerulonephritis and wasting disease. J Exp Med 1968, 127:757-766.
124. Hobbs J., Cho S., Roberts T., et al. Selective loss of natural killer T cells by apoptosis following infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2001, 75:10746-10754.
125. Hornberger F., Romano T., Seiler P., Hanson G., Smith A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to lympho-cytic choriomeningitis virus in mouse sera with recombinant nucleoprotein as antigen. Lab Anim Sci 1995, 45:493-496.
126. Hotchin J. The biology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection: virus induced immune disease. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1962, 27:479-499.
127. Hotchin J., Benson L. The pathogenesis of lymphocytic chori-omeningitis in mice: the effects of different inoculation routes and the footpad response. J Immunol 1963, 91:460-468.
128. Hotchin J., Benson L., Seamer J. Factors affecting the induction of persistent tolerant infection of newborn mice with LCM. Virology 1962, 18:71-78.
129. Hotchin J., Cinitis M. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection of mice as a model for the study of latent virus infection. Can J Microbiol 1958, 4:149-163.
130. Hotchin J., Kinch W., Benson L. Lytic and turbid plaque-type variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a cause of neurological disease or persistent infection. Infect Immun 1971, 4:281-286.
131. Hotchin J., Seegal R. Virus-induced behavioral alteration of mice. Science 1977, 196:611-690.
132. Hotchin J., Sikora E., Kinch W., Hinman A., Woodal J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a hamster colony causes infection of hospital personnel. Science 1974, 185:1173-1174.
133. Hotchin J., Weigand H. Studies on lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. I. The relationship between age at inoculation and outcome of infection. J Immunol 1961, 86:392-400.
134. Hunziker L., Ciurea A., Recher M., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Public versus personal serotypes of a viral quasispecies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:6015-6020.
135. + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32:374-382.
136. Hunziker L., Recher M., Ciurea A., et al. Antagonistic variant virus prevents wild-type virus-induced lethal immunopathology. J Exp Med 2002, 196:1039-1046.
137. Hunziker L., Recher M., Macpherson A., et al. Hyperglammaglobulinemia and autoantibody induction mechanisms in viral infections. Nat Immunol 2003, 4:343-349.
138. Jacobs R., Cole G. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunosuppression: a virus-induced macrophage defect. J Immunol 1976, 117:1004-1009.
139. Jacoby R., Lindsey J. Risks of infection among laboratory rats and mice at major biomedical research institutions. ILAR Journal 1998, 39:266-271.
140. Ja die;hrling P., Peters C. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. A ne-glected pathogen in man. Arch Pathol. Lab Med 1992, 116:486-488.
141. Jamieson B., Somasundaram T., Ahmed R. Abrogation of toler-ance to a chronic viral infection. J Immunol 1991, 147:3521-3529.
142. Jungeblut C., Kodza H. Interference between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the leukaemia-transmitting agent of leukaemia L2C in guinea-pigs. Arch Virusforsch 1962, 12:552-560.
143. Kagi D., Ledermann B., Burki K., et al. Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice. Nature 1994, 369:31-37.
144. Kalams S., Walker B. The critical need for CD4 help in maintaining effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med 1998, 188:2199-2204.
145. Kamperschroer C., Quinn D. The role of proinflammatory cytokines in wasting disease during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 2002, 169:340-349.
146. Kaplan C., Healing T., Evans N., Healing L., Prior A. Evidence of infection by viruses in small British field rodents. J Hyg (London) 1980, 84:285-294.
147. Kappes D., Lawrence D., Vaughn M., Dave V., Belman A., Rall G. Protection of CD3 knockout mice from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunopathology: implications for viral neuroinvasion. Virology 2000, 269:248-256.
148. King C.-C., Jamieson B., Reddy K., Bali N., Concepcion R., Ahmed R. Viral infection of the thymus. J Virol 1992, 66:3155-3160.
149. Klavinskis L., Notkins A., Oldstone M. Persistent viral infection of the thyroid gland: alteration of thyroid function in the absence of tissue injury. Endocrinology 1988, 122:567-575.
150. Klavinskis L., Tishon A., Oldstone M. Efficiency and effective-ness of cloned virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo. J Immunol 1989, 143:2013-2016.
151. Kohler M., Ruttner B., Cooper S., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Enhanced tumor susceptibility of immunocompetent mice infected with lym-phocytic choriomeningitis virus. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990, 32:117-124.
152. Kraft V., Meyer B. Seromonitoring in small laboratory animal colonies. A five year survey: 1984-1988. Z Versuchstierkd 1990, 33:29-35.
153. Kunz S., Edelmann K., delaTorre J.-C., Gorney R., Oldstone M. Mechanisms for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein cleavage transport and incorporation into virions. Virology 2003, 314:168-178.
154. Kunz S., Sevilla N., McGavern D., Campbell K., Oldstone M. Molecular analysis of the interaction of LCMV with its cellular receptor alpha-dystroglycan: implications for disease. J. Cell Biol 2001, 155:301-310.
