Animal models of the serotonin syndrome: A systematic review

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 256, Issue , 2013, Pages 328-345

  Haberzettl, Robert ^a   Bert, Bettina ^a   Fink, Heidrun ^a   Fox, Meredith A ^b  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

5 HT agonist; 5 HT enhancing drug; Animal model; Core response; Mouse; Rat; Serotonin; Serotonin syndrome; Validity

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; COCAINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; METHAMPHETAMINE; MOCLOBEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NOMIFENSINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN AGONIST; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT;

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR; AGITATION; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONFUSION; COORDINATION DISORDER; DIAPHORESIS; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; EXPERIMENTAL RAT; GENETIC CORRELATION; HYPERREFLEXIA; HYPOMANIA; INCIDENCE; MYOCLONUS; NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SEROTONIN SYNDROME; SEX DIFFERENCE; SHIVERING; STANDARD; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREMOR; ANIMAL; HUMAN; MOUSE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RAT;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; RATS; SEROTONIN AGENTS; SEROTONIN SYNDROME;

EID: 84883680045     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: 18727549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.045     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Boyer E.W., Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1112-1120.
2. Ener R.A., Meglathery S.B., Van Decker W.A., Gallagher R.M. Serotonin syndrome and other serotonergic disorders. Pain Med 2003, 4:63-74.
3. Gillman P.K. Serotonin syndrome: history and risk. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1998, 12:482-491.
4. Sternbach H. The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148:705-713.
5. Isbister G.K., Buckley N.A. The pathophysiology of serotonin toxicity in animals and humans: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol 2005, 28:205-214.
6. Nisijima K., Shioda K., Iwamura T. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome. Progr Brain Res 2007, 162:81-104.
7. Lane R., Baldwin D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced serotonin syndrome: review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997, 17:208-221.
8. Odagaki Y. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome or serotonin toxicity associated with atypical antipsychotics. Curr Drug Safety 2009, 4:84-93.
9. Iqbal M.M., Basil M.J., Kaplan J., Iqbal M.T. Overview of serotonin syndrome. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012, 24:310-318.
10. Rusyniak D.E., Sprague J.E. Hyperthermic syndromes induced by toxins. Clin Laboratory Med 2006, 26:165-184. ix.
11. Gillman P.K. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, opioid analgesics and serotonin toxicity. Br J Anaesth 2005, 95:434-441.
12. Gillman P.K. A review of serotonin toxicity data: implications for the mechanisms of antidepressant drug action. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59:1046-1051.
13. Gillman P.K. Triptans, serotonin agonists, and serotonin syndrome (serotonin toxicity): a review. Headache 2010, 50:264-272.
14. Silins E., Copeland J., Dillon P. Qualitative review of serotonin syndrome, ecstasy (MDMA) and the use of other serotonergic substances: hierarchy of risk. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry 2007, 41:649-655.
15. Grubb K.J., Kennedy J.L., Bergin J.D., Groves D.S., Kern J.A. The role of methylene blue in serotonin syndrome following cardiac transplantation: a case report and review of the literature. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 2012, 144:e113-e116.
16. Perry P.J., Wilborn C.A. Serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a contrast of causes, diagnoses, and management. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012, 24:155-162.
17. Rastogi R., Swarm R.A., Patel T.A. Case scenario: opioid association with serotonin syndrome: implications to the practitioners. Anesthesiology 2011, 115:1291-1298.
18. Sporer K.A. The serotonin syndrome. Implicated drugs, pathophysiology and management. Drug Safety 1995, 13:94-104.
19. Bijl D. The serotonin syndrome. Netherlands J Med 2004, 62:309-313.
20. Gerson S.C., Baldessarini R.J. Motor effects of serotonin in the central nervous system. Life Sci 1980, 27:1435-1451.
21. Jacobs B.L. An animal behavior model for studying central serotonergic synapses. Life Sci 1976, 19:777-785.
22. Kalueff A.V., LaPorte J.L., Murphy D.L. Perspectives on genetic animal models of serotonin toxicity. Neurochem Int 2008, 52:649-658.
23. Green A.R. Gaddum and LSD: the birth and growth of experimental and clinical neuropharmacology research on 5-HT in the UK. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 154:1583-1599.
24. Glassman A.H., Platman S.R. Potentiation of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. J Psychiatr Res 1969, 7:83-88.
25. Greenwood M.H., Lader M.H., Kantameneni B.D., Curzon G. The acute effects of oral (-)-tryptophan in human subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1975, 2:165-172.
26. Oates J.A., Sjoerdsma A. Neurologic effects of tryptophan in patients receiving a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Neurology 1960, 10:1076-1078.
27. Insel T.R., Roy B.F., Cohen R.M., Murphy D.L. Possible development of the serotonin syndrome in man. Am J Psychiatry 1982, 139:954-955.
28. Isbister G.K., Buckley N.A., Whyte I.M. Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med J Australia 2007, 187:361-365.
29. Ma Z., Zhang G., Jenney C., Krishnamoorthy S., Tao R. Characterization of serotonin-toxicity syndrome (toxidrome) elicited by 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan in clorgyline-pretreated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 588:198-206.
30. Brown T.M., Skop B.P., Mareth T.R. Pathophysiology and management of the serotonin syndrome. Ann Pharmacother 1996, 30:527-533.
31. Dunkley E.J., Isbister G.K., Sibbritt D., Dawson A.H., Whyte I.M. The hunter serotonin toxicity criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM 2003, 96:635-642.
32. Isbister G.K., Bowe S.J., Dawson A., Whyte I.M. Relative toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in overdose. J Toxicol 2004, 42:277-285.
33. Fischer P. Serotonin syndrome in the elderly after antidepressive monotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995, 15:440-442.
