A multidimensional approach to apathy after traumatic brain injury

Neuropsychology Review

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 210-233

  Arnould, Annabelle ^a,b,c   Rochat, Lucien ^a   Azouvi, Philippe ^b,c,d   Van Der Linden, Martial ^a,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b RAYMOND POINCARÉ HOSPITAL   (France)

^c LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^d SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Apathy; Depression; Executive functions; Motivation; Self esteem; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; APATHY; BRAIN INJURY; COGNITION; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW;

AFFECT; APATHY; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION; CULTURE; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PREVALENCE;

EID: 84883488144     PISSN: 10407308     EISSN: 15736660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-013-9236-3     Document Type: Review

References (253)

1. Aarsland, D.; Litvan, I.; Larsen, J. P. (2001). Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 13(1), 42-49.
2. Abele, A. E.; Gendolla, G. H. E. (1999). Satisfaction judgments in positive and negative moods: effects of concurrent assimilation and contrast producing processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 883-895.
3. Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 165-178.
4. Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 693-716.
5. Ahearn, D. J.; McDonald, K.; Barraclough, M.; Leroi, I. (2012). An exploration of apathy and impulsivity in Parkinson disease. Current gerontology and geriatrics research, 2012, 1-10.
6. Al-Adawi, S.; Dorvlo, A. S.; Burke, D. T.; Huynh, C. C.; Jacob, L.; Knight, R.; et al. (2004). Apathy and depression in cross-cultural survivors of traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 16(4), 435-442.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.; text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
9. Andersson, S.; Bergedalen, A. M. (2002). Cognitive correlates of apathy in traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 15(3), 184-191.
10. Andersson, S.; Gundersen, P. M.; Finset, A. (1999a). Emotional activation during therapeutic interaction in traumatic brain injury: effect of apathy, self-awareness and implications for rehabilitation. Brain Injury, 13(6), 393-404.
11. Andersson, S.; Krogstad, J. M.; Finset, A. (1999b). Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain damage: relationship to lesion localization and psychophysiological reactivity. Psychological Medicine, 29(2), 447-456.
12. Andreasen, N. C. (1989). The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): conceptual and theoretical foundation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155(suppl. 7), 49-52.
13. Andrews, T. K.; Rose, F. D.; Johnson, D. A. (1998). Social and behavioural effects of traumatic brain injury in children. Brain Injury, 12(2), 133-138.
14. Anson, K.; Ponsford, J. (2006). Evaluation of a coping skills group following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 20(2), 167-178.
15. Azouvi, P.; Vallat-Azouvi, C.; Belmont, A. (2009). Cognitive deficits after traumatic coma. Progress in Brain Research, 177, 89-110.
16. Bandura, A. (1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
17. Banzato, C. E. (2008). Critical evaluation of current diagnostic systems. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 155-157.
18. Barrash, J.; Tranel, D.; Anderson, S. W. (2000). Acquired personality disturbances associated with bilateral damage to the ventromedial prefrontal region. Developmental Neuropsychology, 18, 355-381.
19. Barrash, J.; Asp, E.; Markon, K.; Manzel, K.; Anderson, S. W.; Tranel, D. (2011). Dimensions of personality disturbance after focal brain damage: investigation with the Iowa scales of personality change. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(8), 833-852.
20. Baugh, C. M.; Stamm, J. M.; Riley, D. O.; Gavett, B. E.; Shenton, M. E.; Lin, A.; et al. (2012). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 6(2), 244-254.
21. Baumeister, R. F.; Tice, D. M.; Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57(2), 547-579.
22. Bechara, A.; Damasio, A. R. (2005). The somatic marker hypothesis: a neural theory of economic decision. Games and Economic Behavior, 52, 336-372.
23. Bechara, A.; Damasio, A. R.; Damasio, H.; Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7-15.
24. Bechara, A.; Damasio, H.; Damasio, A. R.; Lee, G. P. (1999). Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(13), 5473-5481.
25. Beck, A. T.; Brown, G.; Steer, R. A. (Eds.). (1996). Beck depression inventory II manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
26. Bendlin, B. B.; Ries, M. L.; Lazar, M.; Alexander, A. L.; Dempsey, R. J.; Rowley, H. A.; et al. (2008). Longitudinal changes in patients with traumatic brain injury assessed with diffusion-tensor and volumetric imaging. NeuroImage, 42(2), 503-514.
27. Benoit, M.; Dygai, I.; Migneco, O.; Robert, P. H.; Bertogliati, C.; Darcourt, J.; et al. (1999). Behavioral and psychological symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. Relation between apathy and regional cerebral perfusion. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10(6), 511-517.
28. Berridge, K. C. (2004). Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiology & Behavior, 81(2), 179-209.
29. Berridge, K. C.; Robinson, T. E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews, 28(3), 309-369.
30. Billieux, J.; Rochat, L.; Van der Linden, M. (2008). Une approche cognitive, affective et motivationnelle de l'impulsivité [A cognitive, affective and motivational approach of impulsivity]. In M. Van der Linden & G. Ceschi (Eds.), Traité de psychopathologie cognitive (Vol. 1, pp. 137-152). Marseille: Solal.
31. Boyer, P. (2008). Evolutionary economics of mental time travel? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(6), 219-224.
32. Brehm, J. W.; Self, E. A. (1989). The intensity of motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 109-131.
33. Brickenkamp, R. (1981). Test d2. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
34. Brinkmann, K.; Gendolla, G. H. (2008). Does depression interfere with effort mobilization? Effects of dysphoria and task difficulty on cardiovascular response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 146-157.