155. Kunz S., Sevilla N., Rojek J., Oldstone M. Use of alternative receptors different than alpha-dystroglycan by selected isolates of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology 2004, 325:432-445.
156. Lehmann-Grube F. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology Monographs 1971, 10:1-173.
157. Lehmann-Grube F. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The mouse in biome acute;dical 1982, vol. II:231-266. Academic Press research, New York. H. Foster, J. Small, J. Fox (Eds.).
158. Lehmann-Grube F. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the mouse. II. Establishment of carrier colonies. Arch Ges Virusforsch 1964, 14:351-357.
159. Lehmann-Grube F., Assmann U., Loliger C., Moskophidis D., Lohler J. Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection. I. Role of T lymphocytes in the clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from spleens of mice. J Immunol 1985, 134:608-615.
160. Lehmann-Grube F., Kallay M., Ibscher B., Schwartz R. Serologic diagnosis of human infections with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: comparative evaluation of seven methods. J Med Virol 1979, 4:125-136.
161. Lehmann-Grube F., Lohler J. Immunopathologic alterations of lymphatic tissues of mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. II. Pathogenetic mechanism. Lab Invest 1981, 44:205-213.
162. + T lymphocytes because of disruption of the beta 2-microglobulin gene. J Virol 1993, 67:332-339.
163. Lehmann-Grube F., MartinezPeralta L., Bruns M., Lohler J. Persistent infection of mice with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Comprehensive virology 1983, 43-103. Plenum, New York. H. Fraenkel-Conrat, R. Wagner (Eds.).
164. Lehmann-Grube F., Niemeyer I., Lohler J. Lymphocytic chori-omeningitis virus of the mouse. IV. Depression of the allograft reaction. Med Microbiol Immunol 1972, 158:16-25.
165. Leist T., Althage A., Haenseler E., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Major histocompatibility complex-linked susceptibility or resistance to disease caused by a noncytopathic virus varies with the disease parameter evaluated. J Exp Med 1989, 170:269-277.
166. Leist T., Cobbold S., Waldmann H., Aguet M., Zinkernagel R. Functional analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in antiviral host defense. J Immunol 1987, 138:2278-2281.
167. Leist T., Ruedi E., Zinkernagel R. Virus-triggered immune sup-pression in mice caused by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Exp Med 1988, 167:1749-1754.
168. Lepine P., Sautter V. Existence en France du virus murin de la chorio-miningite lymphocytaire. Comp Rend Hebd Seances Acad Sci 1936, 202:1624-1626.
169. Lewis J., Utz J. Orchitis parotitis and meningoencephalitis due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. N Eng J Med 1961, 265:776-780.
170. Lewis V., Clayton D. Detection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus antibody in murine sera by immunofluoresence. Appl Microbiol 1969, 18:289-290.
171. Lewis V., Thacker W., Mitchell S. Accelerated detection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in diagnostic specimens. Can J Microbiol 1976, 22:1662-1663.
172. Lewis V., Walter P., Thacker W., Winkler W. Comparison of three tests for the serological diagnosis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 1975, 2:193-197.
173. Lewis A., Rowe W., Turner H., Huebner R. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in hamster tumor: spread to hamsters and humans. Science 1965, 150:363-364.
174. Lillie R., Armstrong C. Pathology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. Arch Pathol. 1945, 40:141-152.
175. Lindsey J.R., Boorman G.A., Collins M., Hsu C.-K., VanHoosier G., Wagner J. Infectious diseases of mice and rats 1991, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC.
176. Lohler J., Gossmann J., Kratzberg T., Lehmann-Grube F. Murine hepatitis caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. I. The hepatic lesions. Lab Invest 1994, 70:263-278.
177. Lohman B., Welsh R. Apoptotic regulation of T cells and absense of immune deficiency in virus-infected gamma interferon receptor knock out mice. J Virol 1998, 72:7815-7821.
178. Lukashevich I., Djavani M., Rodas J., et al. Hemorrhagic fever occurs after intravenous but not intragastric inoculation of rhesus macaques with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Med Virol 2002, 67:171-186.
179. Lukashevich L, Tikhonov I., Rodas J., et al. Arenavirus-mediated liver pathology: acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of rhesus macaques is characterized by high-level interleukin-6 expression and
180. Mahy B., Dykewicz C., Fisher-Hoch S., Ostroff S., Tipple M., Sanchez A. Virus zoonoses and their potential for contamination of cell cultures. Dev Biol Stand 1991, 75:183-189.
181. Marker O., Nielsen M., Diemer N. The permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice suffering from fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Acta Neuropathol 1984, 63:229-239.
182. + cytotoxic T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. J Virol 1994, 68:8056-8063.
183. Mazza G., El Idrissi M.el-A., Coutelier J., et al. Infection of C3HeB/FeJ mice with the docile strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus induces autoantibodies specific for erythrocyte Band 3. Immunology 1997, 91:239-245.
184. McGavern D., Truong P. Rebuilding an immune-mediated central nervous system disease: weighing the pathogenicity of antigen-specific versus bystander T cells. J Immunol 2004, 173:4779-4790.