34. Gill M., LoVecchio F., Selden B. Serotonin syndrome in a child after a single dose of fluvoxamine. Ann Emerg Med 1999, 33:457-459.
35. Lenzi A., Raffaelli S., Marazziti D. Serotonin syndrome-like symptoms in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder, following inappropriate increase in fluvoxamine dosage. Pharmacopsychiatry 1993, 26:100-101.
36. Brambilla P., Cipriani A., Hotopf M., Barbui C. Side-effect profile of fluoxetine in comparison with other SSRIs, tricyclic and newer antidepressants: a meta-analysis of clinical trial data. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005, 38:69-77.
37. Gillman P.K. Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated. Br J Pharmacol 2007, 151:737-748.
38. Sun-Edelstein C., Tepper S.J., Shapiro R.E. Drug-induced serotonin syndrome: a review. Exp Opin Drug safety 2008, 7:587-596.
39. Raffa R.B., Friderichs E., Reimann W., Shank R.P., Codd E.E., Vaught J.L. Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an 'atypical' opioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992, 260:275-285.
40. Reimann W., Schneider F. Induction of 5-hydroxytryptamine release by tramadol, fenfluramine and reserpine. Eur J Pharmacol 1998, 349:199-203.
41. Parrott A.C. Recreational Ecstasy/MDMA, the serotonin syndrome, and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002, 71:837-844.
42. Mueller P.D., Korey W.S. Death by "ecstasy": the serotonin syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 1998, 32:377-380.
43. Klys M., Kowalski P., Rojek S., Gross A. Death of a female cocaine user due to the serotonin syndrome following moclobemide-venlafaxine overdose. Forensic Sci Int 2009, 184:e16-e20.
44. Malik H.U., Kumar K. Serotonin syndrome with escitolapram and concomitant use of cocaine: a case report. Clin Med Insights Case Reports 2012, 5:81-85.
45. Huether G., Zhou D., Ruther E. Causes and consequences of the loss of serotonergic presynapses elicited by the consumption of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") and its congeners. J Neural Transm 1997, 104:771-794.
46. Steiner W., Fontaine R. Toxic reaction following the combined administration of fluoxetine and L-tryptophan: five case reports. Biol Psychiatry 1986, 21:1067-1071.
47. Fernstrom J.D. Effects and side effects associated with the non-nutritional use of tryptophan by humans. J Nutr 2012, 142:2236S-2244S.
48. Levitan R.D., Shen J.H., Jindal R., Driver H.S., Kennedy S.H., Shapiro C.M. Preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of tryptophan combined with fluoxetine to treat major depressive disorder: antidepressant and hypnotic effects. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000, 25:337-346.
49. Young S.N. Use of tryptophan in combination with other antidepressant treatments: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1991, 16:241-246.
50. Lambert G.A. Preclinical neuropharmacology of naratriptan. CNS Drug Rev 2005, 11:289-316.
51. The Evans R.W. FDA alert on serotonin syndrome with combined use of SSRIs or SNRIs and triptans: an analysis of the 29 case reports. MedGenMed 2007, 9:48.
52. Soldin O.P., Tonning J.M. Serotonin syndrome associated with triptan monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2185-2186.
53. Evans R.W., Tepper S.J., Shapiro R.E., Sun-Edelstein C., The Tietjen G.E. FDA alert on serotonin syndrome with use of triptans combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: American Headache Society position paper. Headache 2010, 50:1089-1099.
54. Kuehn B.M. Serotonin Syndrome Update. JAMA 2011, 306:2661.
55. Ng B.K., Cameron A.J. The role of methylene blue in serotonin syndrome: a systematic review. Psychosomatics 2010, 51:194-200.
56. Stanford S.C., Stanford B.J., Gillman P.K. Risk of severe serotonin toxicity following co-administration of methylene blue and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an update on a case report of post-operative delirium. J Psychopharmacol 2010, 24:1433-1438.
57. Packer S., Berman S.A. Serotonin syndrome precipitated by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor linezolid. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:346-347.
58. Ramsay R.R., Dunford C., Gillman P.K. Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction. Br J Pharmacol 2007, 152:946-951.
59. Bonetto N., Santelli L., Battistin L., Cagnin A. Serotonin syndrome and rhabdomyolysis induced by concomitant use of triptans, fluoxetine and hypericum. Cephalalgia: Int J Headache 2007, 27:1421-1423.
60. Goldberg R.J., Huk M. Serotonin syndrome from trazodone and buspirone. Psychosomatics 1992, 33:235-236.
61. Manos G.H. Possible serotonin syndrome associated with buspirone added to fluoxetine. Ann Pharmacother 2000, 34:871-874.
62. Parks V., Philipp A.W., Raje S., Plotka A., Schechter L.E., Connell J., et al. Concomitant blockade of 5-HT(1A) receptor and 5-HT transporter: use of the hunter serotonin toxicity criteria in a clinical pharmacology study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012, 22:92-99.
63. Kawano T., Kosuge T., Takagi S., Shimoyama A., Harunari N., Tahara Y., et al. [First death case of serotonin syndrome in Japan induced by fluvoxamine and tandospirone]. Chudoku kenkyu: Chudoku Kenkyukai jun kikanshi 2011, 24:305-310.
64. Hill S.L., Doris T., Gurung S., Katebe S., Lomas A., Dunn M., et al. Severe clinical toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of 25I-NBOMe: case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013, 51:487-492.
65. Rose S.R., Poklis J.L., Poklis A. A case of 25I-NBOMe (25-I) intoxication: a new potent 5-HT2A agonist designer drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013, 51:174-177.
66. Graudins A., Stearman A., Chan B. Treatment of the serotonin syndrome with cyproheptadine. J Emerg Med 1998, 16:615-619.