35. Brown, R. G.; Pluck, G. (2000). Negative symptoms: the 'pathology' of motivation and goal-directed behaviour. Trends in Neurosciences, 23(9), 412-417.
36. Burgess, P. W.; Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton tests. Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
37. Burgess, P. W.; Simons, J. S.; Dumontheil, I.; Gilbert, S. J. (2005). The gateway hypothesis of rostral prefrontal cortex (area 10) function. In J. Duncan, L. Philips, & P. McLeod (Eds.), Measuring the mind: Speed, control, and age (pp. 217-248). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38. Carver, C. S.; Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
39. Cattelani, R.; Roberti, R.; Lombardi, F. (2008). Adverse effects of apathy and neurobehavioral deficits on the community integration of traumatic brain injury subjects. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(3), 245-251.
40. Chapman, L. J.; Chapman, J. P.; Raulin, M. L. (1976). Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 374-407.
41. Cicerone, K. D.; Azulay, J. (2007). Perceived self-efficacy and life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22(5), 257-266.
42. Cicerone, K. D.; Mott, T.; Azulay, J.; Sharlow-Galella, M. A.; Ellmo, W. J.; Paradise, S.; et al. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89.
43. Ciurli, P.; Formisano, R.; Bivona, U.; Cantagallo, A.; Angelelli, P. (2011). Neuropsychiatric disorders in persons with severe traumatic brain injury: prevalence, phenomenology, and relationship with demographic, clinical, and functional features. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 26(2), 116-126.
44. Clarke, D. E.; Ko, J. Y.; Kuhl, E. A.; van Reekum, R.; Salvador, R.; Marin, R. S. (2011). Are the available apathy measures reliable and valid? A review of the psychometric evidence. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70(1), 73-97.
45. Clore, G. L.; Schwarz, N.; Conway, M. (1994). Affective causes and consequences of social information processing. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed.; pp. 323-417). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
46. Cooper-Evans, S.; Alderman, N.; Knight, C.; Oddy, M. (2008). Self-esteem as a predictor of psychological distress after severe acquired brain injury: an exploratory study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18, 607-626.
47. Craig, A. D. (2007). Interoception and emotion: A neuroanatomical perspective. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 272-288). New York: Guilford Press.
48. Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 59-70.
49. Cramer, A. O.; Borsboom, D.; Aggen, S. H.; Kendler, K. S. (2012). The pathoplasticity of dysphoric episodes: differential impact of stressful life events on the pattern of depressive symptom inter-correlations. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 957-965.
50. Cummings, J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology, 50(8), 873-880.
51. Cummings, J. L.; Mega, M.; Gray, K.; Rosenberg-Thompson, S.; Carusi, D. A.; Gornbein, J. (1994). The neuropsychiatric inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44(12), 2308-2314.
52. Dal Monte, O.; Krueger, F.; Solomon, J. M.; Schintu, S.; Knutson, K. M.; Strenziok, M.; et al. (2012). A voxel-based lesion study on facial emotion recognition after penetrating brain injury. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
53. Dalal, P. K.; Sivakumar, T. (2009). Moving towards ICD-11 and DSM-V: concept and evolution of psychiatric classification. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(4), 310-319.
54. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam.
55. D'Argembeau, A.; Van der Linden, M. (2004). Phenomenal characteristics associated with projecting oneself back into the past and forward into the future: influence of valence and temporal distance. Consciousness and cognition, 13(4), 844-858.
56. D'Argembeau, A.; Renaud, O.; Van der Linden, M. (2009). Frequency, characteristics and functions of future-oriented thoughts in daily life. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 96-103.
57. D'Argembeau, A.; Ortoleva, C.; Jumentier, S.; Van der Linden, M. (2010). Component processes underlying future thinking. Memory & Cognition, 38(6), 809-819.
58. Decety, J. (2011). The neuroevolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 35-45.
59. Dickinson, A.; Balleine, B. (1994). Motivational control of goal-directed action. Animal Learning & Behavior, 22(1), 1-18.
60. Dockree, P. M.; Kelly, S. P.; Roche, R. A.; Hogan, M. J.; Reilly, R. B.; Robertson, I. H. (2004). Behavioural and physiological impairments of sustained attention after traumatic brain injury. Brain research. Cognitive brain research, 20(3), 403-414.
61. Duchek, J. M.; Balota, D. A.; Tse, C. S.; Holtzman, D. M.; Fagan, A. M.; Goate, A. M. (2009). The utility of intraindividual variability in selective attention tasks as an early marker for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 23(6), 746-758.
62. Dujardin, K.; Sockeel, P.; Devos, D.; Delliaux, M.; Krystkowiak, P.; Destee, A.; et al. (2007). Characteristics of apathy in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 22(6), 778-784.
63. Dujardin, K.; Sockeel, P.; Delliaux, M.; Destee, A.; Defebvre, L. (2008). The Lille Apathy Rating Scale: validation of a caregiver-based version. Movement Disorders, 23(6), 845-849.
64. Dumont, C.; Gervais, M.; Fougeyrollas, P.; Bertrand, R. (2004). Toward an explanatory model of social participation for adults with traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 19(6), 431-444.
65. Einstein, G. O.; McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Normal aging and prospective memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(4), 717-726.
66. Einstein, G. O.; McDaniel, M. A.; Richardson, S. L.; Guynn, M. J.; Cunfer, A. R. (1995). Aging and prospective memory: examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 996-1007.
67. Ellsworth, P. C.; Scherer, K. R. (2003). Appraisal processes in emotion. In R. J. Davidson, H. Goldsmith, & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 572-595). New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Esposito, F.; Gendolla, G. H. E.; Van der Linden, M. (2013). Are self-efficacy beliefs and subjective task demand related to apathy in aging? Aging and Mental Health.