185. McIntyre K., Welsh R. Accumulation of natural killer and cyto-toxic T large granular lymphocytes in the liver during virus infection. J Exp Med 1986, 164:1667-1681.
186. Meyer B., Southern P. A novel type of defective viral genome suggests a unique strategy to establish and maintain persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. J Virol 1997, 71:6757-6764.
187. Meyer B.J., de la Torre J.C., Southern P.J. Arenaviruses: genomic RNAs transcription and replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002, 262:139-157.
188. Meyer H., Johnson R., Crawford I., Dascomb H., Rogers N. Central nervous system syndromes of quot;viral quot; etiology: a study of 713 cases. Am J Med 1960, 29:334-347.
189. Mims C. Immunofluorescence study of the carrier state and mechanisms of vertical transmission in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. J. Path Bact 1966, 91:395-402.
190. Mims C. Intracerebral injections and the growth of viruses in the mouse brain. Brit J Exp Path 1960, 41:52-59.
191. Mims C. Observations on mice infected congenitally or neonatally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus. Archiv Gesampte Virusforch 1970, 30:67-74.
192. Mims C. Pathogenesis of viral infections of the fetus. Prog Med Virol 1968, 10:194-237.
193. Mims C., Subrahmanyan T. Immunofluorescence study of the mechanism of resistance to superinfection in mice carrying the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Pathol Bacteriol 1966, 91:403-415.
194. Mims C., Wainwright S. The immunodepressive action of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice. J Immunol 1968, 101:717-724.
195. Monjan A., Cole G., Gilden D., Nathanson N. Pathogenesis of cerebellar hypoplasia produced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of neonatal rats. I. Evolution of disease following infection at 4 days of age. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1973, 32:110-124.
196. Montali R., Connolly B., Armstrong D., Scanga C., Holmes K. Pathology and immunohistochemistry of callitrichid hepatitis an emerging disease of captive New World primates caused by lymphocytic choriomenin-gitis virus. Am J Pathol 1995, 147:1441-1449.
197. Montali R., Scanga C., Pernikoff D., Wessner D., Ward R., Holmes K. A common-source outbreak of callitrichid hepatitis in captive tamarins and marmosets. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:946-950.
198. Morita C., Tsuchiya K., Ueno H., et al. Seroepidemiological survey of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in wild house mice in China with par-ticular reference to their subspecies. Microbiol Immunol 1996, 40:313-315.
199. Moro D., Lawson M., Hobbs R., Thompson R. Pathogens of house mice on arid Boullanger Island and subantarctic Macquarie Island Australia. J Wildlife Dis 2003, 39:762-771.
200. Moskophidis D., Battergay M., Bruendler M., Laine E., Gresser I., Zinkernagel R. Resistance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus to alpha/beta interferon and to gamma interferon. J Virol 1994, 68:1951-1955.
201. Moskophidis D., Battergay M., vandenBroek M., Laine E., Hofrmann-Rohrer U., Zinkernagel R. Role of virus and host variables in virus persistence or immunopathological disease caused by a noncytolytic virus. J Gen Virol 1995, 76:381-391.
202. Moskophidis D., Cobbold S., Waldman H., Lehmann-Grube F. Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection: treatment of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice with monoclonal antibodies reveals that Lyt-2+ T lymphocytes mediate clearance of virus and regulate the antivi-ral antibody response. J Virol 1987, 61:1867-1874.
203. + T cells. Eur J Immunol 1993, 23:3306-3311.
204. Moskophidis D., Lechner F., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. MHC class I and non-MHC-linked capacity for generating an anti-viral CTL response determines susceptibility to CTL exhaustion and establishment of virus persistence in mice. J Immunol 1994, 152:4976-4983.
205. Moskophidis D., Lechner F., Pircher H.-P., Zinkernagel R. Virus persistence in acutely infected mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic T cells. Nature 1993, 362:758-761.
206. + class I-restricted antiviral cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J Virol 1992, 66:3661-3668.
207. Muller S., Hunziker L., Enzler S., et al. Role of an intact splenic microarchitecture in early lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus productiion. J Virol 2002, 76:2375-2383.
208. Murphy F.A. Arenavirus taxonomy: a review. Bull World Hlth Org 1975, 52:389-391.
209. Nansen A., Jensen T., Christensen J., et al. Compromised virus control and augmented perforin-mediated immunopathology in IFN-gamma-deficient mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Immunol 1999, 163:6114-6122.
210. Nathanson N., Monjan A., Panitch H., Johnson E., Petursson G., Cole G. Viral immunology and immunopathology 1975, Academic Press, San Diego.
211. Neuman B.W., Adair B.D., Burns J.W., Milligan R.A., Buchmeier M.J., Yeager M. Complementarity in the supramolecular design of arenaviruses and retroviruses revealed by electron microscopy and image analysis. J Virol 2005, 79:3822-3830.
212. Nicklas W., Kraft V., Meyer B. Contamination of transplantable tumors cell lines and monoclonal antibodies with rodent viruses. Lab Anim Sci 1993, 43:296-300.