67. Thanacoody R. Serotonin syndrome. Medicine 2012, 40:63-64.
68. Mackay F.J., Dunn N.R., Mann R.D. Antidepressants and the serotonin syndrome in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1999, 49:871-874.
69. Tatsumi M., Groshan K., Blakely R.D., Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 1997, 340:249-258.
70. Ringland C., Mant A., McGettigan P., Mitchell P., Kelman C., Buckley N., et al. Uncovering the potential risk of serotonin toxicity in Australian veterans using pharmaceutical claims data. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008, 66:682-688.
71. Pilgrim J.L., Gerostamoulos D., Drummer O.H. Deaths involving contraindicated and inappropriate combinations of serotonergic drugs. Int J Legal Med 2011, 125:803-815.
72. Serotonin Page I.H. (5-hydroxytryptamine); the last four years. Physiol Rev 1958, 38:277-335.
73. Udenfriend S., Weissbach H., Bogdanski D.F. Increase in tissue serotonin following administration of its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. J Biol Chem 1957, 224:803-810.
74. Hwang E.C., Van Woert M.H. Behavioral and biochemical actions of p-chlorophenylethylamine (p-CPEA) in mice. Life Sci 1979, 24:595-601.
75. Green A.R., Grahame-Smith D.G. Effects of drugs on the processes regulating the functional activity of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Nature 1976, 260:487-491.
76. Erspamer V., Asero B. Identification of enteramine, the specific hormone of the enterochromaffin cell system, as 5-hydroxytryptamine. Nature 1952, 169:800-801.
77. Rapport M.M., Green A.A., Page I.H. Serum vasoconstrictor, serotonin; isolation and characterization. J Biol Chem 1948, 176:1243-1251.
78. Lopez-Munoz F., Alamo C. Monoaminergic neurotransmission: the history of the discovery of antidepressants from 1950 until today. Curr Pharm Des 2009, 15:1563-1586.
79. Loizou L.A. Uptake of monoamines into central neurones and the blood-brain barrier in the infant rat. Br J Pharmacol 1970, 40:800-813.
80. Bogdanski D.F., Weissbach H., Udenfriend Pharmacological studies with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1958, 122:182-194.
81. Brodie B.B., Prockop D.J., Shore P.A. An interpretation of the action of psychotropic drugs. Postgrad Med 1958, 24:296-304.
82. Shore P.A., Brodie B.B. Effect of iproniazid on brain levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Science 1958, 127:704.
83. Jacobs B.L. Effect of two dopamine receptor blockers on a serotonin-mediated behavioral syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1974, 27:363-366.
84. Jacobs B.L. Evidence for the functional interaction of two central neurotransmitters. Psychopharmacologia 1974, 39:81-86.
85. Jacobs B.L., Klemfuss H. Brain stem and spinal cord mediation of a serotonergic behavioral syndrome. Brain Res 1975, 100:450-457.
86. Deakin J.F., Green A.R. The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or tranylcypromine and L-DOPA to rats. Br J Pharmacol 1978, 64:201-209.
87. Ortmann R., Waldmeier P.C., Radeke E., Felner A., Delini-Stula A. The effects of 5-HT uptake- and MAO-inhibitors on L-5-HTP-induced excitation in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1980, 311:185-192.
88. Shimomura K., Mori J., Honda F. Backward walking induced by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1981, 31:39-46.
89. Lucki I., Nobler M.S., Frazer A. Differential actions of serotonin antagonists on two behavioral models of serotonin receptor activation in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984, 228:133-139.
90. Kennett G.A., Dickinson S.L., Curzon G. Central serotonergic responses and behavioural adaptation to repeated immobilisation: the effect of the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Eur J Pharmacol 1985, 119:143-152.
91. Abdel-Fattah A.F., Matsumoto K., el-Hady K.A., Watanabe H. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors mediate hypo- and hyperthermic effects of tryptophan in pargyline-pretreated rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995, 52:379-384.
92. Dickinson S.L., Curzon G. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-mediated behaviour in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 1986, 25:771-776.
93. Finberg J.P., Youdim M.B. Pharmacological properties of the anti-Parkinson drug rasagiline; modification of endogenous brain amines, reserpine reversal, serotonergic and dopaminergic behaviours. Neuropharmacology 2002, 43:1110-1118.
94. Corne S.J., Pickering R.W. A possible correlation between drug-induced hallucinations in man and a behavioural response in mice. Psychopharmacologia 1967, 11:65-78.
95. Darmani N.A., Martin B.R., Pandey U., Glennon R.A. Do functional relationships exist between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990, 36:901-906.
96. Peroutka S.J., Lebovitz R.M., Snyder S.H. Two distinct central serotonin receptors with different physiological functions. Science 1981, 212:827-829.
97. Corne S.J., Pickering R.W., Warner B.T. A method for assessing the effects of drugs on the central actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 1963, 20:106-120.
98. Darmani N.A., Martin B.R., Glennon R.A. Withdrawal from chronic treatment with (+/-)-DOI causes super-sensitivity to 5-HT2 receptor-induced head-twitch behaviour in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1990, 186:115-118.
99. Darmani N.A., Martin B.R., Glennon R.A. Behavioral evidence for differential adaptation of the serotonergic system after acute and chronic treatment with (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) or ketanserin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992, 262:692-698.
100. Fox M.A., Stein A.R., French H.T., Murphy D.L. Functional interactions between 5-HT2A and presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor-based responses in mice genetically deficient in the serotonin 5-HT transporter (SERT). Br J Pharmacol 2010, 159:879-887.
101. Handley S.L., Brown J. Effects on the 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced head-twitch of drugs with selective actions on alpha1 and alpha2-adrenoceptors. Neuropharmacology 1982, 21:507-510.