69. Esposito, F.; Rochat, L.; Van der Linden, A. C.; Lekeu, F.; Quittre, A.; Charnallet, A.; et al. (2010). Apathy and executive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 24(2), 131-137.
70. Fann, J. R.; Katon, W. J.; Uomoto, J. M.; Esselman, P. C. (1995). Psychiatric disorders and functional disability in outpatients with traumatic brain injuries. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(10), 1493-1499.
71. Favrod, J.; Ernst, F.; Giuliani, F.; Bonsack, C. (2009). Validation of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a French-speaking environment. Encephale, 35(3), 241-248.
72. Fellows, L. K.; Farah, M. J. (2005a). Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 58-63.
73. Fellows, L. K.; Farah, M. J. (2005b). Dissociable elements of human foresight: a role for the ventromedial frontal lobes in framing the future, but not in discounting future rewards. Neuropsychologia, 43(8), 1214-1221.
74. Fernandez Martinez, M.; Castro Flores, J.; Perez de las Heras, S.; Mandaluniz Lekumberri, A.; Gordejuela Menocal, M.; Zarranz Imirizaldu, J. J. (2008). Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in elderly patients with dementia in Mungialde County (Basque Country, Spain). Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 25(2), 103-108.
75. Finset, A.; Andersson, S. (2000). Coping strategies in patients with acquired brain injury: relationships between coping, apathy, depression and lesion location. Brain Injury, 14(10), 887-905.
76. Frayne, C. A.; Latham, G. P. (1987). Application of social learning theory to self-management of attendance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(3), 387-392.
77. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. London: Cambridge University Press.
78. Fujiwara, S.; Kimura, F.; Hosokawa, T.; Ishida, S.; Sugino, M.; Hanafusa, T. (2011). Anhedonia in Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 11(3), 275-281.
79. Garre-Olmo, J.; Lopez-Pousa, S.; Vilalta-Franch, J.; de Gracia Blanco, M.; Vilarrasa, A. B. (2010). Grouping and trajectories of the neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease, part I: symptom clusters. Journal of Alzheimer's disease, 22(4), 1157-1167.
80. Gendolla, G. H. E. (2000). On the impact of mood on behavior: an integrative theory and a review. Review of General Psychology, 4, 378-408.
81. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Brinkmann, K. (2005). The role of mood states in self-regulation: effects on action preferences and resource mobilization. European Psychologist, 10(3), 187-198.
82. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Krusken, J. (2001). Mood state and cardiovascular response in active coping with an affect-regulative challenge. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41(2), 169-180.
83. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Krüsken, J. (2002). Mood state, task demand, and effort-related cardiovascular response. Cognition and Emotion, 16(5), 577-603.
84. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Wright, R. A. (2005). Motivation in social settings: Studies of effort-related cardiovascular arousal. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 71-90). New York: Cambridge University Press.
85. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Abele, A. E.; Krusken, J. (2001). The informational impact of mood on effort mobilization: a study of cardiovascular and electrodermal responses. Emotion, 1(1), 12-24.
86. Gendolla, G. H. E.; Wright, R. A.; Richter, M. (2012). Effort intensity: Some insights from the cardiovascular system. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook on motivation (pp. 420-438). New York: Oxford University Press.
87. Gilbert, S. J.; Frith, C. D.; Burgess, P. W. (2005). Involvement of rostral prefrontal cortex in selection between stimulus-oriented and stimulus-independent thought. The European journal of neuroscience, 21(5), 1423-1431.
88. Glascher, J.; Adolphs, R.; Damasio, H.; Bechara, A.; Rudrauf, D.; Calamia, M.; et al. (2012). Lesion mapping of cognitive control and value-based decision making in the prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(36), 14681-14686.
89. Glenn, M. B.; Burke, D. T.; O'Neil-Pirozzi, T.; Goldstein, R.; Jacob, L.; Kettell, J. (2002). Cutoff score on the apathy evaluation scale in subjects with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 16(6), 509-516.
90. Godefroy, O.; Rousseaux, M. (1997). Novel decision making in patients with prefrontal or posterior brain damage. Neurology, 49(3), 695-701.
91. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 141-185). London: Wiley.
92. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503.
93. Grace, J.; Malloy, P. (2001). Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe): Professional manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.
94. Grace, J.; Stout, J. C.; Malloy, P. F. (1999). Assessing frontal lobe behavioral syndromes with the frontal lobe personality scale. Assessment, 6(3), 269-284.
95. Gray, J. M.; Shepherd, M.; McKinlay, W. W. (1994). Negative symptoms in the traumatically brain-injured during the first year postdischarge, and their effect on rehabilitation status, work status and family burden. Clinical Rehabilitation, 8(3), 188-197.
96. Grunsfeld, A. A.; Login, I. S. (2006). Abulia following penetrating brain injury during endoscopic sinus surgery with disruption of the anterior cingulate circuit: case report. BMC Neurology, 6, 4.
97. Habib, M. (2004). Athymhormia and disorders of motivation in basal ganglia disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 16(4), 509-524.
98. Hahn, C.; Lim, H. K.; Won, W. Y.; Ahn, K. J.; Jung, W. S.; Lee, C. U. (2013). Apathy and white matter integrity in Alzheimer's disease: a whole brain analysis with tract-based spatial statistics. PLoS One, 8(1), e53493.
99. Hama, S.; Yamashita, H.; Shigenobu, M.; Watanabe, A.; Hiramoto, K.; Kurisu, K.; et al. (2007). Depression or apathy and functional recovery after stroke. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1046-1051.