213. Odermatt B., Epier M., Leist T., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Virus-triggered acquired immunodeficiency by cytotoxic T-cell-dependent destruction of antigen-presenting cells and lymph node follicle structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991, 88:8252-8256.
214. Ohashi P., Oehen L., Buerki K., et al. Ablation of quot;tolerance quot; and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 1991, 65:305-317.
215. Oldstone M. Biology and pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002, 263:83-117.
216. Oldstone M. Prevention of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by virus infection. Science 1988, 239:500-502.
217. Oldstone M. Travels along the viral-immunobiology highway. Immunologic Reviews 2002, 185:54-68.
218. Oldstone M. Viruses as therapeutic agents. I. Treatment of non-obese insulin-dependent diabetes mice with virus prevents insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus while maintaining general immune competence. J Exp Med 1990, 101:2077-2089.
219. Oldstone M., Ahmed R., Buchmeier M., Blount P., Tishon A. Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. I. Relationship of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and host strains to growth hormone deficiency. Virology 1985, 142:158-174.
220. Oldstone M., Ahmed R., Salvato M. Viruses as therapeutic agents. II. Viral reassortants map prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to the small RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Exp Med 1990, 171:2091-2100.
221. Oldstone M., Buchmeier M. Restricted expression of viral glyco-protein in cells of persistently infected mice. Nature 1982, 300:360-362.
222. Oldstone M., Buchmeier M., Doyle M., Tishon A. Virus-induced immune complex disease: specific anti-viral antibody and C1q binding mate-rial in the circulation during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 1980, 124:831-838.
223. Oldstone M., Dixon F. Disease accompanying in utero viral infection: the role of maternal antibody in tissue injury after transplacental infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Exp Med 1972, 135:827-838.
224. Oldstone M., Dixon F. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: production of anti-LCM antibody by quot;tolerant quot; LCM-infected mice. Science 1967, 158:1193-1194.
225. Oldstone M., Dixon F. Susceptibility of different mouse strains to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Immunol 1968, 100:355-357.
226. Oldstone M., Dixon F. Pathogenesis of chronic disease associated with persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection. I. Relationship of antibody production to disease in neonatally infected mice. J Exp Med 1969, 129:483-505.
227. Oldstone M., Dixon F. Pathogenesis of chronic disease associated with persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection. II. Relationship of anti-LCM viral response to tissue injury in chronic disease. J Exp Med 1970, 131:1-20.
228. Oldstone M., Dixon F., Mitchell G., McDevitt H. Histocompatibility-linked genetic control of disease susceptibility. Murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Exp Med 1973, 137:1201-1212.
229. Oldstone M., Habel K., Dixon F. The pathogenesis of cellular injury associated with persistent LCM viral infection. Fed Proc 1969, 28:429.
230. Oldstone M., Nerenberg M., Southern P., Price J., Lewicki H. Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 1991, 65:319-331.
231. Oldstone M., Sinha Y., Blount P., et al. Virus-induced alterations in homeostasis: alteration in differentiated functions of infected cells in vivo. Science 1982, 218:1125-1127.
232. Oldstone M., Southern P., Rodriguez M., Lampert P. Virus per-sists in beta cells of islets of Langerhans and is associated with chemical manifestations of diabetes. Science 1984, 224:1440-1443.
233. Oldstone M., Tishon A., Buchmeier M. Virus induced immune complex disease. Genetic control of Clq binding complexes in the circula-tion of mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Immunol 1983, 130:912-918.
234. Ou R., Zhou S., Huang L., Moskophidis D. A critical role for interferon alpha/beta and gamma in persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by clonal exhaustion of cytotoxic T-cells. J Virol 2001, 75:8407-8423.
235. + T cells upon acute versus persistent viral infection. Immunity 1998, 9:449-457.
236. Padnos M., Molomut N. Inhibition of mouse tumors and viruses by the M-P strain of LCM virus. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and other arenaviruses 1973, 151-163. Springer-Verlag, New York. F. Lehmann-Grube (Ed.).
237. Parekh B., Buchmeier M. Proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: antigenic topography of the viral glycoproteins. Virology 1986, 153:168-178.
238. Park J., Peters C., Rollin P., et al. Development of a reverse transcrip-tion-polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and its use in a prospective surveillance study. J Med Virol 1997, 51:107-114.
239. Park J., Peters C., Rollin R., et al. Age distribution of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus serum antibody in Birmingham Alabama: evidence of a decreased risk of infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997, 57:37-41.
240. Parker J., Igel H., Reynolds R., Lewis A., Rowe W. Lymphocytic choriomengitis virus infection in fetal newborn and young adult Syrian hamsters. Infect Immun 1976, 13:967-981.
241. + T cells coexpressing the inhibitory major histocompatibility complex class I receptor Ly49G2. J Virol 2000, 74:7032-7038.
242. + T cells coexpressing the inhibitory NK receptor Ly49G2. J Immunol 2004, 173:478-484.
243. Perez M., Craven R.C., de la Torre J.C. The small RING finger protein Z drives arenavirus budding: implications for antiviral strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:12978-12983.