102. Handley S.L., Singh L. Involvement of the locus coeruleus in the potentiation of the quipazine-induced head-twitch response by diazepam and beta-adrenoceptor agonists. Neuropharmacology 1986, 25:1315-1321.
103. Handley S.L., Singh L. The modulation of head-twitch behaviour by drugs acting on beta-adrenoceptors: evidence for the involvement of both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986, 88:320-324.
104. Heal D.J., Philpot J., Molyneux S.G., Metz A. Intracerebroventricular administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine to mice increases both head-twitch response and the number of cortical 5-HT2 receptors. Neuropharmacology 1985, 24:1201-1205.
105. Heal D.J., Philpot J., O'Shaughnessy K.M., Davies C.L. The influence of central noradrenergic function on 5-HT2-mediated head-twitch responses in mice: possible implications for the actions of antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986, 89:414-420.
106. Tadano T., Satoh S., Kisara K. Head-twitches induced by p-hydroxyamphetamine in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1986, 41:519-523.
107. Willins D.L., Meltzer H.Y. Direct injection of 5-HT2A receptor agonists into the medial prefrontal cortex produces a head-twitch response in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997, 282:699-706.
108. Marley E., Wozniak K.M. Interactions of a non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, with inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine or noradrenaline re-uptake. J Psychiatr Res 1984, 18:173-189.
109. Marley E., Wozniak K.M. Interactions of non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tranylcypromine and nialamide, with inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine or noradrenaline re-uptake. J Psychiatr Res 1984, 18:191-203.
110. Marley E., Wozniak K.M. Interactions between relatively selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors and an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake, clomipramine. J Psychiatr Res 1985, 19:597-608.
111. Curzon G., Fernando J.C., Lees A.J. Backward walking and circling: behavioural responses induced by drug treatments which cause simultaneous release of catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 1979, 66:573-579.
112. Darmani N.A., Ahmad B. Long-term sequential determination of behavioral ontogeny of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor functions in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999, 288:247-253.
113. Koshikawa N., Mocaer E., Stephenson J.D. The effects of tianeptine on wet-dog shakes, fore-paw treading and a flexor reflex in rats are consistent with enhancement of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake. Eur J Pharmacol 1991, 198:51-57.
114. Bedard P., Pycock C.J. "Wet-dog" shake behaviour in the rat: a possible quantitative model of central 5-hydroxytryptamine activity. Neuropharmacology 1977, 16:663-670.
115. Koshikawa F., Koshikawa N., Stephenson J.D. Effects of antidepressant drug combinations on cortical 5-HT2 receptors and wet-dog shakes in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1985, 118:273-281.
116. Koshikawa N., Maruyama Y., Stephenson J.D. Production of wet-dog shakes in rats and down-regulation of spinal 5-HT2 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1989, 164:595-598.
117. Nagayama H., Lu J.Q. Circadian rhythm in the responsiveness of central 5-HT2A receptor to DOI in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 127:113-116.
118. Speiser Z., Fine T., Litinetsky L., Eliash S., Blaugrund E., Cohen S. Differential behavioral syndrome evoked in the rats after multiple doses of SSRI fluoxetine with selective MAO inhibitors rasagiline or selegiline. J Neural Transm 2008, 115:107-116.
119. Yap C.Y., Taylor D.A. Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in the wet-dog shake behaviour induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:801-804.
120. Grahame-Smith D.G. Studies in vivo on the relationship between brain tryptophan, brain 5-HT synthesis and hyperactivity in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-tryptophan. J Neurochem 1971, 18:1053-1066.
121. Nisijima K., Yoshino T., Yui K., Katoh S. Potent serotonin (5-HT)(2A) receptor antagonists completely prevent the development of hyperthermia in an animal model of the 5-HT syndrome. Brain Res 2001, 890:23-31.
122. Shioda K., Nisijima K., Yoshino T., Kato S. Mirtazapine abolishes hyperthermia in an animal model of serotonin syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2010, 482:216-219.
123. Berendsen H.H., Broekkamp C.L. Behavioural evidence for functional interactions between 5-HT-receptor subtypes in rats and mice. Br J Pharmacol 1990, 101:667-673.
124. Zhang G., Krishnamoorthy S., Ma Z., Vukovich N.P., Huang X., Tao R. Assessment of 5-hydroxytryptamine efflux in rat brain during a mild, moderate and severe serotonin-toxicity syndrome. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 615:66-75.
125. Diaz S.L., Maroteaux L. Implication of 5-HT(2B) receptors in the serotonin syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2011, 61:495-502.
126. Nisijima K., Shioda K., Yoshino T., Takano K., Kato S. Diazepam and chlormethiazole attenuate the development of hyperthermia in an animal model of the serotonin syndrome. Neurochem Int 2003, 43:155-164.
127. Nisijima K., Shioda K., Yoshino T., Takano K., Memantine Kato S. an NMDA antagonist, prevents the development of hyperthermia in an animal model for serotonin syndrome. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004, 37:57-62.
128. Fox M.A., Jensen C.L., French H.T., Stein A.R., Huang S.J., Tolliver T.J., et al. Neurochemical, behavioral, and physiological effects of pharmacologically enhanced serotonin levels in serotonin transporter (SERT)-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 201:203-218.
129. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Wakita H., Horisaka K. The involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in hypothermia induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin. Jpn J Pharmacol 1988, 48:145-148.
130. Mazzola-Pomietto P., Aulakh C.S., Wozniak K.M., Hill J.L., Murphy D.L. Evidence that 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI)-induced hyperthermia in rats is mediated by stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995, 117:193-199.
131. Gudelsky G.A., Koenig J.I., Meltzer H.Y. Thermoregulatory responses to serotonin (5-HT) receptor stimulation in the rat. Evidence for opposing roles of 5-HT2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Neuropharmacology 1986, 25:1307-1313.