100. Hamilton, J. M.; Salmon, D. P.; Corey-Bloom, J.; Gamst, A.; Paulsen, J. S.; Jerkins, S.; et al. (2003). Behavioural abnormalities contribute to functional decline in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 74(1), 120-122.
101. Haslam, N.; Holland, E.; Kuppens, P. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: a quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 903-920.
102. Hawley, C. A. (2012). Self-esteem in children after traumatic brain injury: an exploratory study. NeuroRehabilitation, 30(3), 173-181.
103. Heimpel, S. A.; Elliot, A. J.; Wood, J. V. (2006). Basic personality dispositions, self-esteem, and personal goals: an approach-avoidance analysis. Journal of Personality, 74(5), 1293-1320.
104. Hibbard, M. R.; Ashman, T. A.; Spielman, L. A.; Chun, D.; Charatz, H. J.; Melvin, S. (2004). Relationship between depression and psychosocial functioning after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85(4 Suppl 2), 43-53.
105. Hoare, J.; Fouche, J. P.; Spottiswoode, B.; Joska, J. A.; Schoeman, R.; Stein, D. J.; et al. (2010). White matter correlates of apathy in HIV-positive subjects: a diffusion tensor imaging study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 22(3), 313-320.
106. Holroyd, C. B.; Yeung, N. (2012). Motivation of extended behaviors by anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(2), 122-128.
107. Jewell, J. D.; Hupp, S. D. A.; Pomerantz, A. M. (2009). Diagnostic classification systems. In L. Matson & F. Andrasik (Eds.), Assessing childhood psychopathology and developmental disabilities (pp. 31-53). New York: Springer.
108. Johnson, M. K.; Raye, C. L.; Mitchell, K. J.; Touryan, S. R.; Greene, E. J.; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2006). Dissociating medial frontal and posterior cingulate activity during self-reflection. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(1), 56-64.
109. Jorge, R. E.; Starkstein, S. E.; Robinson, R. G. (2010). Apathy following stroke. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 350-354.
110. Kant, R.; Duffy, J. D.; Pivovarnik, A. (1998). Prevalence of apathy following head injury. Brain Injury, 12(1), 87-92.
111. Kelly, G.; Brown, S.; Todd, J.; Kremer, P. (2008). Challenging behaviour profiles of people with acquired brain injury living in community settings. Brain Injury, 22(6), 457-470.
112. Kendall, E.; Terry, D. (1996). Psychosocial adjustment following closed head injury: a model for understanding individual differences and predicting outcome. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 6(2), 101-132.
113. Kendell, R. E. (2002). Five criteria for an improved taxonomy of mental disorders. In J. E. Helzer & J. Hudziak (Eds.), Defining psychopathology in the 21st century: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 3-18). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
114. Kendler, K. S.; First, M. B. (2010). Alternative futures for the DSM revision process: iteration v. paradigm shift. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(4), 263-265.
115. Kendler, K. S.; Zachar, P.; Craver, C. (2010). What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders? Psychological Medicine, 1-8.
116. Kim, E.; Lauterbach, E. C.; Reeve, A.; Arciniegas, D. B.; Coburn, K. L.; Mendez, M. F.; et al. (2007). Neuropsychiatric complications of traumatic brain injury: a critical review of the literature (a report by the ANPA committee on research). The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 19(2), 106-127.
117. Kirsch-Darrow, L.; Fernandez, H. H.; Marsiske, M.; Okun, M. S.; Bowers, D. (2006). Dissociating apathy and depression in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 67(1), 33-38.
118. Kirsch-Darrow, L.; Marsiske, M.; Okun, M. S.; Bauer, R.; Bowers, D. (2011). Apathy and depression: separate factors in Parkinson's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(6), 1058-1066.
119. Klinger, E.; Cox, W. M. (1987). Dimensions of thought flow in everyday life. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 7(2), 105-128.
120. Knuston, K. M.; Monte, O. D.; Raymont, V.; Wassermann, E. M.; Krueger, F.; Grafman, J. (2013). Neural correlates of apathy revealed by lesion mapping in participants with traumatic brain injuries. Human Brain Mapping.
121. Krapp, A. (1999). Interest, motivation and learning: an educational-psychological perspective. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14(1), 23-40.
122. Kreutzer, J. S.; Seel, R. T.; Gourley, E. (2001). The prevalence and symptom rates of depression after traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive examination. Brain Injury, 15(7), 563-576.
123. Krueger, R. F.; Bezdjian, S. (2009). Enhancing research and treatment of mental disorders with dimensional concepts: toward DSM-V and ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 8(1), 3-6.
124. Kupfer, D.; First, M. B.; Regier, D. (2002). A research agenda for DSM-V. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
125. Lampe, I. K.; Kahn, R. S.; Heeren, T. J. (2001). Apathy, anhedonia, and psychomotor retardation in elderly psychiatric patients and healthy elderly individuals. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 14(1), 11-16.
126. Lane-Brown, A. T.; Tate, R. L. (2009). Measuring apathy after traumatic brain injury: psychometric properties of the Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Brain Injury, 23(13-14), 999-1007.
127. Lawrence, A. D.; Goerendt, I. K.; Brooks, D. J. (2011). Apathy blunts neural response to money in Parkinson's disease. Society for Neuroscience, 6(5-6), 653-662.
128. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
129. Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
130. Leentjens, A. F.; Dujardin, K.; Marsh, L.; Martinez-Martin, P.; Richard, I. H.; Starkstein, S. E.; et al. (2008). Apathy and anhedonia rating scales in Parkinson's disease: critique and recommendations. Movement Disorders, 23(14), 2004-2014.