244. Peters C., Ja die;hrling P., Lui C., Kenyon R., McKee K., BarreraOro J. Experimental studies of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1987, 134:5-68.
245. Pfau C., Valenti J., Peavear D., Hunt K. Lymphocytic chori-omeningitis virus killer T cells are lethal only in weakly disseminated murine infections. J. Exp Med 1982, 156:79-89.
246. Pircher H., Burki K., Lang R., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Tolerance induction in double specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice varies with antigen. Nature 1989, 342:559-561.
247. Planz O., Ehl S., Furrer E., et al. A critical role for neutralizing-antibody-producing B cells CD4+ T cells and interferons in persistent and acute infections of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: implica-tions for adoptive immunotherapy of virus carriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:6874-6879.
248. Planz O., Seiler P., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Specific cyto-toxic T cells eliminate B cells producing virus-neutralizing antibodies. Nature 1996, 382:726-729.
249. + T cells. Int Immunol 1993, 5:1193-1198.
250. Rai S., Cheung D., Wu M., Warner T., Salvato M. Murine infec-tion with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus following gastric inoculation. J Virol 1996, 70:7213-7218.
251. Rai S., Micales B., Wu M., et al. Timed appearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus after gastric inoculation of mice. Am J Pathol 1997, 151:633-639.
252. Recher M., Hunziker L., Ciurea A., Harris N., Long K. Public private and non-specific antibodies induced by non-cytopathic viral infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2004, 7:426-433.
253. Recher M., Lang K., Hunziker L., et al. Deliberate removal of T cells help improves virus-neutralizing antibody production. Nature Immunology 2004, 5:934-942.
254. Reiserova L., Kaluzova M., Kaluz S., et al. Identification of a Ma Tu-MX agent as a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and sero-logical indication of horizontal spread of LCMV in human population. Virology 1999, 257:73-83.
255. Rivers T., Scott T. Meningitis in man caused by a filterable virus. Science 1935, 81:439-440.
256. Rivers T., Scott T. Meningitis in man caused by a filterable virus. II. Identification of the etiological agent. J Exp Med 1936, 63:415-432.
257. Riviere Y., Ahmed R., Southern P., Oldstone M. Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. II. Viral reassortants map growth hormone defect to the S RNA of the lymphocytic choriomenin-gitis virus genome. Virology 1985, 142:175-182.
258. Riviere Y., Gresser I., Guillon J., et al. Severity of lymphocytic chori-omeningitis virus disease in different strains of suckling mice correlates with increasing amounts of endogenous interferon. J Exp Med 1980, 152:633-640.
259. Riviere Y., Gresser L, Guillon J., Tovey M. Inhibition by anti-interferon serum of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus disease in suckling mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977, 74:2135-2139.
260. Rodriquez M., Buchmeier M., Oldstone M., Lampert P. Ultrastructural localization of viral antigens in the CNS of mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Am J Pathol 1983, 110:95-100.
261. Rodriquez M., Garrett R., Raitt M., Lampert P., Oldstone M. Virus persists in beta cells of islets of Langerhans and infection is associated with chemical manifestations of diabetes. II. Morphologic observations. Am J Pathol 1985, 121:497-504.
262. Roost H., Charan S., Gobet R., et al. An acquired immune suppres-sion in mice caused by infection by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Eur J Immunol 1988, 18:511-518.
263. Rowe W. Protective effect of pre-irradiation on lymphocytic chorio-meningitis infection in mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1956, 92:194-198.
264. Rowe W. Studies on pathogenesis and immunity in lymphocytic chori-omeningitis infection of the mouse. Nav Med Res Inst Res Rep 1954, 12:167-219.
265. Rowe W., Black P., Levey R. Protective effect of neonatal thymec-tomy on mouse LCM infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1963, 114:248-251.
266. Rowe W., Murphy F., Bergold G., et al. Arenoviruses: proposed name for a newly defined virus group. J Virol 1970, 5:651-652.
267. Ruedi E., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R. Immunosuppression in mice by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: time dependence during primary and absence of effects on secondary antibody responses. Cell Immunol 1990, 130:501-512.
268. Salas R., Manzione D., Tesh N., et al. Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 1991, 338:1033-1036.
269. Salvato M., Borrow P., Shimonmaye E., Oldstone M. Molecular basis of viral persistence: a single amino acid change in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is associated with suppression of the antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and establishment of persistence. J Virol 1991, 65:1863-1869.
270. Salvato M., Shimomaye E. The completed sequence of lympho-cytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein. Virology 1989, 173:1-10.
271. Salvato M., Shimomaye E., Oldstone M. The primary structure of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus L gene encodes a putative RNA polymerase. Virology 1989, 169:377-384.
272. Saron M., Colle J., Dautry-Varsat A., Truffa-Bachi P. Activated T lymphocytes from mice infected by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus display high affinity IL-2 receptors but do not proliferate in response to IL-2. J Immunol 1991, 147:4333-4337.