132. Morishima Y., Shibano T. Evidence that 5-HT2A receptors are not involved in 5-HT-mediated thermoregulation in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995, 52:755-758.
133. Fox M.A., French H.T., LaPorte J.L., Blackler A.R., Murphy D.L. The serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor agonist TCB-2: a behavioral and neurophysiological analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010, 212:13-23.
134. Goodwin G.M., De Souza R.J., Green A.R. The pharmacology of the hypothermic response in mice to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). A model of presynaptic 5-HT1 function. Neuropharmacology 1985, 24:1187-1194.
135. Bill D.J., Knight M., Forster E.A., Fletcher A. Direct evidence for an important species difference in the mechanism of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia. Br J Pharmacol 1991, 103:1857-1864.
136. Drust E.G., Connor J.D. Pharmacological analysis of shaking behavior induced by enkephalins, thyrotropin-releasing hormone or serotonin in rats: evidence for different mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983, 224:148-154.
137. Colpaert F.C., Koek W., Lategan A. 1-5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced flat body posture in the rat: antagonism by ritanserin and potentiation after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1989, 169:175-178.
138. Izumi T., Iwamoto N., Kitaichi Y., Kato A., Inoue T., Koyama T. Effects of co-administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on 5-HT-related behavior in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006, 532:258-264.
139. Bert B., Fink H., Hortnagl H., Veh R.W., Davies B., Theuring F., et al. Mice over-expressing the 5-HT(1A) receptor in cortex and dentate gyrus display exaggerated locomotor and hypothermic response to 8-OH-DPAT. Behav Brain Res 2006, 167:328-341.
140. Blanchard R.J., Griebel G., Guardiola-Lemaitre B., Brush M.M., Lee J., Blanchard D.C. An ethopharmacological analysis of selective activation of 5-HT1A receptors: the mouse 5-HT1A syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997, 57:897-908.
141. Fernando J.C., Lees A.J., Curzon G. Differential antagonism by neuroleptics of backward-walking and other behaviours caused by amphetamine at high dosage. Neuropharmacology 1980, 19:549-553.
142. Blanchard R.J., Shepherd J.K., Armstrong J., Tsuda S.F., Blanchard D.C. An ethopharmacological analysis of the behavioral effects of 8-OH-DPAT. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993, 112:55-63.
143. Fox M.A., Jensen C.L., Gallagher P.S., Murphy D.L. Receptor mediation of exaggerated responses to serotonin-enhancing drugs in serotonin transporter (SERT)-deficient mice. Neuropharmacology 2007, 53:643-656.
144. Izumi T., Iwamoto N., Kitaichi Y., Kato A., Inoue T., Koyama T. Effects of co-administration of antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on 5-HT-related behavior in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007, 565:105-112.
145. Grahame-Smith D.G. Inhibitory effect of chlorpromazine on the syndrome of hyperactivity produced by L-tryptophan or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rats treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 1971, 43:856-864.
146. Sloviter R.S., Drust E.G., Connor J.D. Evidence that serotonin mediates some behavioral effects of amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978, 206:348-352.
147. Goodwin G.M., De Souza R.J., Wood A.J., Green A.R. The enhancement by lithium of the 5-HT1A mediated serotonin syndrome produced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat: evidence for a post-synaptic mechanism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1986, 90:488-493.
148. Matthews W.D., Smith C.D. Pharmacological profile of a model for central serotonin receptor activation. Life Sci 1980, 26:1397-1403.
149. Fox M.A., Jensen C.L., Murphy D.L. Tramadol and another atypical opioid meperidine have exaggerated serotonin syndrome behavioural effects, but decreased analgesic effects, in genetically deficient serotonin transporter (SERT) mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009, 12:1055-1065.
150. Fox M.A., Panessiti M.G., Moya P.R., Tolliver T.J., Chen K., Shih J.C., et al. Mutations in monoamine oxidase (MAO) genes in mice lead to hypersensitivity to serotonin-enhancing drugs: implications for drug side effects in humans. Pharmacogen J 2012.
151. Gwaltney-Brant S.M., Albretsen J.C., Khan S.A. 5-Hydroxytryptophan toxicosis in dogs: 21 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216:1937-1940.
152. Carruba M.O., Nistico G., Mantegazza P. Evidence for a receptor supersensitivity following impairment of central serotoninergic activity in the rabbit. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1979, 309:125-129.
153. Volkman P.H., Lorens S.A., Kindel G.H., Ginos J.Z. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonus in guinea pigs: a model for the study of central serotonin-dopamine interactions. Neuropharmacology 1978, 17:947-955.
154. Luscombe G., Jenner P., Marsden C.D. Pharmacological analysis of the myoclonus induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan in the guinea pig suggests the presence of multiple 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the brain. Neuropharmacology 1981, 20:819-831.
155. Eison A.S., Wright R.N. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors mediate discrete behaviors in the Mongolian gerbil. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992, 43:131-137.
156. Darmani N.A., Zhao W. Production of serotonin syndrome by 8-OH DPAT in Cryptotis parva. Physiol Behav 1998, 65:327-331.
157. Curzon G., Ettlinger G., Cole M., Walsh J. The biochemical, behavioral, and neurologic effects of high Ltryptophan intake in the rhesus monkey. Neurology 1963, 13:431-438.
158. Mizuta E., Yamaguchi M., Kuno S. Behavioural effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 1990, 178:125-127.
159. Taffe M.A., Lay C.C., Von Huben S.N., Davis S.A., Crean R.D., Katner S.N. Hyperthermia induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in unrestrained rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006, 82:276-281.
160. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. Pharmacological analysis of the variation in behavioural responses to tryptamine in five strains of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1987, 140:323-330.