131. Leknes, S.; Tracey, I. (2010). Pleasure and pain: Masters of mankind. In M. L. Kringelbach & K. C. Berridge (Eds.), Pleasures of the brain (pp. 222-243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
132. Levin, H. S. (1995). Neurobehavioral outcome of closed head injury: implications for clinical trials. Journal of Neurotrauma, 12(4), 601-610.
133. Levy, R.; Dubois, B. (2006). Apathy and the functional anatomy of the prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits. Cerebral Cortex, 16(7), 916-928.
134. Levy, M. L.; Cummings, J. L.; Fairbanks, L. A.; Masterman, D.; Miller, B. L.; Craig, A. H.; et al. (1998). Apathy is not depression. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10(3), 314-319.
135. Malec, J. F.; Brown, A. W.; Moessner, A. M. (2010). Two new measures for assessing advocacy activities and perceived control after acquired brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation, 32(1), 33-40.
136. Malloy, P.; Grace, J. (2005). A review of rating scales for measuring behavior change due to frontal systems damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18(1), 18-27.
137. Manes, F.; Paradiso, S.; Robinson, R. G. (1999). Neuropsychiatric effects of insular stroke. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(12), 707-712.
138. Manly, T.; Owen, A. M.; McAvinue, L.; Datta, A.; Lewis, G. H.; Scott, S. K.; et al. (2003). Enhancing the sensitivity of a sustained attention task to frontal damage: convergent clinical and functional imaging evidence. Neurocase, 9(4), 340-349.
139. Marin, R. S. (1991). Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 3(3), 243-254.
140. Marin, R. S.; Biedrzycki, R. C.; Firinciogullari, S. (1991). Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Psychiatry Research, 38(2), 143-162.
141. Marin, R. S.; Firinciogullari, S.; Biedrzycki, R. C. (1993). The sources of convergence between measures of apathy and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28(2), 117-124.
142. Marin, R. S.; Firinciogullari, S.; Biedrzycki, R. C. (1994). Group differences in the relationship between apathy and depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182(4), 235-239.
143. Marsh, N. V.; Kersel, D. A.; Havill, J. H.; Sleigh, J. W. (1998). Caregiver burden at 1 year following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12(12), 1045-1059.
144. Massimo, L.; Powers, C.; Moore, P.; Vesely, L.; Avants, B.; Gee, J.; et al. (2009). Neuroanatomy of apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27(1), 96-104.
145. Mazaux, J. M.; Masson, F.; Levin, H. S.; Alaoui, P.; Maurette, P.; Barat, M. (1997). Long-term neuropsychological outcome and loss of social autonomy after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(12), 1316-1320.
146. McAllister, T. W. (2008). Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: evaluation and management. World Psychiatry, 7(1), 3-10.
147. McAvinue, L.; O'Keeffe, F.; McMackin, D.; Robertson, I. H. (2005). Impaired sustained attention and error awareness in traumatic brain injury: implications for insight. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 15(5), 569-587.
148. McDaniel, M. A.; Einstein, G. O. (2007). Prospective memory: An overview and synthesis of an emerging field. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
149. McKee, A. C.; Stein, T. D.; Nowinski, C. J.; Stern, R. A.; Daneshvar, D. H.; Alvarez, V. E.; et al. (2013). The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain, 136(Pt 1), 43-64.
150. McKinlay, A.; Grace, R. C.; Dalrymple-Alford, J. C.; Anderson, T. J.; Fink, J.; Roger, D. (2008). Neuropsychiatric problems in Parkinson's disease: comparisons between self and caregiver report. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 647-653.
151. McPherson, S.; Fairbanks, L.; Tiken, S.; Cummings, J. L.; Back-Madruga, C. (2002). Apathy and executive function in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 373-381.
152. Mesulam, M. M. (2000). Behavioral neuroanatomy: Large-scale networks, association cortex, frontal syndrome, the limbic system, and hemispheric specializations. In Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology (pp. 56-59). New York: Oxford University Press.
153. Migneco, O.; Benoit, M.; Koulibaly, P. M.; Dygai, I.; Bertogliati, C.; Desvignes, P.; et al. (2001). Perfusion brain SPECT and statistical parametric mapping analysis indicate that apathy is a cingulate syndrome: a study in Alzheimer's disease and nondemented patients. NeuroImage, 13(5), 896-902.
154. Miyake, A.; Friedman, N. P.; Emerson, M. J.; Witzki, A. H.; Howerter, A.; Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49-100.
155. Mulin, E.; Leone, E.; Dujardin, K.; Delliaux, M.; Leentjens, A.; Nobili, F.; et al. (2011). Diagnostic criteria for apathy in clinical practice. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(2), 158-165.
156. Muller, U.; Czymmek, J.; Thone-Otto, A.; Von Cramon, D. Y. (2006). Reduced daytime activity in patients with acquired brain damage and apathy: a study with ambulatory actigraphy. Brain Injury, 20(2), 157-160.
157. Niemeier, J. P.; Perrin, P. B.; Holcomb, M. G.; Nersessova, K. S.; Rolston, C. D. (2013). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) in an acute traumatic brain injury population. Rehabilitation Psychology, 58(1), 51-63.
158. Obrist, P. A. (1981). Cardiovascular psychophysiology: A perspective. New York: Plenum Press.
159. Oettingen, G. (1996). Positive fantasy and motivation. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 236-259). New York: Guilford Press.