273. Saron M., Shidani B., Nahori M., Guillon J., Truffa-Bachi P. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunodepression: inherent defect in B and T lymphocytes. J Virol 1990, 64:4076-4083.
274. Sato H., Miyata H. Detection of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus antibody in colonies of laboratory animals in Japan. Jikken Dobutsu 1986, 35:189-192.
275. Schwendemann G., Lohler J., Lehmann-Grube F. Evidence for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-target cell interaction in brains of mice infected intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Acta Neuropathol 1983, 61:183-195.
276. Seamer J. The growth reproduction and mortality of mice made immunologically tolerant to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by congen-ital infection. Arch Gesampte Virusforsch 1965, 15:169-177.
277. Seiler P., Kalinke U., Rulicke T., et al. Enhanced virus clearance by early inducible lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-neutralizing antibodies in immunoglobulin-transgenic mice. J Virol 1998, 72:2253-2258.
278. Sevilla N., Kunz S., Holz A., et al. Immunosuppression and resultant persistence by specific viral targeting of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2000, 192:1249-1260.
279. Sevilla N., Kunz S., McGavern D., Oldstone M. Infection of dendritic cells by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003, 276:125-144.
280. Sevilla N., McGavern D., Teng C., Kunz S., Oldstone M. Viral targeting of hematopoietic progenitors and inhibition of DC maturation as a dual strategy for immune subversion. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:737-745.
281. Shwartzman G. Alterations in pathogenesis of experimental lympho-cytic choriomeningitis caused by prepassage of the virus through heterologous hosts. J Immunol 1946, 54:293-304.
282. Silberman S., Jacobs R., Cole G. Mechanisms of hemopoietic and immunological dysfunction induced by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Infect Immun 1978, 19:533-539.
283. Simon M., Domok I., Pinter A. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus carrier cell cultures in Hungarian laboratories. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 1982, 29:201-208.
284. Skinner H., Knight E. Epidermal tissue as a primary site of repli-cation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in small experimental hosts. J Hyg (London) 1979, 82:21-30.
285. Skinner H., Knight E. Natural routes for post-natal transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Lab Anim 1973, 7:171-184.
286. Skinner H., Knight E. Studies on murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a partially infected colony. Lab Anim 1969, 3:1755-1784.
287. Skinner H., Knight E., Grove R. Murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis: the history of a natural cross-infection from wild to labo-ratory mice. Lab Anim 1977, 11:219-222.
288. Skinner H., Knight E., Lancaster M. Lymphomas associated with a tolerant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Lab Anim 1980, 14:117-121.
289. Smadel J., Green R., Paltauf R., Gonzalez T. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: two human fatalities following an unusual febrile illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1942, 49:683-686.
290. Smelt S., Borrow P., Kunz S., et al. Differences in affinity of binding of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains to the cellular receptor alphadystroglycan correlate with viral tropism and disease kinetics. J Virol 2001, 75:448-457.
291. Smith A., Paturzo F., Gardner E., Morgenstern S., Cameron G., Wadley H. Two epizootics of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus occurring in laboratory mice despite intensive monitoring programs. Can J Comp Med 1984, 48:335-337.
292. Smith A.L., Singleton G.R., Hansen G.M., Shellam G. A sero-logic survey for viruses and Mycoplasma pulmonis among wild house mice (Mus domesticus) in southeastern Australia. J Wildlife Dis 1993, 29:219-229.
293. Southern P. Arenaviridae: the viruses and their replication. Fields virology 1996, Vol. 2:1505-1519. Lippincott-Raven. B. Fields, D. Knipe, P. Howley, R. Chanock, J. Melnick, T. Monath, B. Roizman, S. Straus (Eds.).
294. Southern P., Bishop D. Sequence comparison among arenaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1987, 133:19-39.
295. Southern P., Blount P., Oldstone M. Analysis of persistent virus infections by in situ hybridization to whole-mouse sections. Nature 1984, 312:555-558.
296. Southern P., Singh M., Riviere Y., Jacoby D., Buchmeier M., Oldstone M. Molecular characterization of the genomic S RNA segment from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Virology 1987, 157:145-155.
297. Spence P., Sriram V., VanKaer L., Hobbs J., Brutkiewicz R. Generation of cellular immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is independent of CD1d1 expression. Immunology 2001, 104:168-174.
298. Stellrecht K., Vella A. Evidence for polyclonal B cell activation as a mechanism for LCMV-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Immunol Lett 1992, 31:273-277.
299. Stewart S., Haas V. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mouse neoplasms. J Natl Cancer Inst 1956, 17:233-245.
300. Su H., Leite-Morris K., Braun L., Biron C. A role for transforming growth factor-beta 1 in regulating natural killer cell and T lymphocyte prolifer-ative responses during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Immunol 1991, 147:2717-2727.
301. Teng M., Borrow P., Oldstone M., delalbrre J. A single amino acid change in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is associated with the ability to cause growth hormone deficiency syndrome. J Virol 1996, 70:8438-8443.
302. Teng M., Oldstone M., Torre J.D.L. Suppression of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced growth hormone deficiency syndrome by disease-negative virus variants. Virology 1996, 223:113-119.