161. Stewart R.M., Growdon J.H., Cancian D., Baldessarini R.J. Myoclonus after 5-hydroxytryptophan in rats with lesions of indoleamine neurons in the central nervous system. Neurology 1976, 26:690-692.
162. Goodwin G.M., Green A.R. A behavioural and biochemical study in mice and rats of putative selective agonists and antagonists for 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1985, 84:743-753.
163. Goodwin G.M., De Souza R.J., Green A.R., Heal D.J. The pharmacology of the behavioural and hypothermic responses of rats to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987, 91:506-511.
164. Green A.R., Guy A.P., Gardner C.R. The behavioural effects of RU 24969, a suggested 5-HT1 receptor agonist in rodents and the effect on the behaviour of treatment with antidepressants. Neuropharmacology 1984, 23:655-661.
165. Lu J.Q., Nagayama H. Circadian rhythm in the response of central 5-HT1A receptors to 8-OH-DPAT in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996, 123:42-45.
166. Lu J.Q., Nagayama H. Circadian rhythm in the function of central 5-HT1A receptors is endogenous in nature. Cell Mol Life Sci 1997, 53:224-226.
167. Smith L.M., Peroutka S.J. Differential effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine1a selective drugs on the 5-HT behavioral syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986, 24:1513-1519.
168. Assie M.B., Bardin L., Auclair A.L., Carilla-Durand E., Depoortere R., Koek W., et al. F15599, a highly selective post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor agonist: in-vivo profile in behavioural models of antidepressant and serotonergic activity. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010, 1-14.
169. Forster E.A., Cliffe I.A., Bill D.J., Dover G.M., Jones D., Reilly Y., et al. A pharmacological profile of the selective silent 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100635. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 281:81-88.
170. Sprouse J., Reynolds L., Li X., Braselton J., Schmidt A. 8-OH-DPAT as a 5-HT7 agonist: phase shifts of the circadian biological clock through increases in cAMP production. Neuropharmacology 2004, 46:52-62.
171. Tricklebank M.D., Forler C., Fozard J.R. The involvement of subtypes of the 5-HT1 receptor and of catecholaminergic systems in the behavioural response to 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1984, 106:271-282.
172. Roth B.L., Hyde E.G. Pharmacology of 5-HT2 receptors. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, serotonergic neurons and 5-HT receptors in the CNS 1997, 367-394. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. H.G.G.M. Baumgarten (Ed.).
173. Arnt J., Hyttel J. Facilitation of 8-OHDPAT-induced forepaw treading of rats by the 5-HT2 agonist DOI. Eur J Pharmacol 1989, 161:45-51.
174. Cowen P.J., Grahame-Smith D.G., Green A.R., Heal D.J. beta-Adrenoceptor agonists enhance 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated behavioural responses. Br J Pharmacol 1982, 76:265-270.
175. Nimgaonkar V.L., Green A.R., Cowen P.J., Heal D.J., Grahame-Smith D.G., Deakin J.F. Studies on the mechanisms by which clenbuterol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, enhances 5-HT-mediated behaviour and increases metabolism of 5-HT in the brain of the rat. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:739-749.
176. Green A.R., Hall J.E., Rees A.R. A behavioural and biochemical study in rats of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonists and antagonists, with observations on structure-activity requirements for the agonists. Br J Pharmacol 1981, 73:703-719.
177. Green A.R., O'Shaughnessy K., Hammond M., Schachter M., Grahame-Smith D.G. Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated behaviour by the putative 5-HT2 antagonist pirenperone. Neuropharmacology 1983, 22:573-578.
178. Sloviter R.S., Drust E.G., Connor J.D. Specificity of a rat behavioral model for serotonin receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978, 206:339-347.
179. Nagayama H., Lu J.Q. Circadian rhythm in the response to intracerebroventricular administration of 8-OH-DPAT. Brain Res 1997, 756:92-95.
180. Koenig J.I., Meltzer H.Y., Gudelsky G.A. 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A receptor-mediated effects of buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1988, 29:711-715.
181. Hjorth S. Hypothermia in the rat induced by the potent serotoninergic agent 8-OH-DPAT. J Neural Transm 1985, 61:131-135.
182. Dalpiaz A., Gessi S., Borea P.A., Gilli G. Binding thermodynamics of serotonin to rat-brain 5-HT1A, 5HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors. Life Sci 1995, 57:PL141-PL146.
183. Peroutka S.J., Snyder S.H. Multiple serotonin receptors: differential binding of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine, [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide and [3H]spiroperidol. Mol Pharmacol 1979, 16:687-699.
184. Squires L.N., Talbot K.N., Rubakhin S.S., Sweedler J.V. Serotonin catabolism in the central and enteric nervous systems of rats upon induction of serotonin syndrome. J Neurochem 2007, 103:174-180.
185. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. The behavioural effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1988, 154:299-304.
186. Dursun S.M., Handley S.L. The effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on the inhibition of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI)-induced head shakes by 5-HT1A receptor agonists in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 1993, 109:1046-1052.
187. Gonzalez-Maeso J., Weisstaub N.V., Zhou M., Chan P., Ivic L., Ang R., et al. Hallucinogens recruit specific cortical 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated signaling pathways to affect behavior. Neuron 2007, 53:439-452.
188. Goodwin G.M., Green A.R., Johnson P. 5-HT2 receptor characteristics in frontal cortex and 5-HT2 receptor-mediated head-twitch behaviour following antidepressant treatment to mice. Br J Pharmacol 1984, 83:235-242.
189. Moya P.R., Berg K.A., Gutierrez-Hernandez M.A., Saez-Briones P., Reyes-Parada M., Cassels B.K., et al. Functional selectivity of hallucinogenic phenethylamine and phenylisopropylamine derivatives at human 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007, 321:1054-1061.