160. Okada, K.; Kobayashi, S.; Yamagata, S.; Takahashi, K.; Yamaguchi, S. (1997). Poststroke apathy and regional cerebral blood flow. Stroke, 28(12), 2437-2441.
161. Ousdal, O. T.; Jensen, J.; Server, A.; Hariri, A. R.; Nakstad, P. H.; Andreassen, O. A. (2008). The human amygdala is involved in general behavioral relevance detection: evidence from an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging Go-NoGo task. Neuroscience, 156(3), 450-455.
162. Owen, A. M.; McMillan, K. M.; Laird, A. R.; Bullmore, E. (2005). N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Human Brain Mapping, 25(1), 46-59.
163. Ownsworth, T.; McKenna, K. (2004). Investigation of factors related to employment outcome following traumatic brain injury: a critical review and conceptual model. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(13), 765-783.
164. Paradiso, S.; Chemerinski, E.; Yazici, K. M.; Tartaro, A.; Robinson, R. G. (1999). Frontal lobe syndrome reassessed: comparison of patients with lateral or medial frontal brain damage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 67, 664-667.
165. Pedersen, K. F.; Alves, G.; Larsen, J. P.; Tysnes, O. B.; Moller, S. G.; Bronnick, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Starkstein Apathy Scale in patients with early untreated Parkinson disease. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry, 20(2), 142-148.
166. Pessiglione, M.; Schmidt, L.; Draganski, B.; Kalisch, R.; Lau, H.; Dolan, R. J.; et al. (2007). How the brain translates money into force: a neuroimaging study of subliminal motivation. Science, 316(5826), 904-906.
167. Pluck, G. C.; Brown, R. G. (2002). Apathy in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 73(6), 636-642.
168. Prigatano, G. P. (1992). Personality disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 360-368.
169. Raffard, S.; Esposito, F.; Boulenger, J. P.; Van der Linden, M. (2013). Impaired ability to imagine future pleasant events is associated with apathy in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research.
170. Ramirez, S. M.; Glover, H.; Ohlde, C.; Mercer, R.; Goodnick, P.; Hamlin, C.; et al. (2001). Relationship of numbing to alexithymia, apathy, and depression. Psychological Reports, 88(1), 189-200.
171. Rasmussen, K. W.; Berntsen, D. (2012). Autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychology.
172. Raymont, V.; Salazar, A. M.; Krueger, F.; Grafman, J. (2011). "Studying injured minds" - the Vietnam head injury study and 40 years of brain injury research. Frontiers in Neurology, 2, 15.
173. Ready, R. E.; Ott, B. R.; Grace, J.; Cahn-Weiner, D. A. (2003). Apathy and executive dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(2), 222-228.
174. Reid-Arndt, S. A.; Nehl, C.; Hinkebein, J. (2007). The Frontal Systems Behaviour Scale (FrSBe) as a predictor of community integration following a traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 21(13-14), 1361-1369.
175. Reitan, R. M.; Wolfson, D. (1988). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Tucson: Neuropsychology Press.
176. Richter, M.; Gendolla, G. H. (2009). The heart contracts to reward: monetary incentives and preejection period. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 451-457.
177. Richter, M.; Gendolla, G. H. E.; Krüsken, J. (2006). Context-dependent mood effects on mental effort mobilization: A view from the Mood-Behavior-Model. In A. V. Clark (Ed.), The psychology of moods (pp. 57-79). Hauppauge: Nova.
178. Richter, M.; Friedrich, A.; Gendolla, G. H. (2008). Task difficulty effects on cardiac activity. Psychophysiology, 45(5), 869-875.
179. Riggio, S.; Wong, M. (2009). Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 76(2), 163-172.
180. Riley, G. A.; Dennis, R. K.; Powell, T. (2010). Evaluation of coping resources and self-esteem as moderators of the relationship between threat appraisals and avoidance of activities after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(6), 869-882.
181. Robert, P. H.; Clairet, S.; Benoit, M.; Koutaich, J.; Bertogliati, C.; Tible, O.; et al. (2002). The apathy inventory: assessment of apathy and awareness in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(12), 1099-1105.
182. Robert, P. H.; Berr, C.; Volteau, M.; Bertogliati, C.; Benoit, M.; Mahieux, F.; et al. (2006). Neuropsychological performance in mild cognitive impairment with and without apathy. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21(3), 192-197.
183. Robert, P. H.; Onyike, C. U.; Leentjens, A. F.; Dujardin, K.; Aalten, P.; Starkstein, S.; et al. (2009). Proposed diagnostic criteria for apathy in Alzheimer's disease and other neuropsychiatric disorders. European Psychiatry, 24(2), 98-104.
184. Robert, G.; Le Jeune, F.; Lozachmeur, C.; Drapier, S.; Dondaine, T.; Peron, J.; et al. (2012). Apathy in patients with Parkinson disease without dementia or depression: a PET study. Neurology, 79(11), 1155-1160.
185. Robertson, I. H.; Manly, T.; Andrade, J.; Baddeley, B. T.; Yiend, J. (1997). 'Oops!': performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia, 35(6), 747-758.
186. Rochat, L.; Ammann, J.; Mayer, E.; Annoni, J. M.; Van der Linden, M. (2009). Executive disorders and perceived socio-emotional changes after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuropsychology, 3(Pt 2), 213-227.
187. Rochat, L.; Beni, C.; Billieux, J.; Azouvi, P.; Annoni, J. M.; Van der Linden, M. (2010). Assessment of impulsivity after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(5), 778-797.
188. Rochat, L.; Billieux, J.; Juillerat Van der Linden, A. C.; Annoni, J. M.; Zekry, D.; Gold, G.; et al. (2013). A multidimensional approach to impulsivity changes in mild Alzheimer's disease and control participants: cognitive correlates. Cortex, 49(1), 90-100.