303. Thacker W., Lewis V., Shaddock J., Winkler W. Infection of Syrian hamsters with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: comparison of detection methods. Am J Vet Res 1982, 43:1500-1502.
304. Thomsen A., Johansen J., Marker O., Christensen J. Exhaustion of CTL memory and recrudescence of viremia in lymphocytic choriomenin-gitis virus-infected MHC class II-deficient mice and B cell-deficient mice. J Immunol 1996, 157:3074-3080.
305. Thomsen A., Nansen A., Christensen J., Andreasen S., Marker O. CD40 ligand is pivotal to efficient control of virus replication in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Immunol 1998, 161:4583-4590.
306. Thomsen A., Pisa P., Bro-Jorgensen K., Kiessling R. Mechanisms of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced hemopoietic dysfunction. J Virol 1986, 59:428-433.
307. Thomsen A., Volkert M., Marker O. Different isotype profiles of virus-specific antibodies in acute and persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice. Immunology 1985, 55:213-223.
308. Tishon A., Borrow P., Evans C., Oldstone M. Virus-induced immunosuppression. 1. Age at infection relates to a selective or generalized defect. Virology 1993, 195:397-405.
309. Tishon A., Lewicki H., Rall G., vonHerrath M., Oldstone M. An essential role for type 1 interferon-gamma in terminating persistent viral infection. Virology 1995, 212:244-250.
310. Tishon A., Oldstone M. Persistent virus infection associated with chemical manifestations of diabetes. II. Role of viral strain environmental insult and host genetics. Am J Pathol 1987, 126:61-72.
311. Tishon A., Salmi A., Ahmed R., Oldstone M. Role of viral strains and host genes in determining levels of immune complexes in a model system. Implications for HIV infection. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 1991, 7:963-969.
312. Tonietti G., Oldstone M., Dixon F. The effect of induced chronic viral infections on the immunologic diseases of New Zealand mice. J Exp Med 1970, 132:89-109.
313. Traub E. Can LCM virus cause lymphomatosis in mice?. Arch Gesampte Virusforsch 1962, 11:667-682.
314. Traub E. The epidemiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in a mouse stock observed for four years. J Exp Med 1939, 69:801-817.
315. Traub E. The epidemiology of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in white mice. J Exp Med 1936, 64:183-200.
316. Traub E. A filterable virus recovered from white mice. Science 1935, 81:298-299.
317. Traub E. Observations on quot;late onset disease quot; and tumor incidence in different strains of laboratory mice infected congenitally with LCM virus. I. Experiments with random-bred NMRI mice. Zentralbl Veterinaermed Reihe B 1975, 22:764-782.
318. Traub E. Persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in immune animals and its relation to immunity. J Exp Med 1936, 63:847-861.
319. Traub E. Uber die naturliche Ubertragungsweise des Virus der lympho-cytaraen Choriomeningitis (LCM) bei Mausen und ihre Parallelen zum Ubertragungsmodus gewisser muriner Krebsviren. Zbl Bakt 1960, 177:453-471.
320. Turkovic B., Ljubicic M. ELISA and indirect immunofluores-cence in the diagnosis of LCM virus infections. Acta Virol 1992, 36:576-580.
321. Utermohlen O., Dangel A., Tarnok A., Lehmann-Grube F. Modulation by gamma interferon of antiviral cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. J Virol 1996, 70:1521-1526.
322. vandenBroek M., Muller U., Huang S., Aguet M., Zinkernagel R. Antiviral defense in mice lacking both alpha/beta and gamma inter-feron receptors. J Virol 1995, 69:4792-4796.
323. vanderZeijst B., Noyes B., Mirault M., et al. Persistent infection of some standard cell lines by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: transmis-sion of infection by an intracellular agent. J Virol 1983, 48:249-261.
324. Vanzee B., Douglas R., Betts R., et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in university hospital personnel. Clinical features. Am J Med 1975, 58:803-809.
325. Vella A., Pfau C. The presence of an anti-erythrocyte autoantibody in C3HeB/FeJ mice after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Autoimmunity 1991, 9:319-329.
326. Villarete L., Somasundaram T., Ahmed R. Tissue-mediated selec-tion of viral variants: correlation between glycoprotein mutation and growth in neuronal cells. J Virol 1994, 68:7490-7496.
327. Volkert M. Studies on immunological tolerance to LCM virus. A pre-liminary report on adoptive immunization of virus carrier mice. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1962, 56:305-310.
328. Volkert M., Larsen H. Immunological tolerance to viruses. Prog Med Virol 1965, 7:160-207.
329. Volkert M., Larsen H. Studies on immunological tolerance to LCM virus. 5. The induction of tolerance to the virus. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand 1965, 63:161-171.
330. Volkert M., Larsen J., Pfau C. Studies on immunological toler-ance to LCM virus. 4. The question of immunity in adoptively immunized virus carriers. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand 1964, 61:268-282.
331. vonHerrath M., Coon G., Oldstone M. Low-affinity cytotoxic T-lymphocytes require IFN-gamma to clear an acute viral infection. Virology 1997, 229:349-359.