190. Kitamura Y., Nagatani T., Watanabe T. Buspirone enhances head twitch behavior in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1994, 253:297-301.
191. Darmani N.A., Johnson J.C. Central and peripheral mechanisms contribute to the antiemetic actions of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol against 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced emesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 488:201-212.
192. Darmani N.A., Reeves S.L. The mechanism by which the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist S-(-) UH 301 produces head-twitches in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996, 55:1-10.
193. Endo Y. Evidence that the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the liver but not in the brain may cause the hypoglycaemia induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Br J Pharmacol 1985, 85:591-598.
194. Modigh K. Central and peripheral effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on motor activity in mice. Psychopharmacologia 1972, 23:48-54.
195. Modigh K. Effects of chlorimipramine and protriptyline on the hyperactivity induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition in mice. J Neural Transm 1973, 34:101-109.
196. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. Serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) inhibits chlorpromazine- and haloperidol-induced hypothermia in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 1995, 18:1580-1583.
197. Guscott M.R., Egan E., Cook G.P., Stanton J.A., Beer M.S., Rosahl T.W., et al. The hypothermic effect of 5-CT in mice is mediated through the 5-HT7 receptor. Neuropharmacology 2003, 44:1031-1037.
198. Sugimoto Y., Ohkura M., Inoue K., Yamada J. Involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in hyperthermia induced by a serotonin-releasing drug, p-chloroamphetamine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2001, 430:265-268.
199. Yamada J., Wakita H., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. Hypothermia induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of tryptamine: involvement of the 5-HT1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 1987, 139:117-119.
200. Sugimoto Y., Yamada J., Horisaka K. Activation of peripheral serotonin2 receptors induces hypothermia in mice. Life Sci 1991, 48:419-423.
201. Hegerl U., Bottlender R., Gallinat J., Kuss H.J., Ackenheil M., Moller H.J. The serotonin syndrome scale: first results on validity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998, 248:96-103.
202. Ma Z., Rudacille M., Prentice H.M., Tao R. Characterization of electroencephalographic and biochemical responses at 5-HT promoting drug-induced onset of serotonin syndrome in rats. J Neurochem 2013.
203. Nisijima K., Yoshino T., Ishiguro T. Risperidone counteracts lethality in an animal model of the serotonin syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 150:9-14.
204. Bilbey D.L., Salem H., Grossman M.H. The anatomical basis of the straub phenomenon. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1960, 15:540-543.
205. Pardo-Lozano R., Farre M., Yubero-Lahoz S., O'Mathuna B., Torrens M., Mustata C., et al. Clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"): the influence of gender and genetics (CYP2D6, COMT, 5-HTT). PloS one 2012, 7:e47599.
206. Butler J.M., Begg E.J. Free drug metabolic clearance in elderly people. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008, 47:297-321.
207. McLean A.J., Le Couteur D.G. Aging biology and geriatric clinical pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2004, 56:163-184.
208. Mitsch A.L. Antidepressant adverse drug reactions in older adults: implications for RNs and APNs. Geriatr Nurs 2013, 34:53-61.
209. Murphy D.L., Fox M.A., Timpano K.R., Moya P.R., Ren-Patterson R., Andrews A.M., et al. How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology 2008, 55:932-960.
210. Pilgrim J.L., Gerostamoulos D., Review Drummer O.H. Pharmacogenetic aspects of the effect of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on serotonergic drug metabolism, response, interactions, and adverse effects. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2011, 7:162-184.
211. Vizcaychipi M.P., Walker S., Palazzo M. Serotonin syndrome triggered by tramadol. Br J Anaesth 2007, 99:919.
212. Kesavan S., Sobala G.M. Serotonin syndrome with fluoxetine plus tramadol. J Roy Soc Med 1999, 92:474-475.
213. Asch D.A., Parker R.M. The Libby Zion case. One step forward or two steps backward?. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:771-775.
214. Kaneda Y., Ohmori T., Okabe H. Possible mild serotonin syndrome related to co-prescription of tandospirone and trazodone. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001, 23:98-101.
215. Tamura N., Nakazato Y., Yamamoto T., Iwasaki S., Shimazu K. Serotonin syndrome caused by tandospirone citrate alone. Rinsho shinkeigaku 2002, 42:892-894.
216. Turner E.H., Loftis J.M., Blackwell A.D. Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. Pharmacol Thera 2006, 109:325-338.
217. Beaune S., Callebert J., Baud F.J., Risede P., Juvin P., Megarbane B. Mechanisms of high-dose citalopram-induced death in a rat model. Toxicology 2012, 302:248-254.
218. Berendsen H.H., Jenck F., Broekkamp C.L. Selective activation of 5HT1A receptors induces lower lip retraction in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989, 33:821-827.
219. Boban Blagaic A., Blagaic V., Mirt M., Jelovac N., Dodig G., Rucman R., et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005, 512:173-179.
220. Costain D.W., Green A.R. beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists inhibit the behavioural responses of rats to increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Br J Pharmacol 1978, 64:193-200.
221. Cuadra G.R., Molina V.A. Different behavioral reactivity of 5-HT1 sites between killer and non-killer rats after midbrain raphe lesion. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Latinoam 1989, 39:91-100.
222. Goodwin G.M., De Souza R.J., Green A.R. Attenuation by electroconvulsive shock and antidepressant drugs of the 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hypothermia and serotonin syndrome produced by 8-OH-DPAT in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1987, 91:500-505.
223. Green A.R. Repeated exposure of rats to the convulsant agent flurothyl enhances 5-hydroxytryptamine- and dopamine-mediated behavioural responses. Br J Pharmacol 1978, 62:325-331.
224. Green A.R., Deakin J.F. Brain noradrenaline depletion prevents ECS-induced enhancement of serotonin- and dopamine-mediated behaviour. Nature 1980, 285:232-233.
