Basic personality dispositions, self-esteem, and personal goals: An approach-avoidance analysis

Journal of Personality

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1293-1320

  Heimpel, Sara A ^a   Elliot, Andrew J ^b   Wood, Joanne V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33748261441     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: 14676494     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00410.x     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Zautra, A., Urrows, S., Abeles, M., & Karoly, P. (2001). Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 69, 587-596.
2. Arkin, R. M. (1981). Self-presentational styles. In J. I. Tedschi (Ed.), Impression management theory and social psychological research (pp. 311-333). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
3. Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 345-368.
4. Ball, S. A., & Zuckerman, M. (1990). Sensation seeking, Eysenck's personality dimensions and reinforcement sensitivity in concept formation. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 343-353.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Ego depletion and the selfs executive function. In A. Tesser & R. Felson (Eds.) Psychological perspectives on the self and identity (pp. 9-33). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
7. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. (1985). Self-esteem and responses to success and failure. Subsequent performance and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality, 53, 450-467.
8. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self-presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57, 547-579.
9. Brockner, J. (1979). The effects of self-esteem, success-failure, and self-consciousness on task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1732-1741.
10. Brunstein, J. C. (1994). Personal goals and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.
11. Brunstein, J. C., Schultheiss, O. C., & Graessman, R. (1998). Personal goals and emotional well-being: The moderating role of motive dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 494-508.
12. Cantor, N., & Kihlstrom, J. (1987). Personality and social Intelligence. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
13. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
15. Coats, E. J., Janoff-Bulman, R., & Alpert, N. (1996). Approach versus avoidance goals: Differences in self-evaluation and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1057-1067.
16. Conner Christensen, T. S., Wood, J. V., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2003). Remembering everyday experiences through the prism of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 51-62.
17. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
18. Corr, P. J. (2001). Testing problems in J. A. Gray's personality theory: A commentary on Matthews and Gilliland (1999). Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 333-352.
19. Corulla, W. J. (1987). A psychometric investigation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised) and its relationship to the Impulsiveness Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 651-658.
20. Diaz, A., & Pickering, A. D. (1993). The relationship between Gray's and Eysenck's personality spaces. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 297-305.
21. Diggory, S. (1966). Self-evaluation, concepts, and studies. New York: Wiley.
22. Di Paula, A., & Campbell, J. (2002). Self-esteem and persistence in the face of failure. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 711-724.
23. Elliot, A. J., Chirkov, V. I., Kim, Y., & Sheldon, K. M. (2001). A cross-cultural analysis of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals. Psychological Science, 12, 505-510.
24. Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2002). Client-articulated avoidance goals in the therapy context. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 243-254.
25. Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2003). A motivational analysis of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 71, 369-396.
26. Elliot, A. J., & Friedman, R. (2005). The presence-absence distinction in personal goals. Unpublished manuscript.
27. Elliot, A. J., & Friedman, R. (2005). Approach and avoidance personal goals. In B. Little, K. Salmela-Aro, J. Nurmi, & S. Phillips (Eds.), Personal project pursuit: Goals, action, and human flourishing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
28. Elliot, A. J., & Mapes, R. R. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of approach-avoidance personal goals. Unpublished raw data.
29. Elliot, A. J., & Mapes, R. R. (2005). Approach-avoidance motivation and self-concept evaluation. In A. Tesser, J. Wood, & D. Stapel (Eds.), On building, defending, and regulating the self: A psychological perspective (pp. 171-196). Washington, DC: Psychological Press.
30. Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (1999). Test anxiety and the hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 76, 628-644.
31. Elliot, A. J., & Reis, H. T. (2003). Attachment and exploration in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 317-331.
32. Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1997). Avoidance achievement motivation: A personal goals analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 171-185.
33. Elliot, A. J., & Sheldon, K. M. (1998). Avoidance personal goals and the personality-illness relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1282-1299.
34. Elliot, A. J., Sheldon, K. M., & Church, M. A. (1997). Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 915-927.
35. Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 804-818.
36. Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068.
37. Emmons, R. A. (1992). Abstract versus concrete goals: Personal striving level, physical illness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 292-300.
38. Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford Press.
39. Emmons, R. A., & McAdams, D. (1991). Personal strivings and motive dispositions: Exploring the links. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 648-654.
40. Eysenck, H. J. (1970). Readings in extraversion and introversion: I. Theoretical and methodological issues. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
41. Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. J., & Barret, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality & Individual Differences, 6, 21-29.
42. Gable, S., Reis, H., & Elliot, A. J. (2003). Evidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 349-372.
43. Gomez, S. D., Cooper, A., & Gomez, A. (2000). Susceptibility to positive and negative mood states: Test of Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's Theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 351-365.
44. Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), A model for personality (pp. 246-276). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
45. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Halamandaris, K., & Power, K. (1997). Individual differences, dysfunctional attitudes, and social support: A study of the psychosocial adjustment to university life of home students. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 93-104.
47. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
48. Heimpel, S. A., Wood, J. V., Marshall, M. A., & Brown, J. D. (2002). Do people with low self-esteem really want to feel better?: Self-esteem differences in motivation to repair negative moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 128-147.
49. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Oxford, UK: Holt.
50. Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Henderson, A. S., Jacomb, P. A., Korten, A. E., & Rodgers, B. (1999). Using the BIS/BAS scales to measure behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation: Factor structure, validity and norms in a large comunity sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 49-58.
51. Klein, H. (1993). Temperament and self-esteem in late adolescence. Adolescence, 27, 689-694.
52. Klein, H. (1995). Self-perception in late adolescence: An interactive perspective. Adolescence, 30, 579-591.
53. Kwan, V., Bond, M., & Singelis, T. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
54. Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132-140.
55. Leary, M. R., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Interpersonal functions of the self-esteem motive: The self-esteem system as a sociometer. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 123-144). New York: Plenum Press.
56. Leary, M. R., & MacDonald, G. (2003). Individual differences in self-esteem: A review and theoretical integration. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 401-418). New York: Guilford Press.
57. Lecci, L., MacLean, M. G., & Croteau, N. (2002). Personal goals as predictors of college student drinking motives, alcohol use and related problems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 620-630.
58. Little, B. R. (1999). Personality and motivation: Personal action and the conative evolution. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 501-524). New York: Guilford Press.
59. MacKinnon, D., Lockwood, C., Hoffman, J., West, S., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83-104.
60. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebickova, M., & Avia, M. D., et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament: personality, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186.
61. McFarlin, D. B., Baumeister, R. F., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self-esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence. Journal of Personality, 52, 138-155.
62. McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 472-488.
63. Moffit, K., & Singer, J. (1994). Continuity in the life story: Self-defining memories, affect, and approach/avoidance personal strivings. Journal of Personality, 62, 21-43.
64. Newman, J. P. (1987). Reaction to punishment in extraverts and psychopaths: Implications for impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 464-480.
65. Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. Robinson, P. Shaver, & L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 17-59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
66. Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1999). The neuroscience of personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Ed.), Handbook of personality (pp. 277-299). New York: Guilford Press.
67. Roberson, L. (1990). Prediction of job satisfaction from characteristics of personal work goals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 29-41.
68. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151-161.
69. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Salmela-Aro, K., Nurmi, J., Saisto, T., & Halmesmaeki, E. (2001). Goal reconstruction and depressive symptoms during the transition to motherhood: Evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1144-1159.
71. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
72. Sedikides, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (1997). The symbolic self in evolutionary context. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 1, 80-102.
73. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 76, 482-497.
74. Spencer, S. J., Josephs, R. A., & Steele, C. M. (1993). Low self-esteem: The uphill struggle for self-integrity. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 21-36). New York: Plenum Press.
75. Tesser, A. (2001). Self-esteem. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes (pp. 479-498). London: Blackwell.
76. Tice, D. M. (1991). Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60, 711-725.
77. Tice, D. M. (1993). The social motivations of people with low self-esteem. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 37-53). New York: Plenum Press.
78. Watson, D., Suis, J., & Haig, J. (2002). Global self-esteem in relation to structural models of personality and affectivity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 185-197.
79. Whitley, B., & Gridley, B. (1993). Sex role orientation, self-esteem, and depression: A latent variable analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 363-369.
80. Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L., Michela, J. L., & Gaus, V. (1994). Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 713-731.
81. Wood, J. V., Heimpel, S. A., & Michela, J. L. (2003). Savoring versus dampening: Self-esteem differences in regulating positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 566-580.