189. Roseman, I. J.; Smith, C. A. (2001). Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 3-19). New York: Oxford University Press.
190. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
191. Ryan, R. M.; Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
192. Sagen, U.; Faerden, A.; Haug, T.; Melle, I.; Finset, A.; Dammen, T. (2010). Are there common core features of apathy in different neuropsychiatric samples as assessed by the Apathy Evaluation Scale? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 64(1), 49-57.
193. Sander, D.; Grafman, J.; Zalla, T. (2003). The human amygdala: an evolved system for relevance detection. Reviews in the neurosciences, 14(4), 303-316.
194. Sander, D.; Grandjean, D.; Scherer, K. R. (2005). A systems approach to appraisal mechanisms in emotion. Neural Networks, 18(4), 317-352.
195. Sansone, C.; Smith, J. L. (2000). Interest and self-regulation: The relation between having to and wanting to. In C. Sansone & J. M. Harackiewicz (Eds.), Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (pp. 341-372). San Diego: Academic.
196. Sarazin, M.; Michon, A.; Pillon, B.; Samson, Y.; Canuto, A.; Gold, G.; et al. (2003). Metabolic correlates of behavioral and affective disturbances in frontal lobe pathologies. Journal of Neurology, 250, 827-833.
197. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In: K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research (pp. 92- 120). New York: Oxford University Press.
198. Schiefele, U.; Krapp, A.; Winteler, A. (1992). Interest as a predictor of academic achievement: A meta-analysis of research. In K. A. Renninger, S. Hidi, & A. Krapp (Eds.), The role of interest in learning and development (Vol. X, pp. 183-212). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
199. Schmidt, L.; d'Arc, B. F.; Lafargue, G.; Galanaud, D.; Czernecki, V.; Grabli, D.; et al. (2008). Disconnecting force from money: effects of basal ganglia damage on incentive motivation. Brain, 131(5), 1303-1310.
200. Schultz, W. (1999). Primate basal ganglia and the voluntary control of behaviour. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 6, 31-45.
201. Shah, S.; Yallampalli, R.; Merkley, T. L.; McCauley, S. R.; Bigler, E. D.; Macleod, M.; et al. (2012). Diffusion tensor imaging and volumetric analysis of the ventral striatum in adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 26(3), 201-210.
202. Sharot, T.; Riccardi, A. M.; Raio, C. M.; Phelps, E. A. (2007). Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature, 450(7166), 102-105.
203. Shively, S.; Scher, A. I.; Perl, D. P.; Diaz-Arrastia, R. (2012). Dementia resulting from traumatic brain injury: what is the pathology? Archives of neurology, 69(10), 1245-1251.
204. Silvia, P. J. (2005). What is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion, 5(1), 89-102.
205. Silvia, P. J. (2006). Exploring the psychology of interest. New York: Oxford University Press.
206. Singer, T.; Critchley, H. D.; Preuschoff, K. (2009). A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(8), 334-340.
207. Skodol, A. E.; Bender, D. S. (2009). The future of personality disorders in DSM-V? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(4), 388-391.
208. Snaith, P. (1993). Anhedonia: a neglected symptom of psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 23(4), 957-966.
209. Sockeel, P.; Dujardin, K.; Devos, D.; Deneve, C.; Destee, A.; Defebvre, L. (2006). The Lille apathy rating scale (LARS), a new instrument for detecting and quantifying apathy: validation in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 77(5), 579-584.
210. Spalletta, G.; Cravello, L.; Piras, F.; Iorio, M.; Sancesario, G.; Marchi, A.; et al. (2012). Rapid-onset apathy may be the only clinical manifestation after dorsal striatum hemorrhagic lesion: A case report. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders.
211. Starkstein, S. E.; Leentjens, A. F. (2008). The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(10), 1088-1092.
212. Starkstein, S. E.; Mayberg, H. S.; Preziosi, T. J.; Andrezejewski, P.; Leiguarda, R.; Robinson, R. G. (1992). Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 4(2), 134-139.
213. Starkstein, S. E.; Fedoroff, J. P.; Price, T. R.; Leiguarda, R.; Robinson, R. G. (1993). Apathy following cerebrovascular lesions. Stroke, 24(11), 1625-1630.
214. Starkstein, S. E.; Petracca, G.; Chemerinski, E.; Kremer, J. (2001). Syndromic validity of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(6), 872-877.
215. Starkstein, S. E.; Garau, M. L.; Cao, A. (2004). Prevalence and clinical correlates of disinhibition in dementia. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17(3), 139-147.
216. Starkstein, S. E.; Jorge, R.; Mizrahi, R. (2006). The prevalence, clinical correlates and treatment of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 20(2), 96-106.
217. Sternberg, S. (1966). High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153(3736), 652-654.
218. Stout, J. C.; Ready, R. E.; Grace, J.; Malloy, P. F.; Paulsen, J. S. (2003). Factor analysis of the frontal systems behavior scale (FrSBe). Assessment, 10(1), 79-85.
219. Stuss, D. T.; Van Reekum, R.; Murphy, K. J. (2000). Differentiation of states and causes of apathy. In J. C. Borod (Ed.), The neuropsychology of emotion (pp. 340-363). New York: Oxford University Press.
220. Suddendorf, T.; Corballis, M. C. (1997). Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123(2), 133-167.
221. Suddendorf, T.; Corballis, M. C. (2007). The evolution of foresight: what is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 30(3), 299-251.