332. vonHerrath M., Yokoyama M., Dockter J., Oldstone M., Whitton J. CD4-deficient mice have reduced levels of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes after immunization and show diminished resistance to subse-quent virus challenge. J Virol 1996, 70:1072-1079.
333. Walker D., McCormick J., Johnson K., et al. Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man. Am J Pathol 1982, 107:349-356.
334. Walker D., Murphy F. Pathology and pathogenesis of arenavirus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1987, 133:89-113.
335. Walker D., Murphy F., Whitfield S., Bauer S. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: ultrastructural pathology. Exp Mol Pathol. 1975, 23:245-265.
336. Walsh C., Matloubian M., Liu C., et al. Immune function in mice lacking the perform gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:10854-10858.
337. Warkel R., Rinaldi C., Bancroft W., et al. Fatal acute meningoen-cephalitis due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Neurology 1973, 23:198-203.
338. Weber E.L., Buchmeier M.J. Fine mapping of a peptide sequence containing an antigenic site conserved among arenaviruses. Virology 1988, 164:30-38.
339. Webster J., Kirk B. Neutralizing antibody response of guinea pigs to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Infect Immun 1974, 10:516-519.
340. Weibel D., Brundler M., Zinkernagel R., Battegay M. Analysis of neutralizing antibody specificities of different strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus with strain-specific immune sera. Res Virol 1993, 144:471-478.
341. Weigand H., Hotchin J. Studies of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice. II. A comparison of the immune status of newborn and adult mice surviving inoculation. J Immunol 1961, 86:401-406.
342. Welsh Jr.R. Cytotoxic cells induced during lymphocytic choriomeningi-tis virus infection of mice. I. Characterization of natural killer cell induction. J Exp Med 1978, 148:163-181.
343. Wenner H. Isolation of LCM virus in an effort to adapt poliomyelitis virus to rodents. J Infect Dis 1948, 83:155-163.
344. Wherry E., Barber D., Kaech S., Blattman J., Ahmed R. Antigen-independent memory CD8 T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:16004-16009.
345. Willie A., Gessner A., Lothe H., Lehmann-Grube F. Mechanism of recovery from acute virus infection. VIII. Treatment of lymphocytic chori-omeningitis virus-infected mice with anti-interferon gamma monoclonal antibody blocks generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and virus elimination. Eur J Immunol 1989, 19:1283-1288.
346. Wilsnack R., Rowe W. Immunofluorescent studies of the histopathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Exp Med 1964, 120:829-840.
347. Woodrow D., Ronco P., Riviere Y., et al. Severity of glomerulonephri-tis induced in different strains of mice by infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: correlation with amounts of endogenous interferon and circulating immune complexes. J Pathol 1982, 138:325-336.
348. Wright K.E., Buchmeier M.J. Antiviral antibodies attenuate T-cell-mediated immunopathology following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Virol 1991, 65:3001-3006.
349. Wright K.E., Salvato M.S., Buchmeier M.J. Neutralizing epitopes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are conformational and require both glycosylation and disulfide bonds for expression. Virology 1989, 171:417-426.
350. Wright R., Johnson D., Neumann M., et al. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus syndrome: a disease that mimics congenital toxoplas-mosis or cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatrics 1997, 100(E9):1-6.
351. Wu-Hsieh B., Howard D., Ahmed R. Virus-induced immunosup-pression: a murine model of susceptibility to opportunistic infection. J Infect Dis 1988, 158:232-235.
352. Youn J., Barski G. Interference between lymphocytic chori-omeningitis and Rauscher leukemia in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1966, 37:381-388.
353. Young P., Howard C. Fine structure of Pichinde virus nucleocapsids. J Gen Virol 1983, 64:833-842.
354. Zajac A., Blattman J., Murali-Krishna K., et al. Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function. J Exp Med 1998, 188:2205-2213.
355. Zhou S., Ou R., Huang L., Moskophidis D. Critical role for perform- Fas/FasL- and TNFR1-mediated cytotoxic pathways in downregulation of antigen-specific T cells during persistent viral infection. J Virol 2002, 76:829-840.
356. + T-cell immune responses during chronic viral infection. J Virol 2004, 78:3578-3600.
357. Zinkernagel R., Doherty P. Immunological surveillance against altered self components by sensitized T lymphocytes in lymphocytic
358. Zinkernagel R., Doherty P. Restriction of in vitro T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis within a syngeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nature 1974, 248:701-702.
359. Zinkernagel R., Haenseler E., Leist T., Cerny H., Hengartner H., Althage A. T cell-mediated hepatitis in mice infected with lympho-cytic choriomeningitis virus. Liver cell destruction by H-2 class I-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T cells as a physiological correlate of the 51Cr-release assay. J Exp Med 1986, 164:1075-1092.
360. Zinkernagel R., Leist T., Hengartner H., Althage A. Susceptibility to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolates correlates directly with early and high cytotoxic T cell activity as well as with footpad swelling reaction and all three are regulated by H-2D. J Exp Med 1985, 162:2125-2141.