225. Green A.R., Grahame-Smith D.G. The role of brain dopamine in the hyperactivity syndrome produced by increased 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in rats. Neuropharmacology 1974, 13:949-959.
226. Green A.R., Grahame-Smith D.G. TRH potentiates behavioural changes following increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulation in rats. Nature 1974, 251:524-526.
227. Green A.R., Grahame-Smith D.G. (-)-Propranolol inhibits the behavioural responses of rats to increased 5-hydroxytryptamine in the central nervous system. Nature 1976, 262:594-596.
228. Green A.R., Hughes J.P., Tordoff A.F. The concentration of 5-methoxytryptamine in rat brain and its effects on behaviour following its peripheral injection. Neuropharmacology 1975, 14:601-606.
229. Green A.R., Youdim M.B. Effects of monoamine oxidase inhibition by clorgyline, deprenil or tranylcypromine on 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in rat brain and hyperactivity following subsequent tryptophan administration. Br J Pharmacol 1975, 55:415-422.
230. Green A.R., Youdim M.B., Grahame-Smith D.G. Quipazine: its effects on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism, monoamine oxidase activity and behaviour. Neuropharmacology 1976, 15:173-179.
231. Hillegaart V., Wadenberg M.L., Ahlenius S. Effects of 8-OH-DPAT on motor activity in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989, 32:797-800.
232. Kleven M.S., Assie M.B., Koek W. Pharmacological characterization of in vivo properties of putative mixed 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT(2A/2C) antagonist anxiolytics. II. Drug discrimination and behavioral observation studies in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997, 282:747-759.
233. Krishnamoorthy S., Ma Z., Zhang G., Wei J., Auerbach S.B., Tao R. Involvement of 5-HT2A receptors in the serotonin (5-HT) syndrome caused by excessive 5-HT efflux in rat brain. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010, 107:830-841.
234. Lucki I., Frazer A. Prevention of the serotonin syndrome in rats by repeated administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors but not tricyclic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1982, 77:205-211.
235. Marsden C.A., Curzon G. The contribution of tryptamine to the behavioural effects of L-tryptophan in tranylcypromine-treated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978, 57:71-76.
236. Nagayama H., Lu J.Q. Circadian and circannual rhythms in the function of central 5-HT1A receptors in laboratory rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998, 135:279-283.
237. Ortmann R., Martin S., Radeke E., Delini-Stula A. Interaction of beta-adrenoceptor agonists with the serotonergic system in rat brain. A behavioral study using the L-5-HTP syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1981, 316:225-230.
238. Osei-Owusu P., James A., Crane J., Scrogin K.E. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus mediate oxytocin and adrenocorticotropin hormone release and some behavioral components of the serotonin syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005, 313:1324-1330.
239. Shioda K., Nisijima K., Yoshino T., Kato S. Extracellular serotonin, dopamine and glutamate levels are elevated in the hypothalamus in a serotonin syndrome animal model induced by tranylcypromine and fluoxetine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004, 28:633-640.
240. Trulson M.E., Eubanks E.E., Jacobs B.L. Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity following destruction of central serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1976, 198:23-32.
241. Trulson M.E., Jacobs B.L. Behavioral evidence for the rapid release of CNS serotonin by PCA and fenfluramine. Eur J Pharmacol 1976, 36:149-154.
242. Van Oekelen D., Megens A., Meert T., Luyten W.H., Leysen J.E. Role of 5-HT(2) receptors in the tryptamine-induced 5-HT syndrome in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2002, 13:313-318.
243. Kreilgaard M., Smith D.G., Brennum L.T., Sanchez C. Prediction of clinical response based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models of 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitors in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 155:276-284.
244. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. The behavioural effects of intravenously administered tryptamine in mice. Neuropharmacology 1987, 26:49-53.
245. Radomski J.W., Dursun S.M., Reveley M.A., Kutcher S.P. An exploratory approach to the serotonin syndrome: an update of clinical phenomenology and revised diagnostic criteria. Med Hypotheses 2000, 55:218-224.
246. Ortmann R., Martin S., Waldmeier P.C. Supersensitivity to L-5-hydroxytryptophan after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine injections in desmethylimipramine- and nomifensine-pretreated rats: behavioral evidence for postsynaptic supersensitivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981, 74:109-114.
247. Deakin J.F., Dashwood M.R. The differential neurochemical bases of the behaviours elicited by serotonergic agents and by the combination of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and L-DOPA. Neuropharmacology 1981, 20:123-130.
248. Tricklebank M.D., Forler C., Middlemiss D.N., Fozard J.R. Subtypes of the 5-HT receptor mediating the behavioural responses to 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1985, 117:15-24.
249. Stewart R.M., Growdon J.H., Cancian D., Baldessarini R.J. 5-Hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonus: increased sensitivity to serotonin after intracranial 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in the adult rat. Neuropharmacology 1976, 15:449-455.
250. Green A.R., Costain D.W., Deakin J.F. Enhanced 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine-mediated behavioural responses following convulsions - III. The effects of monoamine antagonists and synthesis inhibitors on the ability of electroconvulsive shock to enhance responses. Neuropharmacology 1980, 19:907-914.
251. Moore N.A., Rees G., Sanger G., Perrett L. 5-HT1A-mediated lower lip retraction: effects of 5-HT1A agonists and antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993, 46:141-143.
252. Yamada J., Sugimoto Y., Horisaka K. The evidence for the involvement of the 5-HT1A receptor in 5-HT syndrome induced in mice by tryptamine. Jpn J Pharmacol 1989, 51:421-424.
253. Nagata R., Izumi K. Veratramine-induced behavior associated with serotonergic hyperfunction in mice. Jpn J Pharmacol 1991, 55:129-137.