222. Tate, R. L. (1999). Executive dysfunction and characterological changes after traumatic brain injury: two sides of the same coin? Cortex, 35(1), 39-55.
223. Taylor, S. E.; Pham, L. B.; Rivkin, I. D.; Armor, D. A. (1998). Harnessing the imagination: mental simulation, self-regulation, and coping. American Psychologist, 53(4), 429-439.
224. Thompson, J. C.; Snowden, J. S.; Craufurd, D.; Neary, D. (2002). Behavior in Huntington's disease: dissociating cognition-based and mood-based changes. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 14(1), 37-43.
225. Thomsen, I. V. (1984). Late outcome of very severe blunt head trauma: a 10-15 year second follow-up. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 47(3), 260-268.
226. Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 711-725.
227. Tremblay, R. E.; Masse, B.; Perron, D.; Leblanc, M.; Schwartzman, A. E.; Ledingham, J. E. (1992). Early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, delinquent behavior, and delinquent personality: longitudinal analyses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 64-72.
228. Tulving, E. (2005). Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? In H. S. Terrace & J. Metcalfe (Eds.), The missing link in cognition: Origins of self-reflective consciousness (pp. 3-56). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
229. Van Praag, H. M. (2000). Nosologomania: a disorder of psychiatry. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 1(3), 151-158.
230. Van Reekum, R.; Stuss, D. T.; Ostrander, L. (2005). Apathy: why care? The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 17, 7-19.
231. Van Zomeren, A.; Van den Burg, W. (1985). Residual complaints of patients two years after severe head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 48, 21-28.
232. Velligan, D. I.; Ritch, J. L.; Sui, D.; DiCocco, M.; Huntzinger, C. D. (2002). Frontal systems behavior scale in schizophrenia: relationships with psychiatric symptomatology, cognition and adaptive function. Psychiatry Research, 113(3), 227-236.
233. Vijayaraghavan, L.; Vaidya, J. G.; Humphreys, C. T.; Beglinger, L. J.; Paradiso, S. (2008). Emotional and motivational changes after bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus. Neuropsychology, 22(3), 412-418.
234. Warner, M. A.; Youn, T. S.; Davis, T.; Chandra, A.; Marquez de la Plata, C.; Moore, C.; et al. (2010). Regionally selective atrophy after traumatic axonal injury. Archives of Neurology, 67(11), 1336-1344.
235. Weller, J. A.; Levin, I. P.; Shiv, B.; Bechara, A. (2007). Neural correlates of adaptive decision making for risky gains and losses. Psychological Science, 18(11), 958-964.
236. West, R.; Murphy, K. J.; Armilio, M. L.; Craik, F. I.; Stuss, D. T. (2002). Lapses of intention and performance variability reveal age-related increases in fluctuations of executive control. Brain and Cognition, 49(3), 402-419.
237. Wheeler, M. A.; Stuss, D. T.; Tulving, E. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: the frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 331-354.
238. Whiteside, S. P.; Lynam, D. R. (2001). The five factor model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 669-689.
239. Widiger, T. A.; Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: shifting to a dimensional model. The American Psychologist, 62(2), 71-83.
240. Willer, B.; Flaherty, P. M.; Coallier, S. (2001). Families living with acquired brain injury. In R. L. Wood & T. M. McMillan (Eds.), Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury (pp. 47-63). New York: Oxford University Press.
241. Wilson, B. A.; Alderman, N.; Burgess, P. W.; Emslie, H.; Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural assessment of dysexecutive syndrome. St. Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company.
242. Wood, R. L. L.; Rutterford, N. A. (2006). Demographic and cognitive predictors of long-term psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12(3), 350-358.
243. Wood, R. L.; Alderman, N.; Williams, C. (2008). Assessment of neurobehavioural disability: a review of existing measures and recommendations for a comprehensive assessment tool. Brain Injury, 22(12), 905-918.
244. World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: Author.
245. Wright, R. A. (1996). Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 424-453). New York: Guilford Press.
246. Wright, R. A. (1998). Ability perception and cardiovascular response to behavioral challenge. In M. Kofta, G. Weary, & G. Sedek (Eds.), Personal control in action: Cognition and motivational mechanisms (Vol. X, pp. 197-232). New York: Plenum Press.
247. Wright, R. A.; Kirby, L. D. (2001). Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 255-307). San Diego: Elsevier.
248. Wright, R. A.; Stewart, C. C. (2012). Multifaceted effects of fatigue on effort and associated cardiovascular responses. In R. A. Wright & G. H. E. Gendolla (Eds.), How motivation affects cardiovascular response: Mechanisms and applications (pp. 199-218). Washington, DC: APA Press.
249. Wright, S.; Johnson, M.; Weinman, J. (1995). Measures in health psychology portfolio. London: NFER-Nelson.
250. Wyer, R. S.; Clore, G. L.; Isbell, L. M. (1999). Affect and information processing. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 31, pp. 1-77). San Diego: Academic.
251. Xu, J.; Rasmussen, I. A.; Lagopoulos, J.; Haberg, A. (2007). Diffuse axonal injury in severe traumatic brain injury visualized using high-resolution diffusion tensor imaging. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(5), 753-765.
252. Zahodne, L. B.; Young, S.; Kirsch-Darrow, L.; Nisenzon, A.; Fernandez, H. H.; Okun, M. S.; et al. (2009). Examination of the Lille Apathy Rating Scale in Parkinson disease. Movement Disorders, 24(5), 677-683.
253. Zamboni, G.; Huey, E. D.; Krueger, F.; Nichelli, P. F.; Grafman, J. (2008). Apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia: insights into their neural correlates. Neurology, 71(10), 736-742.